Unscarred uterine rupture with catastrophic hemorrhage immediately after vaginal delivery: diagnosis and management of six consecutive cases.

BACKGROUND: To describe and explore the risk factors, clinical presentations, timely diagnostic approaches, and management in patients experiencing unscarred uterine rupture with catastrophic hemorrhage. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed clinical and imaging data from women who encountered postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) and were diagnosed with unscarred uterine rupture within a three-year timeframe (2018-2020). The data were extracted from medical records obtained from a multi-hospital 24-hour emergency PPH transfer system. RESULTS: Six patients were identified as having unscarred uterine rupture after vaginal delivery. All six women were para 2, with four of them undergoing vacuum-assisted delivery. One patient experienced out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA), while five patients presented with hypovolemic shock. Abdominopelvic ultrasound revealed a boggy lower uterine segment. Initially, five patients underwent transarterial embolization (TAE) of the internal iliac arteries in an attempt to achieve hemostasis, but this approach proved unsuccessful. Abdominopelvic computed tomography (CT) confirmed the diagnosis of ruptured uterus by demonstrating disrupted myometrium and hemoperitoneum. Immediate exploratory laparotomy followed by life-saving hysterectomy was performed in all cases. The median estimated total blood loss was 2725 mL ± 900 mL (ranging from 1600 mL to 7100 mL). Lower segment lacerations were observed in all patients, with more extensive uterine damage noted in those who underwent vacuum extraction. The length of hospital stay varied between 9 and 38 days. CONCLUSION: Instrument-assisted obstetric delivery is a possible contributing factor to unscarred uterine rupture in our study. In specific cases, the use of abdominopelvic CT prior to initiating transarterial embolization (TAE) offers valuable information to complement ultrasound findings. This comprehensive approach helps in accurately identifying the underlying cause of intractable postpartum hemorrhage (PPH). Immediate conversion to laparotomy is essential to explore the intra-abdominal factors causing PPH that cannot be controlled by TAE. The rational etiologies of uterine rupture must be clarified while generating practical guideline in the future.

Portal Dynamics After Living Donor Liver Transplant in Pediatric Recipients: A 10-Year Follow-Up Retrospective Study.

BACKGROUND: It may be difficult for pediatric patients to evaluate the impact of liver transplantation (LT) on splenomegaly due to the natural growth course. The long-term dynamics of portal vein (PV) size and PV flow after LT in pediatric patients are unclear. We aimed to evaluate the long-term transition of the splenic size, PV size, and PV flow velocity in pediatric patients who underwent successful living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) and survived >10 years. METHODS: From October 2004 to December 2010, 39 pediatric patients (25 boys; 14 girls) underwent LDLT, received pre-LDLT and post-LDLT computed tomography scans and long-term ultrasound sonography follow-up, and survived >10 years without additional intervention at our institution. We analyzed the short- to mid-term and long-term impact of LDLT on splenic size, PV size, and PV flow velocity over time. RESULTS: The PV diameter increased throughout the 10-year follow-up (P < .001). The PV flow velocity increased 1 day after LDLT (P< .001); proceeded to decrease 3 days after LDLT, reaching a low point 6 to 9 months after LDLT; and remained stable throughout the 10-year follow-up. Regression of the splenic volume at 6 to 9 months after LDLT (P < .001) was noted. However, the splenic size steadily increased on long-term follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Although LDLT has a significant short-term reduction effect on splenomegaly, the long-term transitional trend of the splenic size and PV diameter may increase along with children's growth. The PV flow reached a stable status 6 to 9 months after LDLT and remained so until 10 years after LDLT.

Efficacy and Safety of Combined Ethanol-Lipiodol Mixture and Drug-Eluting Bead TACE for Large HCC.

Purpose: To evaluate treatment response, survival and safety of a novel TACE using combination of ethanol-Lipiodol mixture and drug-eluting beads in patients with large unresectable HCC, single tumor >8 cm or multiple tumors with the largest tumor diameter >5 cm and total tumor diameter >10 cm. Patients and Methods: Between June 2016 and February 2020, a total of 27 patients were enrolled in this retrospective cohort study. Treatment response was assessed at first month after the treatment; progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were evaluated. The prognostic factors associated with patient survival were statistically analyzed by the Cox regression model. Adverse events were recorded. Results: The maximum diameter of the tumors ranged from 5 cm to 17 cm (mean 10.48 cm). The objective response and disease control rates were 56% and 78%, respectively, at 1-month follow-up. The median survival time was 15.9 months (95% CI, 9.03-34.76 months). The OS rates were 76.9% at six months, 65.2% at one year and 44.8% at two years. AFP >400 ng/mL (p = 0.0306), maximum tumor size >10cm (p = 0.0240) were potential risk factors for OS. Regarding safety, major complications occurred in one patient (1/27, 3.7%), presenting with transient hepatic encephalopathy. Conclusion: Combined DEB-TACE appeared to have favorable objective tumor response. It can be an effective treatment option for large unresectable HCC.

Yttrium-90 Radioembolization as the Major Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

Background: The purpose of this study was to assess the safety and efficacy of Yttrium-90 radioembolization using in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Methods: From 2017 to 2021, 32 patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma, with mean tumor diameter about 7cm (21 males, 11 females; median age, 57.5 years of age), treated with Yttrium-90 radioembolization using resin microspheres were reviewed at pre-Yttrium-90 and post-Yttrium-90 follow-up. Tumor response was assessed according to the modified Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors. Outcomes including overall survival and progression-free survival were reported. Results: Median follow-up was 18 months. At follow-up examinations at 3-, 6-, and 12-months follow-up, the overall survival rates were 94%, 87% and 59%, and the progression-free survival rates were 78%, 64% and 60%, respectively. Complete response, partial response, stable disease, and progressive disease were noted in 7 (21.9%), 14 (43.7%), 4 (12.5%), and 7 (21.9%) patients, respectively. The disease control rate was 78.1%, the objective response rate was 65.6%, and the successful downstage rate was 34.4% (11 of 32). Nine of thirty-two patients underwent resection or transplantation after Yttrium-90 radioembolization with 2-year overall survival being 100%. No serious adverse events occurred after Yttrium-90 treatment. Worse overall survival was related to the larger tumor, higher stage, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status, and Child-Pugh score. And worse progression-free survival was related to the higher tumor burden, and pre-Yttrium-90 serum α-fetoprotein level >100. Conclusion: Yttrium-90 Radioembolization can control hepatocellular carcinoma well even in advanced diseases. Patients successfully downstaging/bridging to resection or transplantation have excellent overall survival.

Efficacy and safety of splenic artery embolization for intractable ascites using Amplatzer vascular plug versus coil after living donor liver transplantation.

PURPOSE Intractable ascites (IA) is an uncommon but challenging complication after liver transplantation. Splenic artery embolization (SAE) modulates the splenic artery and regulates portal flow. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of SAE using the Amplatzer vascular plug (AVP) versus coil embolization for post-living-donor liver transplantation (LDLT) IA. METHODS This retrospective study evaluated consecutive patients from 1 center who received LDLT (n=1410) between March 2006 and August 2019. The inclusion criteria for SAE were splenomegaly with IA after LDLT. RESULTS Totally 15 patients underwent SAE for post-LDLT IA. Eleven patients who received AVP embolization (age, 51.2 ± 15.1 years; range, 8-63 years; 5 men and 6 women) were compared with 4 patients receiving coil embolization (age, 30.8 ± 30.8 years; range, 1.5-63 years; 2 men and 2 women). AVP and coil embolization both significantly reduced portal vein hyperflow (plug/ coil; P <.001/.006) and decreased ascites volume (plug/coil; P <.003/.042). The benefits of AVP embolization included shorter procedure time (P =.029), significantly reduced splenic volume (P =.012), increased liver volume (P =.012), decreased spleen/liver ratio (P =.012), and improvement of pancytopenia (P =.008) due to secondary hypersplenism. No significant differences were found between the two groups in the length of hospital stay or complications such as splenic infarction, pancreatitis, or sepsis. CONCLUSION SAE using AVP and coil embolization provide effective and safe methods for managing patients with IA after LDLT. AVP embolization may be more efficient than coil embolization, providing more effective reduction of ascites volume and the advantages of shortened procedure time and improvement of hypersplenism.

Portosystemic Shunt in Pediatric Living Donor Liver Transplant.

BACKGROUND: To evaluate the significance of portosystemic shunts and associated long-term outcomes in living donor liver transplant (LDLT) among pediatric patients. METHODS: Retrospective review of 121 pediatric patients who underwent LDLT between May 1994 and December 2015 at Taiwan Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital. Pre- and postoperative computed tomography images of the liver were reviewed, and portal vein complications were assessed. RESULTS: Ninety-seven pediatric patients were included in the study, and 70 had portosystemic shunts before transplant. Thirty-three patients have portal systemic shunt (PSS) 6 months after transplant (mean [SD] shunt size, 4.59 [1.98] mm). Thirty-seven patients' portosystemic shunts closed spontaneously (mean [SD] shunt size, 3.14 [1.06] mm). Smaller PSSs tend to close spontaneously with a cutoff point of 3.35 mm by receiver operating characteristic curve (P = .01). Patients with PSS have more portal vein complications than those without PSS (44.3% vs 11.1%, P = .02). Among PSS recipients, patients with portal vein complications tend to have larger PSS size (mean [SD], 4.14 [1.96] mm vs 3.59 [1.48] mm), although the difference is not statistically significant (P = .19). CONCLUSIONS: In pediatric patients, preoperative portosystemic shunts are significantly correlated with portal venous complications, some of which require minimal interventions after LDLT with good outcomes. Shunts larger than 3.35 mm tend to persist after transplant with increased portal venous complications.

Sarcopenia adversely impacts postoperative complications in living-donor liver transplantation recipients.

Despite technological and immunological innovations, living-donor liver transplant (LDLT) recipients still face substantial risk of postoperative complications. Sarcopenia is being recognized more and more as a biomarker that correlates with poor outcomes in surgical patients. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between sarcopenia and significant surgical complications in LDLT recipients. This retrospective review included patients who had received LDLT at our institute from 2005 to 2017. Sarcopenia was assessed using the psoas muscle index (PMI) in cross-sectional images. ROC curve analysis was used to determine the ability of PMI to predict postoperative complications. Correlations between major postoperative complications and sarcopenia were evaluated using regression analysis. A total of 271 LDLT recipients were included. No significant differences were found between PMI and major postoperative complications in male patients. Female recipients with major postoperative complications had significantly lower mean PMI values (P = 0.028), and the PMI cut-off value was 2.63 cm2/m2. Postoperative massive pleural effusion requiring pigtail drainage occurred more frequently in the sarcopenia group than in the non-sarcopenia group (P = 0.003). 1-, 3-, 5- and 10-year overall survival rates in female were significantly poorer in the sarcopenia group (n = 14) compared with the non-sarcopenia group (n = 108), at 92.9% versus 97.2%, 85.7% versus 95.4%, 85.7% versus 92.5% and 70.1 versus 82.0%, respectively (P = 0.041) and 94.6%, 89.9%, 85.9% and 78.5% in male patients. Sarcopenia is associated with a significantly higher risk of major postoperative complications in females. PMI and sarcopenia together are predictive of major postoperative complications and survival rates in female LDLT recipients.

Intensive Doppler Ultrasonography for Early Detection of Hepatic Artery Thrombosis After Adult Living Donor Liver Transplantation.

BACKGROUND Early hepatic artery thrombosis (eHAT) is a severe arterial complication leading to biliary complications and graft failure in living donor liver transplantation (LDLT). This study sought to early identify the abnormal waveforms of eHAT by using intensive Doppler ultrasonography (DUS) after LDLT and to assess the clinical outcome in these eHAT patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS DUS for 419 adult LDLT recipients was performed twice after vascular anastomosis during liver transplantation and once a day at the bedside for at least 2 weeks. RESULTS Nine adult LDLT recipients with eHAT were identified by using bedside DUS with subsequent computed tomography angiography (CTA). All eHAT cases were noted in the first 2 weeks. Five patients with CTA findings of partial thrombus with the small visualized intrahepatic hepatic artery (HA) were treated with intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) (medical group). Another 4 patients with CTA findings of extrahepatic HA occlusion and nonvisualization of intrahepatic HAs were treated by arterial re-anastomosis (surgical group). The prevalence of long-term non-anastomotic biliary strictures was 33.3% in the surgical group. Intensive post-LDLT DUS is a convenient and sensitive tool for eHAT detection. CONCLUSIONS Subsequent CTA gives valid information on occluded arteries and associated findings, which impact decision-making and are correlated with patient outcome. Our protocol of DUS has high sensitivity and diagnostic accuracy for use in in eHAT patients with partial occlusion, and it can be applied for IVT treatment, avoiding the need for reoperation and preventing long-term biliary complications.

Effective dose for multiple and repeated radiation examinations in donors and recipients of adult-to-adult living donor liver transplants at a single center.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effective doses received by donors and recipients, identify effective dose contributions, and make risk assessments. MATERIALS AND METHODS: It was a retrospective study. 100 Donors and 100 recipients were enrolled with an operative day from March 2016 to August 2017. The dose was analyzed for all radiation-related examinations over a period of 2 years, 1 year before and 1 year after the LDLT procedure. The effective doses of plain X-rays, CT, fluoroscopy, and nuclear medicine per patient were simulated by a Monte Carlo software, evaluated by the dose-length product conversion factors, evaluated by the dose-area product conversion factors, and evaluated by the activity conversion factors, respectively. The risks of radiation-induced cancer were assessed on the basis of the ICRP risk model. RESULTS: The median effective doses were 71 (range: 30-186) mSv for donors and 147 (32-423) mSv for recipients. The radiation examinations were mainly performed in the last three months of preoperative period to first month of postoperative period for recipients and donors. The HCC recipients received a higher effective dose, 195 (64-423) mSv, than those with other indications. The median radiation-induced cancer risk was 0.38 % in male and 0.48 % in female donors and was 0.50 % in male and 0.58 % in female recipients. CONCLUSION: Donors and recipients received a large effective dose, mainly from the CT scans. To reduce effective doses should be included in future challenges in some living donor liver transplants centers that often use CT examinations.

Drug-eluting bead transarterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma: does size really matter?

PURPOSE: We aimed to compare the safety and effectiveness of 100-300 µm versus 300-500 µm drug-eluting bead transarterial chemoembolization (DEB-TACE) and to investigate the impact of tumor and feeding artery size on treatment outcome of different particle sizes in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS: This retrospective cohort study enrolled 234 consecutive patients who underwent TACE using 100-300 µm DEB (Group A, n=75) and 300-500 µm DEB (Group B, n=159) in a tertiary center between August 2012 and March 2017. Initial treatment response and adverse events were assessed using modified Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (mRECIST) and National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) version 5.0, respectively. RESULTS: A total of 704 HCCs in 234 patients were evaluated. The average index tumor size was 3.8 cm. Multivariate analysis showed that tumor size, lobe involvement, particle size, and tumor location were significant predictive factors of complete response. The overall rate of complete response in groups A and B were 56.0% and 33.3% (P = 0.001), respectively. Group A had higher complete response rate than group B in the subgroup of BCLC B with tumor <3 cm (57.9% vs. 21.1%; P = 0.020) and subgroup of feeding artery ≥0.9 mm (55.2% vs. 30.9%; P = 0.014). There were fewer major complications in group A compared with group B (0% vs. 6.9%, P = 0.018). CONCLUSION: TACE with 100-300 µm DEB is associated with better initial treatment response and fewer major complications compared with 300-500 µm. Our study also highlights the impact of tumor characteristics on treatment outcome of different DEB size, which might help to select the optimal sphere size for TACE in the treatment of HCC.

Evaluation of scattered radiation dose received by medical staff during uterine artery embolization in the operating room.

BACKGROUND: The air kerma radiation doses have gained much attention since the operating room interventional radiology is a place where medical staff are exposed to a fluoroscopy environment and gain a cumulative dose during the uterine artery embolization procedure. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to evaluate the radiation dose received by medical staff by applying a flat X-ray machine in the surgical room during uterine artery embolization. METHODS: An ATOM humanoid model was laid on the operating table and simulated a patient. The scattered radiation dose received by the radiologist, anesthetist and radiologic technologist was evaluated. The scintillation detector was adopted. The measurement points were 50 cm, 100 cm and 150 cm above the floor, representing the limbs, abdomen and thyroid level, respectively. We compared the X-rays under different tube voltages of 70, 80, and 90, respectively and frames per second (FPS) of 30, 15, and 7.5, respectively. We configured the dose level per pulse of 40 nGy with a fixed detector. RESULTS: In Section 1, when the tube voltage was 70 kVp and 7.5 FPS, the average radiation doses of limbs, abdomen and thyroid level was 0.48, 1.3 and 1.9 µSv/min respectively. When the tube voltage was 80 kVp and the fluoroscopy decreases from 30 FPS to 7.5 FPS, 58% of the radiation dose was reduced. When the tube voltage was 90 kVp, the radiation dose in the lead garment increased 31-177% in comparison to when the tube voltage was 80 kVp. Sections 2 and 3 were far away from the central ray, so the highest radiation dose 100 cm above the floor were 0.05 and 0.02 µSv/min. CONCLUSIONS: Lead garment can effectively reduce medical staff from occupational doses with an average attenuation rate of 90%. 80 kVp was most commonly used. Fluoroscopy 7.5 FPS was used 100 cm above the floor in A section and the lowest radiation dose was 1.33 µSv/min. The operator should decrease the duration of X-rays or adopt suspended lead shielding to decrease the radiation dose received by the operator. When kVp increases, the penetration increases. Decreasing FPS cannot decrease occupational doses of medical staff.

Quantification of Functional MR Predicts Early Response in Post-doxorubicin Drug-Eluting Beads Chemoembolization for Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to assess the value of functional MRI (fMRI) of post-doxorubicin drug-eluting beads transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (DEB-TACE) for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) as an early imaging biomarker of response to therapy. METHODS: This prospective analysis included 21 consecutive patients undergoing fMRI before and after DEB-TACE at a single medical center from January 2013 to December 2014. Functional MRI, including relative changes in apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and choline levels measured at hydrogen-1 magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) of treated lesions, was recorded at baseline before DEB-TACE, and at 1, 2, and 4 weeks after DEB-TACE therapy. Assessment of tumor response was based on dynamic contrast-enhanced computer tomography imaging response according to modified response evaluation criteria in solid tumors. RESULTS: At post-therapy, 76% (n = 16) of patients demonstrated objective tumor response, 10% (n = 2) had stable disease, and 3 (14%) had progressive disease. Stable disease and progressive disease were designated as non-response. At week 2, the mean change in ADC value of responsive tumors was 0.35 ± 0.24 mm2/s, which was greater than that of non-response tumors (mean 0.01 ± 0.13 × 10-3 mm2/s) (P = 0.006). Significant differences were found in mean choline/water ratio between responsive (7.8 ± 4.9 × 10-3) and non-responsive (17.2 ± 4.9 × 10-3) tumors (P = 0.005). Composite scores of choline/water ratio and relative change of ADC showed significantly better diagnostic accuracy in non-responsive tumors than responsive tumors (area under the curve = 1.0; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Combined DWI and MRS may be used as an early imaging biomarker of therapy response in HCC patients after chemoembolization therapy.

Diffusion-weighted imaging for identifying patients at high risk of tumor recurrence following liver transplantation.

BACKGROUND: Tumor recurrence is the major risk factor affecting post-transplant survival. In this retrospective study, we evaluate the prognostic values of magnetic resonance (MR) diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) in liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS: From April 2014 to September 2016, 106 HCC patients receiving living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) were enrolled. Nine patients were excluded due to postoperative death within 3 months and incomplete imaging data. The association between tumor recurrence, explant pathologic findings, and DWI parameters was analyzed (tumor-to-liver diffusion weighted imaging ratio, DWIT/L; apparent diffusion coefficients, ADC). The survival probability was calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS: Sixteen of 97 patients (16%) developed tumor recurrence during the follow-up period (median of 40.9 months; range 5.2-56.5). In those with no viable tumor (n = 65) on pretransplant imaging, recurrence occurred only in 5 (7.6%) patients. Low minimum ADC values (p = 0.001), unfavorable tumor histopathology (p <  0.001) and the presence of microvascular invasion (p <  0.001) were risk factors for tumor recurrence, while ADCmean (p = 0.111) and DWIT/L (p = 0.093) showed no significant difference between the groups. An ADCmin ≤ 0.88 × 10- 3 mm2/s was an independent factor associated with worse three-year recurrence-free survival (94.4% vs. 23.8%) and overall survival rates (100% vs. 38.6%). CONCLUSIONS: Quantitative measurement of ADCmin is a promising prognostic indicator for predicting tumor recurrence after liver transplantation.

Prophylactic Transcatheter Arterial Embolization Helps Intraoperative Hemorrhagic Control for REMOVING Invasive Placenta.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this article is to investigate the estimated blood loss in pregnant women undergoing cesarean section and placental extirpation to treat abnormal placentation and compare the outcomes of those who underwent prophylactic transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) with those who did not. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted on 17 pregnant women diagnosed with abnormal placentation in 2001⁻2018 in a single tertiary center. The patients were diagnosed by surgical finding, ultrasound, or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). These patients were divided into two groups: a prophylactic TAE group (11 patients) and a control group (6 patients). In the former group, prophylactic TAE of the bilateral uterine artery (UA) and/or internal iliac artery (IIA) was performed immediately after delivery of the infant. The placenta was removed in both groups. The primary outcomes were estimated blood loss (EBL), units of packed red blood cell (pRBC) transfusion, operative time, whether hysterectomy was performed, whether the patient was transferred to the intensive care unit (ICU), and hospitalization days. The secondary outcome was maternal complications. RESULTS: Patients who received prophylactic TAE had significantly reduced intraoperative blood loss (990.9 ± 701.7 mL vs. 3448.3 ± 1767.4 mL, p = 0.018). Units of pRBC transfusion, operative time, hysterectomy, transfer to the ICU, and postoperative hospitalization days were not significantly different between the two groups. Thirteen patients (9 in the TAE group and 4 in the control group) received a blood transfusion during the operation. Three patients underwent a hysterectomy (1 in the TAE group and 2 in the control group). Five patients were transferred to the ICU (3 in the TAE group and 2 in the control group) for maternal complications or monitoring. In the prophylactic TAE group, 3 patients (27%) had a subsequent pregnancy within the next 5 years. CONCLUSIONS: Prophylactic TAE was safe and effective for reducing intraoperative hemorrhage from removing an invasive placenta in patients with abnormal placentation.

Transcatheter arterial embolization as first-line rescue in intractable primary postpartum hemorrhage: Assessment, outcome, and subsequent fertility.

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: To assess the risk factors for intractable and controllable postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) and to evaluate the safety, efficacy, and outcome of transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE). METHODS: An emergency PPH rescue system including the 24-hour-available TAE was established in 2004. TAE with gelatine sponge particles placed on bilateral uterine or internal iliac arteries served as the first-line treatment for intractable PPH. Delivery methods, parity, causes of bleeding, clinical vital signs, coagulopathy, success rate, resumption of menstruation, and subsequent pregnancy outcome after TAE were recorded. RESULTS: From the years 2005 to 2013, 301 women experienced PPH, of whom 178 had controllable PPH and 123 intractable PPH. Tachycardia and disseminated intravascular coagulation were significant risk factors for intractable PPH. All of the women with intractable PPH underwent TAE, and 89 (72.3%) were transferred by ground transport to receive treatment in this system. The mean travel distance was 15 km ± 12.5 km. The mean time of order to angiography room was 24.9 minutes ± 14.2 minutes. The mean blood loss before TAE was 2247 mL ± 1482 mL (range, 900-11,110 mL). The first TAE successfully controlled bleeding in 118 of the 123 (95.9%) women with intractable PPH. Of the 70 women with complete follow-up, 69 (98.6%) recovered menstruation. Twenty-three women tried to get pregnant and 19 (82.6%) of them succeeded, giving birth to 12 full-term live infants. CONCLUSION: TAE was safe and effective in treating intractable primary PPH with a high success rate and preservation of menstruation and fertility.

Interventional radiology in living donor liver transplant.

The shortage of deceased donor liver grafts led to the use of living donor liver transplant (LDLT). Patients who undergo LDLT have a higher risk of complications than those who undergo deceased donor liver transplantation (LT). Interventional radiology has acquired a key role in every LT program by treating the majority of vascular and non-vascular post-transplant complications, improving graft and patient survival and avoiding, in the majority of cases, surgical revision and/or re-transplant. The aim of this paper is to review indications, diagnostic modalities, technical considerations, achievements and potential complications of interventional radiology procedures after LDLT.

Section 1. Image evaluation of fatty liver in living donor liver transplantation.

Preoperative evaluation of donors for living-donor liver transplantation aims to select a suitable donor with optimal graft quality and to ensure donor safety. Hepatic steatosis, a common finding in living liver donors, not only influences the outcome of liver transplantation for the recipient but also affects the recovery of the living donor after partial hepatectomy. Histopathologic analysis is the reference standard to detect and quantify fat in the liver, but it is invasive, and results are vulnerable to sampling error. Imaging can be repeated regularly and allows assessment of the entire liver, thus avoiding sampling error. Selection of appropriate imaging methods demands understanding of their advantages and limitations and the suitable clinical setting. This article describes potential clinical applications for liver fat quantification of imaging methods for fat detection and quantification, with an emphasis on the advantages and limitations of ultrasonography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging for quantifying liver fat.

Section 8. Management of portal venous complications in pediatric living donor liver transplantation.

Portal vein (PV) complications after living donor liver transplant (LDLT) have been a major concern in pediatric liver transplantation. The incidence of PV complications is more in pediatric (0%-33%) than in adult recipients. Early diagnosis and treatment of PV complications may ensure optimal graft function and good recipient survival. Small preoperation PV size (<4 mm) and slow portal flow (<10 cm/s) combined with lower hepatic artery resistance index (<0.65) are strong warning signs that may predict the development of post LDLT PV complications. Portal vein angioplasty/stenting is conventionally performed through the percutaneous transhepatic approach; however, this can also be performed through transjugular, trans-splenic, and intraoperative approaches. Depending on the situation, using optimal method is the key point to minimize complication (5%) and gain high success rate (80%). PV occlusion of greater than 1 year with cavernous transformation seems to be a factor causing technical failure. Good patency rate (100%) with self-expandable metallic stents was noted in long-term follow-up. In conclusion, PV stent placement is an effective, long-term treatment modality to manage PV complications after pediatric LDLT. Early diagnosis and treatment are essential to maximize the use of stent placement and achieve good success rates.

Regeneration and outcome of dual grafts in living donor liver transplantation.

In living donor liver transplantation (LDLT), the essential aims are to provide an adequate graft volume to the recipient and to keep a sufficient remnant liver volume in the donor. In some instances, these aims cannot be met by a single donor and LDLT using dual grafts from two donors is a good solution. From 2002 to 2009, five recipients in our hospital received dual graft LDLT. Two recipients received one right lobe and one left lobe grafts; the other three received two left lobe grafts. The mean final liver regeneration rate was 91.2%. Left lobe graft atrophy in the long term was observed in recipients who received a right and a left lobe grafts. The initial bigger volume graft in all recipients was noted to have better regeneration than the smaller volume grafts. Portal flow and bilateral grafts volume size discrepancy were considered as two major factors influencing graft regeneration in this study. We also noted that the initial graft volume correlated with portal flow in the separate grafts and finally contribute to individual graft regeneration. Because of compensatory hypertrophy of the other graft, recipients who experienced atrophy of one graft did not show signs of liver dysfunction.