[Functional morphology of adenohypophysis, thymus, and adrenal cortex in sudden infant death syndrome]. / Funktsional'naia morfologiia adenogipofiza, timusa i kory nadpochechnikov pri sindrome vnezapnoi smerti mladentsev.

Adrenal glands, hypophysis and thymus of infants (mean age-4 months), who died of SIDS (30 cases), AVRI (10 cases) and violence (4 cases) were studied by morphometrical methods. The following changes in SIDS (in comparison with AVRI and violent death) were observed: a decrease of hypothesis weight with decreased quantity and size of basophil cells; reduced adrenal weight with thinning of the cortex particularly in the fascicular zone; diminished volumes of the nuclei in the adrenocortical cells of the fascicular zone; thymomegaly with hyperplasia of the thymus cortex; increased number of correlation links between morphometric indices of hypophysis and adrenal cortex. These changes may be indicative of a subclinical hypophyseal-adrenal insufficiency in SIDS. Adrenal cortex hypofunction was indirectly confirmed by the presence of thymomegaly. Long-lasting glucocorticoid deficiency in secondary hypocorticoidism may cause sudden infant death following minor environmental causes.

[The pathogenesis of duodenal stasis]. / O patogeneze duodenal'nogo staza.

The authors consider that the intraduodenal pressure is directly dependent on hypertrophy of the muscular layer of the duodenum wall. The formation of the duodenal stasis is followed by progressing elevation of the intraduodenal pressure, hypertrophy of myocytes, first hypertrophy and then atrophy of nerve cells of the ganglionic plexus.

[The prenatal development of the normal kidney and in gestoses]. / Prenatal'noe razvitie pochki v norme i pri gestozakh.

Kidneys of the foetuses in cases of normal pregnancy (37) and in gestosis (31) were studied in following gestative terms; 24-28, 30-36 and 39-40 weeks. Dynamics of specific volume of structural elements of cortical substance (CS) and of external and internal zones of medullary substance (MS) of kidney was established in normal pregnancy and in gestosis. In normal pregnancy specific volume of the CS vessels and tubules increases in proportion with gestative term. Differences in dynamics of specific volume of vessels and tubules were found in external and internal zones of MS. Specific volume of nephrogenic blastema and tubules of cortex and medulla reduces in gestosis, placental insufficiency and hypoxia of the foetus. Specific volume of the CS stroma and vessels of both zones also increases in combined gestosis, while in the one without combination with other diseases specific volume of the cortical and medullary stroma increases. Correlative analysis revealed that the growth of these structures of cortex and medulla is dependent on the increase of the number of the connections in proportion with the gestative term. Number, direction and significance of correlative connections, reflecting adaptive possibilities of the foetal kidney structures in conditions of prolonged hypoxia were found to alter in gestosis.

[Dysplasia of the cerebral arteries (Moyamoya syndrome)]. / Displaziia arterii golovnogo mozga (sindrom moiia-moiia).

Two cases of a rare disease (moyamoya) of the intracranial arteries in a male of 16 and in a female of 36 are described. In a male patient the disease was combined with liver hamartoma.

[Morphofunctional interrelationships between the placenta and the fetal kidneys in uncomplicated pregnancy and gestoses]. / Morfofunktsional'nye vzaimootnosheniia platsenty i pochek ploda pri neoslozhnennoi beremennosti i gestozakh.

A histostereometric study of the placenta and kidneys was performed in non-complicated pregnancy (37 cases) and gestoses (31 cases) during the second part of the pregnancy. Two big groups of alterations are distinguished characterizing functional morphology of placenta in gestoses: increased specific volume of the involutive-degenerative changes and decreased specific volume of the terminal villi this being the substrate of chronic placenta failure. Correlation analysis revealed an increase of positive and negative links between placental structures in gestoses. Hypoxic alterations with an increase in stromal component develop in combined and "pure" gestoses and this was confirmed by quantitative and correlation analysis.

[Morphology of tuberculous meningitis in children]. / O morfologii tuberkuleznogo meningita u detei.

25 observations of tuberculosis meningitis in children who died at the age from 3 months to 6 years with a clinical course from 5 days to 6.5 months were analyzed. Meningitis was not diagnosed clinically in 6 children. The inflammation was of an exudative or exudative-necrotic type at all periods of the disease. Specific features were: long-lasting macrophagal reaction, the presence of numerous plasma-cells (particularly at late stages of the disease), predominance of diffuse rather than granulomatous inflammation. Combination of delayed and immediate hypersensitivity reactions and possible organ specificity of the process may be involved in the pathogenesis of the disease.

[The structure and distribution of the interstitial cells in the medullary substance of the kidney]. / Struktura i raspredelenie interstitsial'nykh kletok mozgovogo veshchestva pochki.

Under study were peculiar features of the structure and distribution of interstitial cells of medullary substance (ICMS) in different parts of the rat renal papilla. The amount of lipid granules containing precursors of prostaglandin synthesis in ICMS was counted. The maximum lipid granulation of ICMS was found in the papilla center. The electron-microscopic study has recognized 3 types of ICMS: little differentiated (located in the papilla apex), highly differentiated (prevailing in the center) and cells of the transitional type. The degree of lipid granulation of ICMS showing the intensity of the prostaglandin synthesis and the character of distribution of ICMS seem to correlate with the functional heterogeneity of the medullary substance.

[Changes in the incretory structures of the kidneys and the heterogeneity of the medulla under acute water and salt loading in rats]. / Izmeneniia inkretornykh struktur pochek i geterogennost' medully pri ostrykh vodnykh i solevykh nagruzkakh u krys.

Juxtaglomerular complex (JGA) and kidney medullar interstitial cells (IC) in rats in acute water and salt loadings were studied. The animals were killed 1 and 2 hours later after water 0.9% and 2% natrium chloride per os administration in quantity of 5%-7% per total body weight. Plasma osmolality and plasma renin activity (PRA) was determined. In light microscopy the granulation of the JGA-cells was in accordance with PRA in all the experiment. IC were not altered in water loading. Marked diminishing of lipid granulation of the IC in all zones of papilla at 2% salt loading was observed. In electron microscopy changes in distribution and density of lipid granules of the IC in all zones of the renal papilla were noted. The lesions showed the dystrophic and necrobiotic changes in some IC, especially in central zone of papilla.

[The morphogenesis of polyps of the large intestine]. / O morfogeneze polipov tolstoi kishki.

The proportion of so-called hyperplastic polyps among other colon epithelial tumours remains unclear. Colon polyps are studied in 400 patients: hyperplastic polyps are found in 107, a combination of hyperplastic polyp with tubular adenoma in 143, tubular adenoma in 72, villous adenoma in 41 and tubulovillous adenoma in 37 cases. Hyperplastic structures and formation of adenomatous structures were, as a rule, observed in a polyp tip, this corresponding to the increase of nuclei volume and DNA amount in the tip colonocytes. The determination of karyometric coefficient (the ratio of the colonocyte nuclei volume in the polyp tip to colonocytes in the intact mucosa) is proposed as a quantitative criterion of proliferative and dysplastic processes.

[The morphology of the adrenals and kidney incretory structures in arterial hypertension]. / Morfologiia nadpochechnikov i inkretornykh struktur pochek pri arterial'noi gipertenzii.

Glomerular and fascicular zones of the adrenal gland and the incretory renal structures of patients who had died from benign (20) and malignant (10) forms of essential hypertension, chronic glomerulonephritis (10) and of rats with a genetic hypertension (10) were examined by morphometric methods. Hypertrophy of glomerular and fascicular zones is observed in both forms of the hypertension disease, spontaneous hypertension and chronic glomerulonephritis. Correlation analysis revealed moderate and strong links between the volumes of nuclei and nucleoli; within each zone and between the zones. This may indicate an increased functional activity of the two zones and their close interaction. Factorial analysis revealed a sign indicator--nucleus volume of the glomerular zone cells. Numerous moderate and strong correlations between the incretory renal structures and the adrenal cortex in the malignant form of the hypertension disease may indicate not only the involvement of the renin-angiotensin-aldosteron- and prostaglandin-synthesizing systems in the pathogenesis of this disease but their interaction as well.

[Functional morphology of the adrenal cortex and incretory kidney structures in the salt-losing form of adrenogenital syndrome in children]. / Funktsional'naia morfologiia kory nadpochechnikov i inkretornykh struktur pochek pri sol'teriaiushchei forme adrenogenital'nogo sindroma u detei.

The adrenals and kidney incretory structures (the juxtaglomerular apparatuses and renomedullary interstitial cells) were studied in 12 cases of a desalinization form of the adrenogenital syndrome in children who died at the age of 1-6 mos of acute water-electrolytic disturbances in order to assess function of the structures involved in the regulation of the water-salt equilibrium. The adrenals and kidneys from 7 children of the same age who died of mechanical asphyxia, were taken as controls. The depth of adrenocortical zones, volumes of nuclei and nucleoli in different cortical zones were determined; the juxtaglomerular index, cell count (including vacuolized cells), the area of the juxtaglomerular apparatus and mesangium were determined in the juxtaglomerular apparatus. The amount of cell lipid granules (the interstitial-cellular index), the mean granule volume and the total granule volume were counted in renomedullary interstitial cells. The results were statistically processed, and a paired correlation analysis of all the studied parameters was performed. In the desalinization form of the adrenogenital syndrome morphometric investigation of the glomerular and fascicular zones revealed compensatory processes, not of hyperplastic nature but mainly of hypertrophic nature; morphological and morphometric characteristics of the kidney incretory structures indicated tension of the renin-angiotensin system and probably a decrease in prostaglandin synthesis in salt and water loss. In the control group parameters of structures related to the regulation of the water-salt equilibrium, especially in the adrenal cortex, showed good correlation. In the desalinization form of the adrenogenital syndrome some other relationships between these structures developed.

[Hypertrophy of the adrenal cortex]. / O gipertrofii kory nadpochechnikov.

The human adrenal cortex in essential hypertension and in the salt-losing form of the adrenogenital syndrome and the adrenal cortex in spontaneously hypertensive rats were studied by morphometry. Under long-term functional loading hypertrophy of adrenocortical cells is the common way of increasing the mass of the cortex. The correlation between the morphological parameters of the adrenocortical structures increases in this condition. Hyperplasia along with hypertrophy has been found in man at an early age. The differences in the degree of hypertrophy of the nuclei and nucleoli may be connected with different intensity of adrenocortical function in different pathological conditions.

[Lipid granularity and topographic characteristics of renomedullary interstitial cells in genetically spontaneous hypertension in rats]. / Lipidnaia granulirovannost' i topograficheskie osobennosti renomedulliarnykh interstitsial'nykh kletok pri geneticheskoi spontannoi gipertonii u krys.

Light microscopy was used to study lipid granularity of the renomedullary interstitial cells (IC) in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) aged 4 months and in Wistar rats (control) of the same age. Altogether 2000 IC were examined per animal on an average. The concentric distribution of the granular IC in the renal papilla was demonstrated. Lipid granularity of the IC was discovered to be lowered and the zone of granular IC to be enlarged in the whole papilla in SHR rats as compared with control. Also, the differences were found in lipid granularity of the IC in individual zones of the papilla in both SHR and normotensive animals, which seems likely to indicate different functional significance of the individual parts of the renal papilla.

[Case of combined malignant adenoma of the hypophysis and astrocytoma]. / Sluchai sochetaniia zlokachestvennoi adenomy gipofiza i astrotsitomy.

A rare combination of two intracranial histogenetically different tumours in a male of 54 is described. Tumour originating from the region of the sella turcica was a malignant pituitary adenoma with infiltrating growth. Another neoplasm located in the frontoparietal region of the left brain hemisphre is referred to as "'pyloid" astocytoma.

[Endocrine structures of the kidney in hypertension]. / Endokrinnye struktury pochki pri gipertonicheskoi bolezni.

Comparative morphometric study of the juxtaglomerular complex and interstitial cells of the corticomedullary zone of the kidney was performed on the autopsy material in benign (26 cases) and malignant hypertension; for control, 15 cases were examined. The state of intrarenal arteries, arterioles and the degree of medulla interstitium sclerosis were taken into consideration. No activation of the renin-producing system was observed morphometrically in "benign" hypertension while it was pronounced in malignant hypertension. The hypothesis is put forward on the reserve renin secretion by mesangial cells in malignant hypertension. It is assumed that the prostaglandine-synthesizing function of the interstitial cells is not damaged in benign hypertension, but it is significantly lower in malignant course of the disease. Relationship is shown between the alterations of intrarenal arteries and arterioles and the degree of the medulla sclerosis in malignant hypertension.