RESUMO
The paper analyzes the importance of infectious pathology today and discusses the main achievements of A.V. Zinserling (Tsinzerling) and his collaborators when having studied the pathologic anatomy of infectious diseases, primarily respiratory, intestinal, intrauterine ones. An indication is given to the significance of clinic and morphological comparisons, a problem of mixed infections. There is evidence that A.V. Zinserling's studies have opened the new area of science tissue microbiology in which some progress has been also achieved in recent years.
Assuntos
Infecções/história , Infecções/microbiologia , História do Século XX , Humanos , Infecções/patologiaRESUMO
Results of the investigation of 265 placentas and 387 necropsies with the use of a wide spectrum of morphological, immunological and virological methods are presented. The existence of extrapulmonary damages, those of placenta (50 observations) and brain (17 observations), is shown. The variants of the influenza infection (persisting, chronic and manifesting) are discussed. The possibilities of a long-term survival of the infectious agent in the long-living brain and placental structures are considered. The proofs are presented showing the secretion by these organs of local factors of non-specific defense such as interferon.
Assuntos
Encéfalo/patologia , Influenza Humana/patologia , Placenta/patologia , Biópsia , Criança , Doença Crônica , Feminino , Humanos , GravidezRESUMO
A clinicomorphological examination of the respiratory organs has been conducted in 25 adults and 30 children who died after abdominal surgery. The authors compared the findings of light and immunofluorescent microscopy with laboratory and clinical evidence. Acute respiratory infections revealed in the examinees appeared of different etiology, many of them proved to be mixed. Viral and Mycoplasma infections were most prevalent and severe. Bacterial pneumonias occurred rarely, were clinically inapparent, often arose preoperatively. Weak aspiration indicated the absence of a direct relation between respiratory infections and disorders of bronchial drainage due to surgery performed.
Assuntos
Pneumonia/patologia , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/patologia , Doença Aguda , Adulto , Idoso , Autopsia/estatística & dados numéricos , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Pulmão/patologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Pneumonia/epidemiologia , Pneumonia/etiologia , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/epidemiologia , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/etiologia , Federação Russa/epidemiologiaRESUMO
265 placentas were studied by means of light and fluorescent microscopy. 82 placentas showed combined infections induced by 2-5 agents (various viruses and mycoplasmas). Bacterial and fungal placentitis were excluded Manifestations depended on the infectious agents, their number and variants of their combination. Enhancement of vascular damage was observed in placentitis with participation of myxoviruses and herpes simplex virus. Enhancement of lymphoplasmacytic infiltration and sclerosis was typical for combined placentitis as well as alteration of antibody formation and interferon production. This reflects the gravity of the infection and its spread to the extra-placental membranes.
Assuntos
Infecções por Mycoplasma/patologia , Doenças Placentárias/patologia , Viroses/patologia , Formação de Anticorpos , Feminino , Herpes Simples/patologia , Humanos , Interferons/biossíntese , Microscopia de Fluorescência , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/patologia , Doenças Placentárias/microbiologia , Gravidez , EscleroseRESUMO
The autopsy of all spontaneous abortions, but not only of dead children is considered to be desirable to determine their diseases among which infections are frequent. The study of miscarriages lacking severe chronic pathology is important for obtaining reliable anthropometric data. The necessity of a rapid (within 1-2 days) examination of all placentas for determination of risk groups among mothers and children of purulent septic diseases as well as the causes of premature deliveries, asphyxia development and other disorders is discussed. Infections placentitis is frequently found when the placentas are carefully studied. The attention should be paid to frequently observed combined infections. Serious problem is careful investigation of syndromes (sudden infant death, infantile cerebral paralysis and others).
Assuntos
Doenças Fetais/patologia , Doenças do Recém-Nascido/patologia , Aborto Espontâneo/patologia , Antropometria , Infecções Bacterianas/patologia , Feminino , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Morfogênese , Placenta/patologia , Gravidez , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
The possibility of the rotavirus infection generalization, the course of which was complicated by the infectious toxic shock and disseminated intravascular coagulation syndrome as a cause of death of three newborns is shown for the first time. Etiology of the disease was established by electron microscopy, immunoenzymatic and immunofluorescent methods in the faeces, blood and postmortem material. The manifestations of giant cell metamorphosis not only in the intestine but also in the pia mater, kidneys, liver, lungs characteristic of RNA-viral infections indirectly confirmed the presence of viremia. Combination of rota- and respiratory syncytial viral infections made a pathologic process more severe with the development of necrotising enterocolitis, perforative serous peritonitis, intraabdominal hemorrhage.
Assuntos
Infecções por Rotavirus/complicações , Choque Séptico/etiologia , Coagulação Intravascular Disseminada/etiologia , Evolução Fatal , Feminino , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Infecções por Vírus Respiratório Sincicial/complicações , Infecções por Vírus Respiratório Sincicial/patologia , Infecções por Rotavirus/patologia , Choque Séptico/patologia , Vísceras/patologiaRESUMO
The structure, development and perspectives of the pathology service in St.-Petersburg and Leningrad Region are described. Preliminary data on the proportion of various diseases in children dying during perinatal period and miscarriages are presented, high incidence of intrauterine infections is indicated.
Assuntos
Previsões , Patologia/tendências , Perinatologia/tendências , Federação RussaRESUMO
Detection of bacteria in smears and sections is necessary for a proper diagnosis of infectious diseases. Main methods of staining for a light- and luminescent microscopy and prescriptions of the dye preparation are presented.
Assuntos
Infecções/microbiologia , Técnicas Microbiológicas , Humanos , Microscopia de Fluorescência , Coloração e RotulagemRESUMO
Thymus weight was studied in 117 infants of the first year of life who died a sudden death, in 195 breast-fed infants who died of various diseases and in 27 infants aged up to one year who died a violent death without disease symptoms. There was a great variability of the thymus weight in all the groups, although its values were statistically lower in the syndrome of sudden death whatever the method of comparison. No proof of the children thymomegaly in the syndrome of sudden death is found.
Assuntos
Morte Súbita do Lactente/patologia , Timo/patologia , Envelhecimento/patologia , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Doenças do Recém-Nascido/patologia , Masculino , Tamanho do Órgão/fisiologiaRESUMO
Intrauterine infections occupy a considerable place in human pathology--a conclusion drawn on the basis of original and literature data. Herpetic, cytomegalic, mycoplasma and chlamydial infections are the most important among them. Intrauterine infections may be the cause of some diseases considered as somatic ones. The possibility of the pathology diagnosis of these disease not only on the basis of laboratory data but on the basis of characteristic structural changes of cells and tissues is shown.
Assuntos
Doenças Uterinas/epidemiologia , Infecções por Chlamydia/epidemiologia , Infecções por Citomegalovirus/epidemiologia , Feminino , Infecções por Herpesviridae/epidemiologia , Humanos , Infecções por Mycoplasma/epidemiologia , Doenças Uterinas/diagnóstico , Doenças Uterinas/microbiologiaRESUMO
Cytologic studies of smears from 130 women suffering from various diseases, including 61 pregnant patients with gestoses, have shown structural changes of the cells in the smears from the endocervix and urethra, that permitted the diagnosis of Mycoplasma infection in 43.8% of patients, Chlamydia infection, 52.3%, and herpes simplex in 72.3% of patients; in 63.9% of patients these infections were combined. Cytologic studies may be useful in the tentative diagnosis of urogenital infections, including cases when it is necessary to elucidate the causes of unfavorable course of a previous pregnancy or when preterm babies are born.
Assuntos
Infecções por Chlamydia/patologia , Herpes Genital/patologia , Infecções por Mycoplasma/patologia , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/patologia , Uretra/patologia , Uretrite/patologia , Cervicite Uterina/patologia , Vagina/patologia , Adulto , Infecções por Chlamydia/microbiologia , Feminino , Herpes Genital/microbiologia , Humanos , Infecções por Mycoplasma/microbiologia , Gravidez , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/microbiologia , Uretra/microbiologia , Uretrite/microbiologia , Cervicite Uterina/microbiologia , Vagina/microbiologia , Esfregaço VaginalRESUMO
The author' and his colleagues publications dealing with combined and/or mixed infections are summarized. It is pointed out that these pathological studies of current autopsy, surgical, biopsy and experimental materials were performed according to principles formulated by V. D. Zinserling (1892-1960) as early as in 1920-1930. The results obtained are compared to the facts revealed by V. D. Zinserling and his students 30 to 70 years ago. Rather high incidence of combined and mixed infections is outlined, various localizations of main lesions are described (lungs, brain, gastro-intestinal tract, tonsilla and other organs and tissues). Considerable influence that combined infections exert on each other is shown; it is brought about mainly by the change of the host. Some mechanisms are discussed: damage of local protective mechanisms, suppression or stimulation of immune mechanism, including interferonogenesis, and others.
Assuntos
Infecções/patologia , HumanosRESUMO
The practice of prognosis of the pathological conditions development in newborns on the basis of placenta examination and the evaluation of results by a computer is described. The same method was used for the determination of the risk groups among the women. The results of cytological diagnosis of some chronic infections on the basis of examination of endocervix and urethra smears are also presented. According to the authors the work performed helped in reducing the children mortality.
Assuntos
Processamento Eletrônico de Dados , Doenças dos Genitais Femininos/patologia , Doenças do Recém-Nascido/patologia , Diagnóstico por Computador , Feminino , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Prognóstico , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
6 cases of HIV infection were revealed by enzyme immunoassay and immunoblotting among 144 children who had died in Elista. Another 5 children might have had HIV-infection but laboratory analyses either were lacking or gave doubtful results. Laboratory results were negative in 133 children. Similar severe changes of the lymphoid system typical for immunodeficiency were found in all children. These changes in HIV infection were characterized by lymphogenic generalized RNA infection. Complications (secondary diseases) in the form of DNA-virus infections (cytomegalia and herpes simplex), pneumocystosis and other viral and bacterial processes were observed in children of all groups. The disease was found mainly in Kalmyks. Blood examination of healthy Kalmyks revealed some differences in the form of significant decrease of the lysosomal cationic proteins content and the peroxydase activity of neutrophil leucocytes as compared to the same indexes obtained in Leningrad. There was also a tendency to the decrease of T-lymphocyte content. The children dying from immunodeficiencies lived mainly along the litoral of an ancient sea.
Assuntos
Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/patologia , HIV-1 , Sorodiagnóstico da AIDS , Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/complicações , Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/epidemiologia , Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/etnologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Infecções Oportunistas/complicações , Infecções Oportunistas/epidemiologia , Infecções Oportunistas/etnologia , Infecções Oportunistas/patologia , Características de Residência , Federação Russa/epidemiologia , Federação Russa/etnologia , População Urbana/estatística & dados numéricosRESUMO
Our own lethal case of AIDS and the results of the study of other generalized viral infections, and literature data allow us to conclude that lymphoid system damage is the most characteristic feature of the disease. Hyperplasia of lymph nodes and the spleen occurs in the acute stage of the disease. Hyperplasia with subsequent desquamation of the sinus endothelium and alteration in dendritic reticular cells are found histologically. There is an accumulation in the sinuses of large cells with an abundant eosinophilic PAS-positive cytoplasm and a relatively clear nucleus, sometimes several nuclei are observed. Similar, in principle, changes as a manifestation of generalization, may occur in other organs, including alveolocytes and nephrothelium. All these changes suggest AIDS. The presence of immunodeficiency is confirmed by the unusually severe course of other infections, most frequently pneumocystosis.
Assuntos
Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/patologia , Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/diagnóstico , Adulto , Autopsia , Feminino , Humanos , Hiperplasia/patologia , Linfonodos/patologia , Baço/patologiaRESUMO
The results of several years study of the acute respiratory infections (ARI) (pneumonias) are summarized. Their high frequency in dying children is found (72% of autopsy cases in all Leningrad pediatric hospitals). Their etiology is usually complex: viral ARI were in 62.9%, bacterial--56.1%, mycoplasma--8.9%. Structural changes are described in some poorly known ARI (herpetic, cytomegalic, pneumocystic). The distribution of various ARI between hospitals and the etiology of children pneumonia in cases of the death at home (381 cases) or in hospitals (447 cases) are analysed when the autopsy was performed in the same pathology department with detail laboratory investigation. Pneumonias in these groups differed in the etiology and manifestations, first because of bacterial infections. In 114 children the incidence and manifestations of DIC syndrome were studied and this syndrome was shown to have a considerable importance in thanatogenesis particularly during first days of the disease and when the generalization of infections occurs.
Assuntos
Coagulação Intravascular Disseminada/etiologia , Infecções Respiratórias/complicações , Doença Aguda , Criança , Infecções por Citomegalovirus/complicações , Infecções por Citomegalovirus/patologia , Coagulação Intravascular Disseminada/patologia , Infecções por Herpesviridae/complicações , Infecções por Herpesviridae/patologia , Humanos , Pneumonia por Mycoplasma/complicações , Pneumonia por Mycoplasma/patologia , Pneumonia por Pneumocystis/complicações , Pneumonia por Pneumocystis/patologia , Pneumonia Viral/complicações , Pneumonia Viral/patologia , Infecções Respiratórias/etiologia , Infecções Respiratórias/patologiaRESUMO
The paper presents the data reported in literature on the taxonomy of chlamydia, their tinctorial properties and modes of infection. It comes as evidence for the significance of urogenital chlamydiosis, including venereal lymphogranuloma. The morphological characteristics of the former abnormal condition are reported. Then the paper analyses intrauterine chlamydiosis and provides the results of the author's own investigations that suggest that its manifestations are largely similar to those of intrauterine mycoplasmosis. There is detailed information on respiratory chlamydiosis (ornithosis, psittacosis) and eye diseases (trachoma and paratrachoma). Finally, benign lymphoreticulosis (cat-scratch disease) is briefly reported too. Special emphasis is laid on extremely high incidence of chlamydiosis, in terms of laboratory and epidemiological data, and on little evidence for its structural changes. Nevertheless, the author considers that chlamydiosis may be suspected by the presence of basically homogeneous morphological changes in various diseases caused by different chlamydia, as evidenced by a light microscopy. This is especially important for a pediatric pathologist in his practice. Since even if the diagnosis is supposed to be established in a baby who has died in the perinatal period or upon examination of his/her afterbirth, the parents should undergo clinical and laboratory examinations followed by therapy as the need arises.
Assuntos
Infecções por Chlamydia/diagnóstico , Infecções por Chlamydia/epidemiologia , Infecções por Chlamydia/patologia , HumanosRESUMO
A random sample of 1000 placentae has been screened for infectious affections. Placentitis induced most commonly by Mycoplasma, herpetic and respiratory viruses was found in 213 of the examined placentae. Bacterial and mycotic involvement presented in 14 of cases. Immunofluorescence technique employed for the agents investigation revealed relevant agents and antigens as well as infection-specific structural rearrangement. There are also nonspecific organ alterations resulting in its insufficiency and having a high predictive value for the future developments. Placenta appeared capable of nonspecific protection against infection based on interferon production. Prognosis for genital-atrium infection proved most unfavorable.
Assuntos
Infecções Bacterianas/patologia , Doenças Fetais/patologia , Doenças do Recém-Nascido/patologia , Micoses/patologia , Doenças Placentárias/patologia , Viroses/patologia , Infecções Bacterianas/microbiologia , Feminino , Morte Fetal/microbiologia , Morte Fetal/patologia , Doenças Fetais/microbiologia , Feto/microbiologia , Feto/patologia , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Doenças do Recém-Nascido/microbiologia , Inflamação/microbiologia , Inflamação/patologia , Micoses/microbiologia , Placenta/microbiologia , Placenta/patologia , Doenças Placentárias/microbiologia , Gravidez , Viroses/microbiologiaRESUMO
Structural manifestations of Herpesviridae infection, largely of herpes simplex, transmission and mode of entry were analysed and investigated by the authors on section material using light and immunofluorescent microscopy in combination with serological tests. In overall neonatal section material generalized herpetic infection was a frequent finding (4.7%). The lesions in type I and II herpes simplex were similar in manifestations. Structural evaluation of the viscera in prenatal and placental infections suggests affection of cells of epithelial origin with metamorphosis of the giant cells and a drastic increase of the nuclei exhibiting large inclusions rich in DNA. Alternative changes were more pronounced in the brain, while the destruction of the affected cells was more intensive in the lungs. Postnatal herpes simplex virus infection was also covered.