The Significance of Inflow Artery and Tourniquet Derived Cephalic Vein Diameters on Predicting Successful Use and Patency of Arteriovenous Fistulas for Haemodialysis.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the significance of inflow artery and cephalic vein diameters on predicting patency of radiocephalic and brachiocephalic arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs). DESIGN: Single centre study with retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data between November 2010 and July 2015. METHODS: A detailed history and physical examination was undertaken, including age, gender, history and duration of haemodialysis, cause of chronic kidney disease, and the presence of comorbidities/risk factors. Pre-operative arterial and venous upper extremity mapping was performed and inner vessel diameter was recorded, using a tourniquet for the veins. Outcome measures included AVF use (functionality), primary, primary assisted, secondary, and functional secondary patency. RESULTS: One hundred and thirty five AVFs (57 and 78 radiocephalic and brachiocephalic AVFs, respectively) were constructed and followed up for 5 years. A cephalic vein diameter <4.3 mm (lower three quartiles) was the single independent predictor of inferior secondary and also functional secondary patency of radiocephalic AVFs (p = .02, HR 11.2, 95% CI 1.44-90.9). A brachial artery diameter ≤4.1 mm (lowest quartile) was an independent predictor of AVF functionality (57% vs. 83% for larger arteries, p = .017), and inferior primary, primary assisted, secondary, and functional secondary patency of brachiocephalic AVFs (primary assisted patency 21.9% vs. 55.9% at 3 years, p = .001/log-rank test, HR 3.1, p = .002/Cox regression). The presence of lower extremity PAD or use of dual antithrombotics was also independently associated with an inferior secondary patency. The number of risk factors (brachial artery diameter ≤4.1 mm, PAD, and use of dual antithrombotics) demonstrated risk stratification capabilities for functional secondary patency. CONCLUSIONS: Among patients undergoing radiocephalic AVFs, a tourniquet derived cephalic vein diameter <4.3 mm was the single independent predictor of inferior secondary and functional secondary patency. Among patients undergoing brachiocephalic AVFs, all patency rates were inferior in the presence of a brachial artery diameter ≤4.1 mm and secondary patency was inferior in the presence of multiple risk factors.

Palpable Mass on the Head after Minor Trauma.

Temporal artery is superficially exhibited and easily traumatized. Rarely, a minor and blunt trauma, especially in elderly who are under anticoagulants, can cause a pseudoaneurysm. Diagnosis should be based, primarily, on history and physical examination and secondarily on duplex ultrasound scanning which will lead to confirmation and preoperative planning. The therapeutical plan consists of surgical ligation and excision of the aneurysm. Surgery can be performed under local anesthesia with no postoperative major or minor complications. Endovascular approach consists of catheter embolization and remains a second option due to the risk of complications and the inconclusive results. On this review, authors present a case of an 80-year-old male with a pseudoaneurysm of superficial temporal artery.

Editor's Choice - Management of Secondary Aorto-enteric and Other Abdominal Arterio-enteric Fistulas: A Review and Pooled Data Analysis.

OBJECTIVES: To compare management strategies for secondary abdominal arterio-enteric fistulas (AEFs). METHODS: This study is a review and pooled data analysis. Medline and Scopus databases were searched for studies published between 1999 and 2015. Particular emphasis was given to short- and long-term outcomes in relation to AEF repair type. RESULTS: Two hundred and sixteen publications were retrieved, reporting on 823 patients. In-hospital mortality was 30.7%. Open surgery had higher in-hospital mortality (246/725, 33.9%), than endovascular methods (7/98, 7.1%, p < .001, OR 6.7, 95% CI 3-14.7, including staged endovascular to open surgery, 0/13, 0%). In-hospital mortality after graft removal/extra-anatomical bypass grafting was 31.2% (66/226), graft removal/in situ repair 34% (137/403), primary closure of the arterial defect 62.5% (10/16), and for miscellaneous open procedures 41.3% (33/80), p = .019. Among the subgroups of in situ repair, homografts were associated with a higher mortality than impregnated prosthetic grafts (p = .047). There was no difference in recurrent AEF-free rates between open and endovascular procedures. Extra-anatomical bypass/graft removal and in situ repair had a lower AEF recurrence rate than primary closure and homografts. Late sepsis occurred more often after endovascular surgery (2-year rates 42% vs. 19% for open, p = .001). The early survival benefit of endovascular surgery was blunted during follow-up, although it remained significant (p < .001). Within the in situ repair group, impregnated prosthetic grafts were associated with the worst overall and AEF related mortality free rates and vein grafts with the best. No recurrence, sepsis, or mortality was reported following staged endograft placement to open repair after a mean follow-up of 16.8 months (p = .18, p = .22, and p = .006, respectively, compared with patients in other groups). CONCLUSIONS: Endovascular surgery, where appropriate, is associated with better early survival than open surgery for secondary AEFs. Most of this benefit is lost during long-term follow-up, implying that a staged approach with early conversion to in situ vein grafting may achieve the best results in selected patients.

Editor's Choice - efficacy and safety of the new oral anticoagulants dabigatran, rivaroxaban, apixaban, and edoxaban in the treatment and secondary prevention of venous thromboembolism: a systematic review and meta-analysis of phase III trials.

OBJECTIVES: The aim was to perform a review of the efficacy and safety of new oral anticoagulants (NOAs) in the management of venous thromboembolism (VTE). METHODS: This was a systematic review and meta-analysis. On March 26, 2014, Medline, Embase, and the Cochrane trial register were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing the NOAs dabigatran, rivaroxaban, apixaban, and edoxaban with vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) in VTE treatment and secondary prevention. Two investigators assessed the methodological quality of the RCTs. The main study outcomes (efficacy, safety and net clinical benefit) were expressed as risk ratios (RR) with 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS: Ten RCTs, mostly with low risk of bias, with nearly 38,000 patients, were identified. In six trials of treatment, NOAs were equally effective as VKAs in preventing recurrent symptomatic VTE (RR 0.89, 95% CI 0.75-1.05), but major bleeding occurred less often (1.08% vs. 1.73% for VKAs, RR 0.63, 95% CI 0.51-0.77), leading net clinical benefit to favor NOAs (RR 0.79, 95% CI 0.70-0.90). Fatal bleeding occurred less often with NOAs (0.09% vs. 0.18% for VKAs), a difference that approached statistical significance (RR 0.51, 95% CI 0.26-1.01). In three secondary prevention trials, NOAs reduced VTE recurrence rates to 1.32% (vs. 7.24% with placebo, RR 0.17, 95% CI 0.12-0.24) and fatal pulmonary embolism (PE) (including unexplained deaths) to 0.1% (vs. 0.29% for placebo, RR 0.37, 95% CI 0.10-1.38) at the expense of clinically relevant non-major bleeding (4.3% vs. 1.8% for placebo, RR 2.32, 95% CI 1.65-3.35), but not major bleeding. All-cause mortality rate was reduced to 0.41% with NOAs (vs. 0.86% with placebo, RR 0.38, 95% CI 0.18-0.79). Net clinical benefit favored NOAs (RR 0.21, 95% CI 0.15-0.29), and NNT was 18. CONCLUSIONS: Compared to VKAs, NOAs are not only effective in treating VTE but also safer in terms of bleeding, thereby conferring clinical benefit. Their safety and efficacy was confirmed further in secondary prevention trials.

Aorto-iliac aneurysm infected by Brucella: distinctive presentation patterns of a rare entity.

There is currently a lack of information on presentation patterns and the appropriate investigation and treatment of aortic brucellosis. Herein a case affecting the iliac component of an aorto-iliac aneurysm, managed successfully with in situ graft repair, is reported. A review of the literature identified 25 cases, with the infrarenal abdominal aorta (65%) followed by the ascending thoracic aorta (23%) being mostly affected; only our case involved the iliacs. Aortic brucellosis affected mostly older men, caused pain more often than fever (in 73% and 57%, respectively), and involved frequently the spine or the aortic valve (n = 14, 56%). Preoperative diagnosis was made more often in the presence of fever (67% versus 18% in afebrile patients, P = 0.021). In situ aneurysm repair in the form of open (54%) or endovascular (8%) grafting was mostly performed. Mortality was 12% and graft infection was 13% at two years. In conclusion, aortic brucellosis has unique presentation patterns, usually affecting an abnormal or aneurysmal aorta and/or due to a contiguous spinal or aortic valve infection. Acute symptomatology with pain and/or fever occurs very often and should raise suspicion for aortic infection. Despite the seriousness of aortic involvement, mortality and reinfection rates are within acceptable levels.

Combined (mechanical and pharmacological) modalities for the prevention of venous thromboembolism in joint replacement surgery.

We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to compare the efficacy of intermittent mechanical compression combined with pharmacological thromboprophylaxis, against either mechanical compression or pharmacological prophylaxis in preventing deep-vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism in patients undergoing hip or knee replacement. A total of six randomised controlled trials, evaluating a total of 1399 patients, were identified. In knee arthroplasty, the rate of DVT was reduced from 18.7% with anticoagulation alone to 3.7% with combined modalities (risk ratio (RR) 0.27, p = 0.03; number needed to treat: seven). There was moderate, albeit non-significant, heterogeneity (I(2) = 42%). In hip replacement, there was a non-significant reduction in DVT from 8.7% with mechanical compression alone to 7.2% with additional pharmacological prophylaxis (RR 0.84) and a significant reduction in DVT from 9.7% with anticoagulation alone to 0.9% with additional mechanical compression (RR 0.17, p < 0.001; number needed to treat: 12), with no heterogeneity (I(2) = 0%). The included studies had insufficient power to demonstrate an effect on pulmonary embolism. We conclude that the addition of intermittent mechanical leg compression augments the efficacy of anticoagulation in preventing DVT in patients undergoing both knee and hip replacement. Further research on the role of combined modalities in thromboprophylaxis in joint replacement and in other high-risk situations, such as fracture of the hip, is warranted.