Clinical Outcomes in Elderly Patients with Chronic Subdural Hematoma: Validation of Irrigation Assignment Based on Hematoma Characteristics.

The number of elderly patients with chronic subdural hematomas (CSDH) is increasing worldwide; however, there is limited data regarding the clinical outcomes in this population. Our therapeutic method using burr hole evacuation for CSDH is based on the hematoma characteristics, using simple drainage for single-layer lesions and drainage with irrigation for multiple-layer lesions. This study aimed to compare the postoperative outcomes of elderly and younger patients, identify the predictors of outcomes in elderly patients, and verify the validity of our therapeutic methods. In total, we included 214 patients who underwent burr hole evacuation between April 2018 and March 2022. Baseline characteristics, hematoma characteristics, recurrence, and clinical outcomes were compared between the elderly and younger patients. Overall, 96 elderly patients (44.9%) were included in the study, and more elderly patients underwent antithrombotic therapy than younger patients (33.3% vs. 19.5%, p = 0.027). Moreover, elderly patients had significantly fewer favorable outcomes than younger patients (70.8% vs. 91.5%; p < 0.001); however, this was not significant after adjusting for the baseline modified Rankin Scale (mRS). Similarly, elderly patients had higher recurrence rates than younger patients (10.4% vs. 2.5%; p = 0.021). However, the baseline mRS score was the only predictor of unfavorable outcomes. In conclusion, although the clinical outcomes of elderly patients were comparable to those of younger patients, the higher rate of preoperative antithrombotic therapy in elderly patients may result in a higher rate of recurrence requiring a long-term follow-up.

Comprehensive Unloading Strategy for Rapid Heart Recovery Under Support With Impella.

The establishment of a strategy for rapid heart recovery in patients with cardiogenic shock is required. Impella is a percutaneous left ventricular (LV) assist device that maintains hemodynamic stability and also causes LV mechanical unloading. However, the timing at which Impella should be started and a systematic strategy after the start of Impella have not been established. We report a representative case of dilated cardiomyopathy requiring catecholamines and intra-aortic balloon pumping (IABP). The hemodynamics were unstable under IABP support, and withdrawal from IABP or catecholamines was considered impossible. However, the exchange of the IABP with Impella CP made it possible to suppress the heart rate with ivabradine, introduce intensive heart failure medication, and discontinue catecholamines. The patient was weaned from Impella 24 days after the start of the first Impella CP. Rapid heart recovery was achieved with favorable outcomes. We present a comprehensive strategy for rapid heart recovery using Impella in a patient with cardiogenic shock.

Study of certain easily available biochemical markers in prognostication in severe traumatic brain injury requiring surgery.

Background: This study aimed to identify easily available prognostic factors in severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients undergoing craniotomy. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the clinical characteristics (age, sex, Glasgow coma scale score, cause of TBI, and oral antithrombotic drug use), laboratory parameters (hemoglobin, sodium, C-reactive protein, D-dimer, activated partial thromboplastin time, prothrombin time-international normalized ratio, and glucose-potassium [GP] ratio), and neuroradiological findings of 132 patients who underwent craniotomy for severe TBI in our hospital between January 2015 and December 2021. The patients were divided into two groups: Those with fatal clinical outcomes and those with non-fatal clinical outcomes, and compared between the two groups. Results: The patients comprised 79 (59.8%) male and 53 (40.2%) female patients. Their mean age was 67 ± 17 years (range, 16-94 years). Computed tomography revealed acute subdural hematoma in 108 (81.8%) patients, acute epidural hematoma in 31 (23.5%), traumatic brain contusion in 39 (29.5%), and traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage in 62 (47.0%). All 132 patients underwent craniotomy, and 41 eventually died. There were significant differences in the D-dimer, GP ratio, and optic nerve sheath diameter between the groups (all P < 0.01). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed elevated GP ratio and D-dimer were associated with the death group (P < 0.01, P < 0.01, respectively). A GP ratio of >42 was the optimal cutoff value for the prediction of a fatal outcome of TBI (sensitivity, 85.4%; specificity, 51.1%). Conclusion: The GP ratio and D-dimer were significantly associated with poor outcomes of TBI. A GP ratio of >42 could be a predictor of a fatal outcome of TBI.

The distance of cervical vertebral dislocation could be a risk factor for blunt vertebral artery injury after traumatic cervical spine injury.

BACKGROUND: Blunt vertebral artery injury (BVAI) is a well-known potentially fatal complication of cervical spine injury. The condition is reported to be associated with vertebral fractures and cervical hyperextension. However, appropriate patient screening methods remain to be elucidated. This study aimed to identify the risk factors associated with BVAI in patients with cervical spine injury. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective, observational, single-centered study, including 137 patients with cervical spine injury transferred to our center from April 2007 to December 2016. Evaluation for BVAI was available in 62 patients based on magnetic resonance angiography or multi-detector computed tomography angiography. BVAI was classified using the Biffl grade. RESULTS: Among the 62 patients evaluated, 13 (21%) were diagnosed with BVAI. All injuries were classified as Biffl grade 2 (50%) or 4 (50%). Univariate analysis of patients with and without BVAI showed that cervical dislocation (p = 0.041) and low average hemoglobin level (p = 0.032) were associated with BVAI. On multivariate logistic regression analysis, cervical dislocation (odds ratio 1.189; 95% confidence interval 1.011-1.399, p = 0.036) remained a significant predictor of BVAI. Based on receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, a dislocation > 6.7 mm was selected as the optimal cutoff value for prediction of BVAI (sensitivity and specificity, 87.5% and 71.4%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: BVAI frequently occurred in combination with cervical spine dislocation, and the distance of the cervical dislocation was identified as a useful predictor of BVAI.

[A Japanese lung cancer registry study at 2002].

OBJECTIVES: To publicize clinical results of Japanese lung cancer patients registered in 2002. Study design. In 2002, The Japanese Joint Committee for Lung Cancer Registration conducted a prospective observational study for lung cancer patients registered at starting treatments with follow-ups in 2004 and 2009. At first, 18,552 cases were registered from 358 institutes, while we analyzed 14,695 samples whose living periods could be identified. RESULTS: There were two times males as many as females with a mean age of 67.1 years. The most frequent histology was adenocarcinoma in 56.7%, following squamous cell carcinoma in 25.7% and small cell carcinoma in 9.2%. Clinical stage was IA in 29.3%, IB in 15.3%, IIA in 1.4%, IIB in 6.2%, IIIA in 11.8%, IIIB in 14.6% and IV in 21.0%. Surgery was performed in 8454 cases (57.5%). Five-year survival rate was 44.3% for all patients, 14.7% for cases of small cell carcinoma, 46.8% for non-small cell carcinoma, 59.6% for surgery cases, 8.5% for no surgery cases, 37.7% for males and 59.0% for females. The rates in clinical stage settings in cases of small cell carcinoma and non small cell carcinoma, was 52.7% and 79.4% for IA, 39.3% and 56.7% for IB, 31.7% and 49.0% for IIA, 29.9% and 42.3% for IIB, 17.2% and 30.9% for IIIA, 12.4% and 16.7% for IIIB and 3.8% and 5.8% for IV, respectively. CONCLUSION: An analysis of Japanese lung cancer patients registered in 2002 revealed that the most frequent histology type was adenocarcinoma following squamous cell carcinoma and small cell carcinoma. Prognosis in 5 years was superior in cases of female, non small cell lung cancer and surgery to those of male, small cell lung cancer and no surgery, respectively. Further investigation is needed with respect to dependences of those survival differences.

Automated assessment of malignant degree of small peripheral adenocarcinomas using volumetric CT data: correlation with pathologic prognostic factors.

PURPOSE: To evaluate a custom-developed software for analyzing malignant degrees of small peripheral adenocarcinomas on volumetric CT data compared to pathological prognostic factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-six adenocarcinomas with a diameter of 2cm or less from 46 patients were included. The custom-developed software can calculate the volumetric rates of solid parts to whole nodules even though solid parts show a punctate distribution, and automatically classify nodules into the following six types according to the volumetric rates of solid parts: type 1, pure ground-glass opacity (GGO); type 2, semiconsolidation; type 3, small solid part with a GGO halo; type 4, mixed type with an area that consisted of GGO and solid parts which have air-bronchogram or show a punctate distribution; type 5, large solid part with a GGO halo; and type 6, pure solid type. The boundary between solid portion and GGO on CT was decided using two threshold selection methods for segmenting gray-scale images. A radiologist also examined two-dimensional rates of solid parts to total opacity (2D%solid) which was already confirmed with previous reports. RESULTS: There were good agreements between the classification determined by the software and radiologists (weighted kappa=0.778-0.804). Multivariate logistic regression analyses showed that both 2D%solid and computer-automated classification were significantly useful in estimating lymphatic invasion (p=0.0007, 0.0027), vascular invasion (p=0.003, 0.012), and pleural invasion (p=0.021, 0.025). CONCLUSION: Using our custom-developed software, it is feasible to predict the pathological prognostic factors of small peripheral adenocarcinomas.

Improvements in surgical results for lung cancer from 1989 to 1999 in Japan.

BACKGROUND: In 1986, Japanese Association for Thoracic Surgery started a nationwide survey of the number of primary lung cancer undergoing resection and this survey was continued annually. Thereafter, investigations of lung cancer surgical results have been conducted three times. The postoperative overall 5-year survival rate was 47.8% in resected cases in 1989, 52.3% in 1994, and 62.0% in 1999, showing improvement over the decade (p < 0.01). OBJECTIVE: To clarify the factors influencing survival improvements retrospectively. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The subjects of the investigation are the patients who underwent resection for primary lung cancers in 1989, 1994, and 1999. Postoperatively, after 5 years, surveys of surgical results were sent to institutes where lung cancer resection had been performed. The subjects undergoing resection who provided 10 items (age, sex, pathologic T factor, pathologic N factor, pathologic M factor, date of resection, histology, curability, prognosis, and survival time) numbered 3004 in 1989, 6895 in 1994, and 12,235 in 1999. They were classified according to the Union International Contre le Cancer 1997 revised tumor, node, and metastasis classification. Differences in age, gender, histology, pathologic stage, curability, and operative death rates were analyzed for each survey year. RESULTS: According to the changes in proportions, the cases over 70 years of age, women, and pathologic stage I increased significantly (p < 0.001), whereas in cases with small cell lung cancer, incomplete resection and operative death decreased significantly over time (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The postoperative 5-year survival rate in Japan improved between 1989 and 1999. The main cause of this improvement was the increase in early stage lung cancer, especially cases with tumors 2 cm or less in size.

Pulmonary resection in patients aged 80 years or over with clinical stage I non-small cell lung cancer: prognostic factors for overall survival and risk factors for postoperative complications.

INTRODUCTION: This retrospective study was designed to identify the predictors of long-term survival and the risk factors for complications after surgery in patients aged 80 years or older with clinical (c)-stage I non-small cell lung cancer. METHODS: The Japanese Joint Committee of Lung Cancer Registry collated the clinicopathological profiles and outcomes of 13,344 patients who underwent pulmonary resection for primary lung cancer in 1999. The data of 367 patients aged 80 years or older with c-stage I non-small cell lung cancer were analyzed for prognostic factors and risk factors for postoperative complications. RESULTS: The median age was 82 years (range, 80-90 years). Of the total patient number, 102 (27.8%) had some form of comorbidity diagnosed preoperatively. Thirty-one (8.4%) patients presented with postoperative complications, and the operative mortality was 1.4%. The 5-year survival rates were 55.7% for c-stage I patients, 62.0% for c-stage IA, and 47.2% for c-stage IB. Advanced pathologic stage and comorbidity were significant independent predictors of shortened survival (p < 0.0001 and p = 0.032, respectively). Comorbidity and mediastinal lymph node dissection were identified as factors that increased the risk of postoperative complications (p < 0.0001 and p = 0.036, respectively). Survival rates were independent of the extent of pulmonary resection (lobectomy or limited resection). CONCLUSIONS: Octogenarian patients with c-stage I lung cancer in this study had a satisfactory long-term outcome and low-mortality rate. Comorbidity is a factor associated with both prognosis and operative risks. A selection of the patients who would be curable without mediastinal lymph node dissection after an accurate preoperative staging is beneficial to decrease the postoperative complications because this procedure is a risk factor.

Visceral pleura invasion impact on non-small cell lung cancer patient survival: its implications for the forthcoming TNM staging based on a large-scale nation-wide database.

INTRODUCTION: No analyses have been reported on the impact of visceral pleura invasion (VPI) on staging, in relation with the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer proposals for the 7th edition of the tumor, node, metastasis (TNM) classification of the International Union Against Cancer staging system. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of VPI on survival and propose a method of incorporating VPI status into the TNM classification. METHODS: We reviewed the data on 9758 non-small cell lung cancer patients, who underwent anatomic surgical resection in 1999, accumulated by the Japanese Joint Committee for Lung Cancer Registration, to gain insight into their clinicopathologic characteristics and outcomes. VPI was defined as tumor extension beyond the elastic layer of the visceral pleura. Patients were divided into nine groups according to VPI status and tumor diameter, in accordance with the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer proposals. RESULTS: On the basis of survival, the nine groups were divided into the following five levels: tumors < or =2 cm without VPI; tumors < or =2 cm with VPI and tumors 2.1 to 3 cm without VPI; tumors 2.1 to 3 cm with VPI and tumors 3.1 to 5 cm without VPI; tumors 3.1 to 5 cm with VPI and tumors 5.1 to 7 cm without VPI; and tumors 5.1 to 7 cm with VPI and tumors >7 cm without VPI or T3 tumors. CONCLUSIONS: The T status of tumors, 7 cm or less, with VPI should be upgraded to the next T level in the future edition of the TNM classification of International Union Against Cancer staging system.

A Japanese Lung Cancer Registry study: prognosis of 13,010 resected lung cancers.

PURPOSE: The validation of tumor, node, metastasis staging system in terms of prognosis is an indispensable part of establishing a better staging system in lung cancer. METHODS: In 2005, 387 Japanese institutions submitted information regarding the prognosis and clinicopathologic profiles of patients who underwent pulmonary resections for primary lung neoplasms in 1999 to the Japanese Joint Committee of Lung Cancer Registry. The data of 13,010 patients with only lung carcinoma histology (97.6%) were analyzed in terms of prognosis and clinicopathologic characteristics. RESULTS: The 5-year survival rate of the entire group was 61.4%. For the small cell histology (n = 390), the 5-year survival rates according to clinical (c) and pathologic (p) stages were as follows: 58.8% (n = 161) and 58.3% (n = 127) for IA, 58.0% (n = 77) and 60.2% (n = 79) for IB, 47.1% (n = 17) and 40.6% (n = 29) for IIA, 25.3% (n = 38) and 41.1% (n = 29) for IIB, 29.0% (n = 61) and 28.3% (n = 60) for IIIA, 36.3% (n = 19) and 34.6% (n = 40) for IIIB, and 27.8% (n = 12) and 30.8% for IV (n = 13). For the non-small cell histology (n = 12,620), the 5-year survival rates according to c-stage and p-stage were as follows: 77.3% (n = 5642) and 83.9% (n = 4772) for IA, 59.8% (n = 3081) and 66.3% (n = 2629) for IB, 54.1% (n = 205) and 61.0% (n = 361) for IIA, 43.9% (n = 1227) and 47.4% (n = 1330) for IIB, 38.3% (n = 1628) and 32.8% (n = 1862) for IIIA, 32.6% (n = 526) and 29.6% (n = 1108) for IIIB, and 26.5% (n = 198) and 23.1% (n = 375) for IV. Adenocarcinoma, female gender, and age less than 50 years were significant favorable prognostic factors. CONCLUSION: This large registry study provides benchmark prognostic statistics for lung cancer. The prognostic difference between stages IB and IIA was small despite different stages. Otherwise, the present tumor, node, metastasis staging system well characterizes the stage-specific prognoses.

Low-dose CT screening for lung cancer with automatic exposure control: phantom study.

We conducted a study to determine optimal scan conditions for automatic exposure control (AEC) in computed tomography (CT) of low-dose chest screening in order to provide consistent image quality without increasing the collective dose. Using a chest CT phantom, we set CT-AEC scan conditions with a dose-reduction wedge (DR-Wedge) to the same radiation dose as those for low-tube current, fixed-scan conditions. Image quality was evaluated with the use of the standard deviation of the CT number, contrast-noise ratios (CNR), and receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. At the same radiation dose, in the scan conditions using CT-AEC with the DR-Wedge, the SD of the CT number of each slice position was stable. The CNR values were higher at the lung apex and lung base under CT-AEC with the DR-Wedge than under standard scan conditions (p < 0.0002). In addition, ROC analysis of blind evaluation by four radiologists and three technologists showed that the image quality was improved for the lung apex (p < 0.009), tracheal bifurcation (p < 0.038), and lung base (p < 0.022) in the scan conditions using CT-AEC with the DR-Wedge. We achieved improvement of image quality without increasing the collective dose by using CT-AEC with the DR-Wedge under low-dose scan conditions.

The IASLC Lung Cancer Staging Project: proposals for the revision of the N descriptors in the forthcoming seventh edition of the TNM classification for lung cancer.

INTRODUCTION: Accurate staging of lymph node involvement is a critical aspect of the initial management of nonmetastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We sought to determine whether the current N descriptors should be maintained or revised for the next edition of the international lung cancer staging system. METHODS: A retrospective international lung cancer database was developed and analyzed. Anatomical location of lymph node involvement was defined by the Naruke (for Japanese data) and American Thoracic Society (for non-Japanese data) nodal maps. Survival was calculated by the Kaplan-Meier method, and prognostic groups were assessed by Cox regression analysis. RESULTS: Current N0 to N3 descriptors defined distinct prognostic groups for both clinical and pathologic staging. Exploratory analyses indicated that lymph node stations could be grouped together into six "zones": peripheral or hilar for N1, and upper or lower mediastinal, aortopulmonary, and subcarinal for N2 nodes. Among patients undergoing resection without induction therapy, there were three distinct prognostic groups: single-zone N1, multiple-zone N1 or single N2, and multiple-zone N2 disease. Nevertheless, there were insufficient data to determine whether the N descriptors should be subdivided (e.g., N1a, N1b, N2a, N2b). CONCLUSIONS: Current N descriptors should be maintained in the NSCLC staging system. Prospective studies are needed to validate amalgamating lymph node stations into zones and subdividing N descriptors.

Prognostic factors in 3315 completely resected cases of clinical stage I non-small cell lung cancer in Japan.

BACKGROUND: The objective of this retrospective study was to identify prognostic factors in completely resected clinical (c-) stage I non-small cell lung cancer cases. METHODS: In 2001, the Japanese Joint Committee of Lung Cancer Registry collected data on the outcome and clinicopathological profiles of 7408 patients who had undergone resection for primary lung cancer in 1994. They included 3315 c-stage I patients who underwent complete resection, and in this study attempted to identify prognostic factors in the c-stage IA and c-stage IB cases. RESULTS: The overall 5-year survival rate was 66.5%: 74.7% in the 2085 c-stage IA cases and 52.5% in the 1230 c-stage IB cases. The survival curve of the c-stage IA cases was higher than that of the c-stage IB cases. Multivariate analysis of the c-stage IA cases revealed six factors that predicted a significantly better outcome: age, gender, pathological (p-) T status, p-N status, nodal dissection, and tumor diameter (< or =2 cm), and the same analysis of the c-stage IB cases revealed six factors: age, gender, p-T status, p-N status, operative procedure, and tumor diameter (<5 cm). The c-stage IA patients whose tumor diameter was 2 cm or less had a higher survival rate than the patients whose tumor diameter was more than 2 cm, and the c-stage IB patients whose tumor diameter was less than 5 cm had a higher survival rate than the patients whose tumor diameter was 5 cm or more. CONCLUSION: Tumor size is an independent prognostic factor for postoperative survival in c-stage I patients.

Prognosis of resected non-small cell lung cancer patients with intrapulmonary metastases.

BACKGROUND: In the current TNM staging system revised in 1997 for lung cancer, intrapulmonary metastases (PM) are classified into two categories: PM1 (in the same lobe of the primary tumor), designated as T4; and PM2 (in a different lobe), as M1. There have been no large-scale analyses on PM in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. We collected data nationwide in Japan for 7408 lung cancer patients undergoing surgical resection during a single year, 1994. We analyzed the long-term survival of NSCLC patients to evaluate the prognostic impact of PM in relation to other prognostic factors. METHOD: Medical records of 6525 NSCLC patients undergoing surgical resection during a single year, 1994, were analyzed as a subset work of the Japanese Joint Committee of Lung Cancer Registry. The committee sent a questionnaire on outcome and clinicopathological profiles to 303 institutions. RESULTS: There were 6080 PM0 (no PM), 317 PM1, and 128 PM2 patients. The 5-year survival rates were 55.1% for PM0 patients, 26.8% for PM1, and 22.5% for PM2 patients, respectively. The differences in survival between patients with PM0 and PM1 and between patients with PM0 and PM2 were significant (p < 0.001, respectively); the difference in survival was not significant between patients with PM1 and PM2 (p = 0.298). In R0 and N0 patients, survival differences were similar for PM0, PM1, and PM2 patients. Significant survival difference was detected between T3 and PM1 (p = 0.0317) and between PM1 patients and T4 patients excluding PM1 (p = 0.0083). The 5-year survival rates of PM2 patients and M1 patients excluding PM2 were 22.5% and 20.5%, respectively, and there was no significant difference between the groups (p = 0.434). CONCLUSION: There was no significant survival difference between NSCLC patients with PM1 and PM2. The survival of patients with PM1 was between that of the T3 and T4 patients excluding PM1.

Surgical treatment of pulmonary metastasis from hepatocellular carcinoma.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The lung is one of the most common sites of extrahepatic spread from hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of surgical management in patients with pulmonary metastasis from HCC. METHODOLOGY: Fourteen patients with pulmonary metastases arising from HCC underwent surgery at the National Cancer Center Hospital between 1980 and 2001. The clinical and pathological data were analyzed retrospectively. RESULTS: Four patients were still alive and none of them had evidence of recurrent disease. Ten patients had died with recurrent HCC. The postoperative morbidity and mortality rates were low. The mean overall survival was 42.7 months (range, 8-87). The mean survival after initial thoracotomy was 21.6 months (range, 1-66). The 1-, 2-, and 5-year survival rates after metastasectomy were 71.4%, 44.6%, and 26.8%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Surgical treatment is appropriate option in selected patients for pulmonary metastasis arising from HCC, and might prolong survival.

Immunohistochemical detection of GLUT-1 can discriminate between reactive mesothelium and malignant mesothelioma.

The separation of benign reactive mesothelium (RM) from malignant mesothelial proliferation can be a major challenge. A number of markers have been proposed, including epithelial membrane antigen, p53 protein, and P-glycoprotein. To date, however, no immunohistochemical marker that allows unequivocal discrimination of RM from malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) has been available. A family of glucose transporter isoforms (GLUT), of which GLUT-1 is a member, facilitate the entry of glucose into cells. GLUT-1 is largely undetectable by immunohistochemistry in normal epithelial tissues and benign tumors, but is expressed in a variety of malignancies. Thus, the expression of GLUT-1 appears to be a potential marker of malignant transformation. Recently, in fact, some studies have shown that GLUT-1 expression is useful for distinguishing benign from malignant lesions. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the diagnostic utility of GLUT-1 expression for diagnostic differentiation between RM and MPM. Immunohistochemical staining for GLUT-1 was performed in 40 cases of RM, 48 cases of MPM, and 58 cases of lung carcinoma. Immunohistochemical GLUT-1 expression was seen in 40 of 40 (100%) MPMs, and in all cases the expression was demonstrated by linear plasma membrane staining, sometimes with cytoplasmic staining in addition. GLUT-1 expression was also observed in 56 out of 58 (96.5%) lung carcinomas. On the other hand, no RM cases were positive for GLUT-1. GLUT-1 is a sensitive and specific immunohistochemical marker enabling differential diagnosis of RM from MPM, whereas it cannot discriminate MPM from lung carcinoma.

How should the TNM staging system for lung cancer be revised? A simulation based on the Japanese Lung Cancer Registry populations.

OBJECTIVE: The 1997 version of the TNM staging system for lung cancer has several prognostic problems. Among these, the overlapping survival of stages IB and IIA is the most serious. We performed this retrospective study to test a revised TNM staging system for lung cancer. METHODS: We revised the T1 descriptor definition and stage grouping for testing as follows. According to the greatest tumor diameter, T1 tumors were divided into T1a tumors (< or =2.0 cm) and T1b tumors (2.1-3.0 cm). With these descriptors, new IA, IB, and IIA stages were defined as T1a N0 M0, T1b N0 M0, and T2 N0 M0 + T1 N1 M0, respectively. For 6644 patients with histologically non-small cell lung cancers resected in 1994 and reported in the Japanese Lung Cancer Registry Study, the survivals and prognostic difference between neighboring stages were studied. RESULTS: The 5-year survival of the entire population was 52.6%. In the clinical setting, the 5-year survivals of the new IA, new IB, new IIA, IIB, IIIA, IIIB, and IV stages were 77.5%, 69.3%, 49.8%, 40.6%, 35.8%, 28.0%, and 20.8%, respectively. In the pathologic setting, they were 83.7%, 76.0%, 60.0%, 42.2%, 29.8%, 19.3%, and 20.0%, respectively. For both clinical and pathologic settings, differences between all neighboring stages were statistically significant, except for that between IIIB and IV. CONCLUSION: Subcategorization of T1 and minor changes in stage grouping results in a system with significant differences in prognosis between neighboring stages. The unification of stages IB and IIA, especially, improves the discriminatory power of the staging system.

Radiologic classification of small adenocarcinoma of the lung: radiologic-pathologic correlation and its prognostic impact.

BACKGROUND: A new radiologic classification for small adenocarcinoma is necessary for discussions of limited surgical resection for peripheral lung cancer. METHODS: Between 1999 and 2003, 1,697 consecutive patients underwent pulmonary resection for lung cancer. Three hundred forty-nine of these patients with clinical stage IA lung cancer who had lung peripheral adenocarcinoma, 2 cm or less in size, were investigated retrospectively. Radiologic classification was based on the findings of thin-section computed tomographic scan such as the presence of solid and ground-glass opacity (GGO). Type 1 (n = 22), type 2 (n = 26), type 3 (n = 25), and type 4 (n = 43) show a simple GGO, an intermediate homogeneous increase in density, a halo, and a mixed area of GGO and a solid, respectively. Type 5 (n = 54) shows a solid tumor with GGO, and type 6 (n = 179) shows a solid tumor. RESULTS: There was no difference in the maximum tumor dimension among the six groups. All but 1 patient had no lymph node metastases among type 1 to 4 tumors, whereas these were found in 5% and 24% of the patients with type 5 and 6 tumors, respectively. Lymphatic invasions were rarely found in patients with type 1 to 4 tumors (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Types 1, 2, 3, and 4 are considered to be radiologic early adenocarcinoma of the lung, and their pathologic features were minimally invasive. On the other hand, type 5 and 6 tumors could have lymph node metastases and are considered to be invasive adenocarcinoma. Although limited surgical resection may be enough for type 1 to 4 tumors, anatomic pulmonary resection should be recommended for type 5 or 6 tumor.