Emerging and re-emerging infectious disease in otorhinolaryngology.

SUMMARY: Emerging and re-emerging infectious disease in otorhinolaryngology (ENT) are an area of growing epidemiological and clinical interest. The aim of this section is to comprehensively report on the epidemiology of key infectious disease in otorhinolaryngology, reporting on their burden at the national and international level, expanding of the need of promoting and implementing preventive interventions, and the rationale of applying evidence-based, effective and cost- effective diagnostic, curative and preventive approaches. In particular, we focus on i) ENT viral infections (HIV, Epstein-Barr virus, Human Papilloma virus), retrieving the available evidence on their oncogenic potential; ii) typical and atypical mycobacteria infections; iii) non-specific granulomatous lymphadenopathy; iv) emerging paediatric ENT infectious diseases and the prevention of their complications; v) the growing burden of antimicrobial resistance in ENT and the strategies for its control in different clinical settings. We conclude by outlining knowledge gaps and action needed in ENT infectious diseases research and clinical practice and we make references to economic analysis in the field of ENT infectious diseases prevention and care.

Efeito da adição de agentes tróficos na dieta de leitões desmamados sobre a estrutura e ultraestrutura do intestino delgado e sobre o desempenho / The effect of the addition of trofic agents in weaned piglet diets over the structure and ultra-structure of small intestine and over performance

Foram estudados os efeitos da glutamina, dos ácidos graxos poli-insaturados e da parede celular de levedura (PCL) sobre a estrutura e ultraestrutura do intestino delgado e o desempenho de leitões. Foram utilizados 45 leitões, desmamados aos 21 dias de idade, para testar os seguintes tratamentos: T1 - dieta basal; T2 - dieta basal + 1 por cento de glutamina; T3 - dieta basal + 0,2 por cento de PCL; T4 - dieta basal + 5 por cento de óleo de peixe. Nos dias sete e 14 pós-desmame, foram abatidos cinco leitões de cada tratamento. Os aditivos testados não alteraram a altura e a densidade dos vilos nem a profundidade das criptas do intestino delgado. Foi observado efeito de idade, mostrando redução na altura e na densidade dos vilos e na profundidade das criptas após o desmame. No duodeno e jejuno, foram observados maiores valores de relação vilo:cripta, que aumentaram com a idade pós-desmame. Ocorreram redução da altura dos microvilos do duodeno aos sete dias e aumento da largura dos microvilos do jejuno aos 14 dias pós-desmame. A área de superfície apical dos enterócitos não foi alterada pelos fatores estudados. Os aditivos estudados não foram eficientes em prevenir a atrofia da mucosa intestinal do jejuno, ao não interferir na sua ultraestrutura. Os aditivos incluídos na dieta não influenciaram o desempenho dos leitões no pós-desmame.

The effects of glutamine, poliunsatured fatty acids and cellular wall of yeast (CWY) under the structure and ultra structure of the small gut and the performance of the piglets were studied. Forty five piglets weaned at 21 days were used to test the following treatments: T1 - basal diet; T2 - basal diet + 1 percent of glutamine; T3 - basal diet + 0,2 percent of CWY; T4 - basal diet + 5 percent of fish oil. At seven and 14 post weaning days, five piglets of each treatment were slaughtered. The height, density of villus and depth of small gut crypts were not altered by the inclusion of additives. The effect of age was observed, showing a reduction in the height and density of villus and depth of crypts after weaning. In duodenum and jejunum higher values were observed in the relation villus:crypt, which increased with the post wean age. There was a decrease in the height of microvillus of the duodenum at 7 days and an increase of the width of the microvillus of jejunum at 14 days after wean. The area of the apical surface of the enterocytes was not altered by the studied factors. The studied additives were not efficient to prevent the atrophy of the intestinal mucosa of the jejunum, since they did not interfere on its ultra structure. Piglet performance was not affected by the additives included in the diet.

Paranasal giant cell fibroblastoma: case report and immunohistochemical findings.

Few published reports describe patients with giant cell fibroblastoma, a rare, benign soft-tissue tumor that recurs locally and predominantly arises in children. A 4-year-old boy underwent surgery for removal of a giant cell fibroblastoma in the paranasal region, an unusual site. Six months after excision the tumor recurred locally. Immunohistochemical examination of the primary tumor and recurrence revealed vimentin positive staining in the cytoplasm of all the cells. The multinucleated giant cells and the flat cells bordering the vessel-like spaces were negative for Factor VIII-related antigen, S-100 protein, actin and desmin. Some histiocytes stained positively for alpha-1-antitrypsin, alpha-1-antichymotrypsin, antimacrophage and lysozyme antibodies. These immunoreactions indicate that giant cell fibroblastomas have a fibrohistiocytic origin.

Acinic cell carcinoma of the parotid gland in childhood.

A 13-year-old girl underwent surgery at the Ear Nose and Throat Department of the Children's Hospital and Scientific Research Institute, Bambino Gesù, Rome, because of an acinic cell carcinoma of the parotid gland. Two years after total parotidectomy with preservation of the facial nerve, metastasis occurred in a lateral cervical lymph node. Acinic cell tumors are uncommon in childhood; in children under the age of 16 years only 35 cases have been reported. There are too few acinar cell carcinomas occurring in children to yield an idea of their natural course. The neoplasm is also referred to as 'acinar cell tumor', in contrast to acinar cell carcinoma, because the neoplasm may be benign or malignant. Unfortunately, there are no histological distinguishing features that permit the pathologist to determine which neoplasm will behave in an aggressive fashion.

Effect of age and strain on haematological and gasometric parameters in selected and non-selected broiler chickens

Objetivou-se investigar o efeito de idade e linhagem sobre parâmetros hematológicos e gasométricos de frangos selecionados e näo selecionados. Foram utilizados somente frangos machos, sendo 40 selecionados e 10 näo-selecionados. Amostras de sangue foram colhidas aos 21 e 42 dias de idade e determinados os parâmetros hematológicos (eritrócito, leucócito, hemoglobina, hematócrito, volume globular médio, hemoglobina globular média e concentraçäo de hemoglobina no eritrócito), e os parâmetros gasométricos (pH, pressäo parcial de oxigênio e pressäo parcial de dióxido de carbono). Os resultados mostraram que os parâmetros hematológicos e gasométricos säo afetados pela idade e linhagem do frango. As aves selecionadas apresentaram um número de eritrócito menor e um volume globular médio maior aos 21 dias de idade quando comparados aos animais de 42 dias de idade, e uma relaçäo inversa foi verificada nos frangos näo selecionados. Estes dados sugerem que quando jovens os frangos selecionados podem ser mais sensíveis às alteraçöes nos parâmetros pulmonares e desenvolver a síndrome da Ascite

Cervical chordoma in childhood: clinical statistical contribution.

Parapharyngeal neoplasias are rarely noticed in childhood, since they have their peak incidence between the 2nd and 4th decade of life. The authors report a case of a 4-year-old patient presenting with a retrostyloid mass, accompanied by nasal obstruction and some difficulty in swallowing at 12 months of age. CT scanning well ascertained the delimitation of the tumor, but it was of no help in the differential diagnosis. In fact, after surgical excision, the histological examination of the specimen revealed a chordoma. This result was unexpected because of the region concerned and the lack of a CT demonstration of the cervical boney involvement. A cervical vertebral localization of a chordoma is rare in all age groups and it is of particular clinical and statistical interest in infancy.