Transforming Our World: Implementing the 2030 Agenda Through Sustainable Development Goal Indicators.

The United Nations' 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development recognizes violence as a threat to sustainability. To serve as a context, we provide an overview of the Sustainable Development Goals as they relate to violence prevention by including a summary of key documents informing violence prevention efforts by the World Health Organization (WHO) and Violence Prevention Alliance (VPA) partners. After consultation with the United Nations (UN) Inter-Agency Expert Group on Sustainable Development Goal Indicators (IAEG-SDG), we select specific targets and indicators, featuring them in a summary table. Using the diverse expertise of the authors, we assign attributes that characterize the focus and nature of these indicators. We hope that this will serve as a preliminary framework for understanding these accountability metrics. We include a brief analysis of the target indicators and how they relate to promising practices in violence prevention.

Postprocedure sepsis in imaging-guided percutaneous hepatic abscess drainage: how often does it occur?

OBJECTIVE: This retrospective study was conducted to determine the incidence of sepsis at our institution after percutaneous drainage of a hepatic abscess. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-three patients with a hepatic abscess treated using percutaneous aspiration and drainage from 1995 to 2000 were identified from a search of the interventional database. The patients' charts and CT images were reviewed independently by two radiologists for clinical presentation, relevant medical history, pre- and postprocedure antibiotic regimens, and clinical course after percutaneous aspiration and drainage. The preprocedure images were reviewed for the location and morphology of the abscess. The procedure details including percutaneous approach, guidance technique, catheter size, and immediate postprocedure complications were reviewed. RESULTS: Of the 33 patients, 14 patients underwent only needle aspiration of the abscess. In six (43%) of these 14 patients, the abscesses resolved with aspiration and appropriate antibiotic treatment alone. Eight (57%) of the patients who had aspiration of the abscess initially went on to have drainage catheters placed within a 72-hr period. Nineteen patients had drainage catheters placed from the onset. Of these, 17 patients (89%) had abscess resolution. Of the 27 patients who had catheters placed, a total of seven patients (26%) developed clinical symptoms of septicemia after catheter placement, but all patients, at least initially, responded to supportive treatment. Two patients died from septicemia 3-6 weeks after the procedure. None of the patients who underwent aspiration only developed postprocedure septicemia. CONCLUSION: After placement of a percutaneous drainage catheter in a hepatic abscess, there is a significant risk (26%) of postprocedure sepsis. Although it appears to be a random and unpredictable event in our small series, interventional radiologists and referring physicians should be aware of the risk of sepsis after percutaneous drainage of hepatic abscess.

Sonography of fetal choroid plexus cysts: detection depends on cyst size and gestational age.

OBJECTIVE: To establish diagnostic criteria for the diagnosis of fetal choroid plexus cysts across gestation. METHODS: Prenatal sonographic images of 166 fetuses without choroid plexus cysts were prospectively collected from 13 weeks to term. Texture characteristics of the choroid plexus regions were analyzed to quantify changes as a function of gestational age. A set of 20 fetal sonographic images with choroid plexus cysts were used to create cyst prototypes (1.5-2.5 mm), which were randomly embedded into normal choroid plexus images from varying gestational ages. A test set of 544 images was created, which included 408 images with choroid plexus cysts and 136 images without choroid plexus cysts. Four observers following a blinded study design evaluated the presence of choroid plexus cysts in the images. The influence of cyst size and gestational age on the detection of cysts was measured with receiver operating characteristic analysis and analysis of variance. Observer agreement was characterized by agreement kappa statistics. RESULTS: Texture analysis indicated greater echo texture heterogeneity at earlier gestational ages. The receiver operating characteristic analysis showed a corresponding decrease in diagnostic accuracy for cyst detection at earlier gestational ages. The cyst detection threshold (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, 0.8) was 2.4 mm (SE, 0.2 mm) for 13 to 21 weeks' gestation and decreased to 1.9 mm (SE, 0.17 mm) for 22 to 38 weeks' gestation. Average interobserver and intraobserver kappa statistics were 0.37 and 0.53, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Because of the changing echo texture of the choroid plexus through gestation, choroid plexus cysts must be at least 2.5 mm in diameter for confident diagnosis before 22 weeks' gestation and at least 2 mm after 22 weeks.

Early abuse, psychiatric diagnoses and irritable bowel syndrome.

In a population of 71 (57 female, 14 male) IBS patients seeking psychological treatment, we found expected levels of childhood sexual and physical abuse (57.7%) and expected levels of current Axis I psychiatric disorders (54.9%). Moreover, we found those who had been victims of early abuse had higher current Beck Depression Inventory scores. However, contrary to expectations, there were no significant associations between early abuse and current psychiatric disorder in this population, suggesting that those individuals with psychological distress are not exactly the same group with a history of abuse.