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1.
Vet Microbiol ; 290: 109994, 2024 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38281323

RESUMO

Interpretive criteria for antimicrobial susceptibility testing are lacking for most antimicrobials used for bovine streptococcal mastitis. The objectives of this study were to determine (tentative) epidemiological cut-off ((T)ECOFF) values for clinically relevant antibiotics used for treatment of bovine mastitis, and to estimate the proportion of acquired resistance (non-wild-types) in Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. dysgalactiae and Streptococcus uberis. A total of 255 S. uberis and 231 S. dysgalactiae subsp. dysgalactiae isolates were obtained in Denmark and Norway from bovine mastitis. The isolates were tested for susceptibility to 10 antibiotics using broth microdilution. In accordance with the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) standard operating procedure, additional published MIC distributions were included for the estimation of ECOFFs for cloxacillin, cephapirin, lincomycin and tylosin, and TECOFFs for amoxicillin, benzylpenicillin, cephapirin and oxytetracycline. The proportion of non-wild-type (NWT) isolates for the beta-lactams was significantly higher in the Danish S. uberis (45-55%) compared to the Norwegian isolates (10-13%). For oxytetracycline, the proportion of NWT was significantly higher in the Danish isolates, both for S. uberis (28% vs. 3%) and S. dysgalactiae (22% vs. 0%). A bridging study testing in parallel MICs in a subset of isolates (n = 83) with the CLSI-specified and the EUCAST-specified broths showed excellent correlation between the MICs obtained with the two methods. The new ECOFFs and TECOFFs proposed in this study can be used for surveillance of antimicrobial resistance, and - for antimicrobials licensed for streptococcal bovine mastitis - as surrogate clinical breakpoints for predicting their clinical efficacy for this indication.


Assuntos
Anti-Infecciosos , Doenças dos Bovinos , Cefapirina , Mastite Bovina , Oxitetraciclina , Infecções Estreptocócicas , Streptococcus , Feminino , Animais , Bovinos , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Mastite Bovina/tratamento farmacológico , Cefapirina/uso terapêutico , Infecções Estreptocócicas/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções Estreptocócicas/veterinária , Anti-Infecciosos/uso terapêutico , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana/veterinária
2.
Rev. iberoam. micol ; 33(2): 63-75, abr.-jun. 2016. tab, graf
Artigo em Inglês | IBECS | ID: ibc-153947

RESUMO

The role of antimicrobial susceptibility testing is to aid in selecting the best agent for the treatment of bacterial and fungal diseases. This has been best achieved by the setting of breakpoints by Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) for prevalent Candida spp. versus anidulafungin, caspofungin, micafungin, fluconazole, and voriconazole. The European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) also has set breakpoints for prevalent and common Candida and Aspergillus species versus amphotericin B, itraconazole, and posaconazole. Recently, another interpretive category, the epidemiological cut off value, could aid in the early identification of strains with acquired resistance mechanisms. CLSI has postulated that epidemiological cut off values may, with due caution, aid physicians in managing mycosis by species where breakpoints are not available. This review provides (1) the criteria and statistical approach to establishing and estimating epidemiological cut off values (ECVs), (2) the role of the epidemiological cut off value in establishing breakpoints, (3) the potential role of epidemiological cut off values in clinical practice, (4) and the wide range of CLSI-based epidemiological cut off values reported in the literature as well as EUCAST and Sensititre Yeast One-ECVs. Additionally, we provide MIC/MEC (minimal inhibitory concentrations/minimum effective concentrations) ranges/modes of each pooled distribution used for epidemiological cut off value calculation. We focus on the epidemiological cut off value, the new interpretive endpoint that will identify the non-wild type strains (defined as potentially harboring resistance mechanisms). However, we emphasize that epidemiological cut off values will not categorize a fungal isolate as susceptible or resistant as breakpoints do, because the former do not account for the pharmacology of the antifungal agent or the findings from clinical outcome studies (AU)


Las pruebas de sensibilidad a los antimicrobianos tienen como finalidad ayudar en la selección del mejor fármaco para el tratamiento de las infecciones fúngicas y bacterianas. El establecimiento de puntos de corte para la anidulafungina, la caspofungina, la micafungina, el fluconazol y el voriconazol en las especies de Candida más prevalentes por parte del Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) permite alcanzar este objetivo. El European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) también ha establecido puntos de corte para la anfotericina B, el itraconazol y el posaconazol en las especies más comunes de Candida y Aspergillus. En los últimos tiempos se ha propuesto una nueva categoría, la de los puntos de corte epidemiológicos, que puede ayudar a identificar de manera temprana los aislamientos que han adquirido mecanismos de resistencia. Según el CLSI los puntos de corte epidemiológicos podrían, con la debida cautela, ayudar a los médicos en la selección del tratamiento en aquellas micosis causadas por especies para las que no se han establecido puntos de corte. Esta revisión repasa: 1) los criterios y la aproximación estadística seguida para establecer y estimar los puntos de corte epidemiológicos, 2) el papel de los puntos de corte epidemiológicos para establecer los puntos de corte, 3) el papel de los puntos de corte epidemiológicos en la práctica clínica, y 4) el amplio rango de puntos de corte epidemiológicos que aparecen en la literatura establecidos mediante los métodos del CLSI, EUCAST o Sensititre® YeastOne®. Se muestran también los rangos de las concentraciones mínimas inhibitorias (CMI) y concentraciones mínimas efectivas (CME) utilizados para el cálculo de los puntos de corte epidemiológicos. Incidimos de manera especial sobre estos últimos por tratarse de una nueva interpretación de los CMI y los CME que permite identificar aquellos aislamientos que no son salvajes y potencialmente resistentes. No obstante, insistimos en que los puntos de corte epidemiológicos no pueden utilizarse para calificar como resistente o sensible a un determinado aislamiento, como lo hacen los puntos de corte, puesto que los puntos de corte epidemiológicos no se rigen por las características farmacológicas de los agentes antifúngicos ni por la evolución clínica de los pacientes (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Farmacorresistência Fúngica , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana/métodos , Fungos/isolamento & purificação , Candida albicans , Candida albicans/isolamento & purificação , Fluconazol/uso terapêutico , Farmacorresistência Fúngica/imunologia , Farmacorresistência Fúngica Múltipla , Genótipo , Técnicas de Genotipagem/métodos , Fenótipo , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana/normas , Fungos
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