[Urban stress of a megalopolis resident: stress factors and correctioN].

Residents of a megalopolis are constantly exposed to urban stress - the combined effects of a number of different extreme factors and living conditions of the urban environment. Urban stress of a megalopolis resident has an extreme complex multifactorial effect on his body and psyche. The features of the existing subspecies of urban stress (ecological, psychological, social, informational, professional, related to the pandemic), as well as the main stress factors causing them, are considered. The medical and social features of urban stress are described. The consequences of exposure to urban stress, directly related to human health disorders, include the so-called «urban stress diseases¼ or «diseases of civilization¼, primarily psychosomatic diseases. It is determined that urban stress is a multifactorial complex of stress factors affecting the physical and mental health of megalopolis residents. Due to the fact that an increasing number of megalopolis residents are experiencing the negative impact of an aggressive urban environment, it is necessary both to formalize stress factors in order to possibly correct them to improve the quality of life of citizens, and to develop appropriate optimizing medical and social recommendations. Modern organizational and medical and social measures aimed at reducing the negative impact of urban stress on the health of megalopolis residents are considered. It is proposed to minimize the negative impact of extreme urban stress factors on the physical and mental health of megalopolis residents by using therapeutic and preventive strategies to increase their stress resistance. There are a number of different organizations and departments in Moscow that provide psychological and psychotherapeutic support. Also, in order to determine the level of the body's reserves and stress resistance, it is possible to undergo a comprehensive examination both in the nearest polyclinic and in the nearest park within the framework of the Healthy Moscow program.

[Regulatory Support for Monitoring the Effectiveness of Medical Managers].

Authors considered the issue of regulatory support for dynamic control methodology concerning the performance efficiency of a head (head physician) of the medical organization of Moscow healthcare system. The regulatory framework for assessing the performance of managers in the public healthcare management system is described. The indicators for assessing the execution effectiveness of the state program "Development of Healthcare in the Russian Federation" and Moscow program "Development of Healthcare in Moscow (Capital Health)" are given. Authors analyzed recommendations of the federal executive authorities on the development of performance indicators of social organizations, as well as experience of their implementation by the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Proposals to improve the system for assessing performance efficiency of head managers of medical organizations were developed.

[Creating Organizational Conditions for Healthy Lifestyle Formation Among Population].

The key role in healthy lifestyle (HLS) formation among the population belongs to medical specialists, who possess reliable scientific knowledge in this field. The effectiveness of spreading healthy living message is connected with organizational conditions: principles of segmentation and patient routing, role of non-physician staff, development of remote forms of work and staff training system. Much attention is given to healthy living attitudes among medical specialists. According to the conducted sociological study and review of foreign and national experience, the authors present practical recommendations which include organizational changes aimed at greater effectiveness of HLS promotion by healthcare professionals.

[Medical Errors: Medical, Social and Legal Aspects].

The article examines the main types of medical errors and their causes. It systemizes typical iatrogenic diseases. The work defines leading directions for medical errors prevention, including the effective usage of simulation learning technologies. Authors analyze current regulatory acts and the main rule-making trends in the field of medical errors.

INFLUENCE OF AEROSPACE MEDICINE ACHIEVEMENTS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF SPORT MEDICINE METHODOLOGY.

Modern technologies of aerospace medicine develop at rapid pace pulling on its orbit all spheres of the human activity, including sport. Innovations play a major role in the progress of sport medicine areas related to the biomedical support of precontest training. Overview of the most important aerospace medicine achievements and their methodical implications for sport medicine is presented. Discussion is devoted to how the aerospace medicine technologies can raise effectiveness of the biomedical support to different sectors of sport and fitness.

[On preservation and improvement of occupational health of governmental employees].

The authors analyzed social and psychologic features and ecologic and ergonomic conditions of governmental employees activities. Relationships between risk factors of administrative activities and occupational health were considered. The authors designed a complex of requirements for personality traits, psychologic and psychophysiologic features and possibilities of governmental employees, that determines their fitness for these activities and their occupational success. Concept "Preservation and improvement of occupational health of governmental employees in 2006-2010" was prepared.

[Ergonomic bases of improving the quality of military medical equipment]. / Ergonomicheskie osnovy povysheniia kachestva obraztsov voenno-meditsinskoi tekhniki.

The definitions for the concepts of quality of military medical equipment (MME) sample and quality indices are given. The general ergonomic indices of the sample quality are presented. The heterogeneity of elements of "medical specialist--military medical equipment--the wounded--environment" system is shown the successful synthesis of which requires the co-ordination of technical, constructive factors, characteristics of the sample and human (personal) factors of medical specialist. The ergonomic defects typical of MME samples are revealed and the ways to improve the ergonomic characteristics of MME samples are charted. Some ergonomic aspects to improve the MME sample quality are described.

[Vital lines of improving the system of eco-hygienic safety]. / Aktual'nye napravleniia sovershenstvovaniia sistemy ékologo-gigienicheskoi bezopasnosti.

Trends in the quality of social and professional health are one of the key indicators of ecological safety for population. Consideration is given to the problems of prevention of the adverse consequences of bad ecology to health of various groups of population. The authors propose development of an eco-hygienic system that would include a whole set of research, management, methodical, and certification activities, means and services. The system will enable to safeguard the right of each citizen to be protected from the effects of harmful eco-factors and to have access to respective preventive and corrective procedures.

[Public and occupational health and industrial ecology]. / Obshchestvennoe i professional'noe zdorov'e i promyshlennaia ékologiia.

The authors present results of theoretic and experimental analysis of ecologic safety in Russia. New composite discipline--"human ecology"--takes an important place in solution of medical and ecologic problems associated with correlation between natural and occupational factors influencing humans. Present medical, social and ecologic circumstances define the most vital scientific and applied directions covering medical and ecologic humanization of occupational and natural environment for humanity nowadays. Those directions are prophylaxis of ecologic stress, specification of informational technology for medical and occupational monitoring, creation of data bank on human ecology.

[Methodologic approaches to solving problems concerning development and improvement of means protecting against detrimental ecological factors]. / Metodologicheskie puti resheniia problemy razrabotki i sovershenstvovaniia sredstv zashchity ot neblagopriiatnykh ékologicheskikh faktorov.

The article covers scientific and applied aspects of ergonomic (physiologic, hygienic, engineering and psychologic) improvement of protective and salvage means for aviation specialists in up-to-date ecologic circumstances. The authors justify and present a concept of higher ergonomic efficiency of those means when exposed to combined hazards. The concept suggests possibility of considerably increased occupational readiness and occupational health in aviation specialists owing to more complete consideration of operator's personal characteristics.

[Improvement of protective and survival means as a current ecological-ergonomic problem in aviation]. / Usovershenstvovanie sredstv zashchity i spaseniia kak aktual'naia ékologo-érgonomicheskaia problema v aviatsii.

Science and application aspects of the ergonomic enhancement of protective and survival means for aviation personnel under the present-day operational environment have been studied. Substantiated and presented is a concept of ergonomic enhancement of these means and possibly marked improvement of professional readiness, and maintenance of work capacity and occupational health of aviation personnel affected by a combination of adverse factors by way of a more thorough consideration of human operator's characteristics in the process of design and evaluation of protective means. Methods proposed for evaluation of environmental effects on and assessment of the ergonomic stimulation of the quality and intensity of flying activity have been analyzed.

[Advancement and goals of the aviation human engineering]. / Dostizheniia i zadachi aviatsionnoi ergonomiki.

Analyzed were the efforts of the State Scientific-Research Test Institute of Aviation and Space Medicine to weigh and account the human factor in designing and upgrading avionics and aviation machinery. Described are the policy of human engineering support to the development, evaluation, and operation of aviation machinery, and the benefits from the human factor knowledge to the specifications for aviation machinery and allowance for the psychophysiological aptitudes of human on different phases of development of ergatic aviation systems. Outlined is the mainstream of ergonomic enhancement of the quality and safety, and humanization of the activities of different aviation specialists.

[Medical aspects of prolongation of occupational longevity]. / Meditsinskie aspekty prodleniia professional'nogo dolgoletiia.

Rationale is given to the necessity of methodical approaches to extension of total and active periods of human life. Methods and measures intended to maintain/restore working capacity of human operator of automated working place are recommended.

[Protection of occupational health as an ergonomic problem]. / Sokhranenie professional'nogo zdorov'ia kak érgonomicheskaia problema.

The paper outlines the scientific and applied aspects of ergonomic improvement of the protection and salvation facilities for aircraft specialists under the present environmental conditions of their operation. A concept of ergonomic enhancement of the efficiency of these facilities under the combined influence of unfavourable factors is substantiated and forwarded, which envisages the possibility of improving professional skills and the preservation of the working capacity and occupational health of aircraft specialists by making a fuller account when the facilities are designed and the characteristics of an operator are examined. An analysis has been made of the methods which may be useful in evaluating the influence of environmental factors on the quality and tension of flying activities and in assessing the impact of introduction of ergonomic recommendations on the optimization of protective means against them.