A Rare Clinical Case of Secondary Central Nervous System Involvement without Transformation in Hairy Cell Leukemia: Case Report and Literature Review.

Introduction Hairy cell leukemia (HCL) is an indolent B-cell lymphoma characterized by a specific genetic mutation, BRAF V600E, which affects the specific morphology and oncogenesis. For HCL, few reports regarding secondary central nervous system involvement (SCNSI) are available. Herein, we present the case of an 80-year-old woman who had a relapse of HCL with SCNSI. Case presentation The diagnosis of HCL was made in June 2015 after identifying BRAF V600E proteins by immunohistochemical analysis, and the disease was then controlled for 6 years by employing chemoimmunotherapy. In February 2021, the patient was admitted with neurological symptoms such as dizziness. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain showed abnormal enhancement in the cerebrum, and cerebrospinal fluid analysis revealed neoplastic cells without transformation into large cells. Thus, the patient was diagnosed as having SCNSI in HCL. Conclusion We report a case of a rare clinical presentation of SCNSI in HCL with literature review.

Extramedullary hematopoietic pleural effusion in Waldenström's macroglobulinemia.

Extramedullary hematopoietic effusion (EHE) is one of the extremely rare phenomena associated with extramedullary hematopoiesis, which is caused by serous effusions, including pleural effusion, and may be related to hematologic disorders and neoplasms. Herein, we present the case of an 81-year-old man with EHE accompanying Waldenström's macroglobulinemia (WM). The patient complained of anemia and dyspnea. The chest X-ray and computed tomography showed a massive left pleural effusion, and the aspirates revealed infiltration of the immature myeloid cells and megakaryocytes, in addition to the lymphoma cells. To our knowledge, this is the first report of EHE in WM.

Other iatrogenic immunodeficiency lymphoproliferative disorder induced by corticosteroid used for an autoimmune disorder.

Other iatrogenic immunodeficiency lymphoproliferative disorders (oii-LPD) are defined as lymphoid proliferations or lymphomas that occur in patients taking immunosuppressive agents (ISA) for autoimmune disorders (AID). Although methotrexate and tumor necrosis factor-alpha inhibitors cause oii-LPD, the association between corticosteroids and lymphomagenesis remains unknown. Herein, we present the case of a 51-year-old woman with oii-LPD caused by corticosteroid use for autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA). The diagnosis of AIHA was made in May 2016, and AIHA had been well-controlled for 5 years with oral prednisolone (PSL). During a regular follow-up visit in March 2022, an abnormal increase in atypical lymphoid cells in the peripheral blood was found. The bone marrow biopsy specimens showed local aggregations of large cells that were identified as lymphoplasmacytic cells and plasma cells, and that were positive for cluster of differentiation (CD)19 and CD20, with apparent nucleoli among the diffuse infiltration of atypical small lymphocytes. The large cells were partially positive for the Epstein-Barr encoding region in situ hybridization and latent membrane protein 1, which confirmed Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-affected lymphomagenesis. To our knowledge, this is the first report of an oii-LPD case shown to be induced by corticosteroid use for AID.

Clinical impact of central nervous system-directed therapies on intravascular large B-cell lymphoma: A single institution's experience.

Intravascular large B-cell lymphoma (IVLBCL) is a rare subtype of B-cell lymphoma characterized by aggressive disease progression with a high incidence of central nervous system (CNS) involvement. We retrospectively analyzed 16 patients with de novo IVLBCL treated at our hospital between 2004 and 2018 with either standard therapy plus CNS-directed therapy or standard therapy alone. CNS-directed therapy was associated with a significantly better 2-year CNS-free survival (100% vs. 63%, p = 0.0191), despite no significant effects on progression-free or overall survival. Further studies should assess CNS-focused treatment in patients with IVLBCL with or without primary CNS involvement.

Ideal dose intensity of R-CHOP in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.

INTRODUCTION: The standard of care for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (R-CHOP). However, its ideal dose intensity varies among cases. AREAS COVERED: This review provides the latest insights on the dose intensity of R-CHOP for DLBCL patients. Specifically, we discussed the optimal dose intensity for elderly patients, the optimal number of treatment cycles for limited or advanced-stage diseases, and the role of dose-intensified therapies or adding targeted inhibitors. EXPERT OPINION: Performing a comprehensive or simplified geriatric assessment can distinguish elderly DLBCL patients who will likely benefit from curative R-CHOP. Very elderly or medically unfit patients may need dose reduction in R-CHOP; the Age, Comorbidities, and Albumin index may aid decision-making. Four cycles of R-CHOP followed by two rituximab cycles comprise a new standard for low-risk, limited-stage DLBCL patients. Compared to eight cycles, six cycles of R-CHOP have similar efficacy and fewer toxicities for advanced-stage DLBCL. Dose-intensified therapy is not recommended in most DLBCL cases but may be considered for patients with double (or triple)-hit lymphoma. Applying targeted inhibitors and not merely escalating R-CHOP dose intensity through molecular subtyping will improve the treatment outcome for DLBCL.

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is one of the most common blood cancers. Patients with DLBCL are usually treated with a standard (immuno-) chemotherapy called R-CHOP, which stands for rituximab, cyclophosphamide, hydroxydaunorubicin (doxorubicin), Oncovin, and prednisone. Of these, cyclophosphamide and doxorubicin are particularly toxic but effective. Therefore, the dosages of these drugs are adjusted according to the patient's body size. However, the ideal amounts of these drugs (dose intensity) can vary from case to case. For instance, the regular dose intensity of R-CHOP is too toxic for some people, such as very older patients. Furthermore, ideal total amounts of these drugs, that is, ideal cycle numbers of R-CHOP, are also different between patients with limited disease and advanced disease. Therefore, oncology/hematology researchers have been seeking the optimal dose intensity of R-CHOP in each patient with DLBCL for years. The goal of this review is to provide the latest insights on the ideal dose intensity of R-CHOP in DLBCL treatment. In this article, we discuss: how R-CHOP was established as the standard of care for DLBCL, how to identify candidates for standard R-CHOP among older patients, how to adjust the dose intensity of R-CHOP for patients who are not candidates for standard R-CHOP, optimal cycle number of R-CHOP for limited-disease DLBCL, optimal cycle number of R-CHOP for advanced DLBCL, how to treat patients with a large mass, and the role of more intensive therapies other than R-CHOP in DLBCL treatment. Finally, we demonstrate how experts determined the dose intensity of R-CHOP for some example cases with DLBCL.

Relationship between Carnitine Deficiency and Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Use in Patients with Chronic Myeloid Leukemia.

BACKGROUND: Some chemotherapeutic agents cause carnitine deficiency, which causes general fatigue. However, there is no study on carnitine deficiency in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) during tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) therapy. OBJECTIVE: In this study, we investigated carnitine concentrations in patients with CML receiving TKI therapy. METHOD: This study included patients with well-controlled CML. Total carnitine and free carnitine concentrations were evaluated using the enzyme cycling method. The brief fatigue inventory (BFI) and cancer fatigue scale (CFS) were used to assess general fatigue developed during TKI therapy. RESULTS: Fifty-five patients on TKI therapy were included. Of these, 12 (21.8%) patients had low free carnitine concentrations. Free carnitine concentrations were higher in men than in women. Younger age was closely associated with lower free carnitine concentrations. TKI type, TKI dose, treatment response, or therapy duration were not associated with free carnitine concentrations. None of the scores (the global fatigue score with the BFI and CFS score) correlated with carnitine concentrations. Concentrations of free carnitine in patients in the treatment-free remission group were slightly higher than those in the TKI group, with only 9.1% having a low concentration of free carnitine. CONCLUSION: Carnitine deficiency is probably not a major cause of general fatigue but may occur in patients with CML receiving TKI therapy.

Validation and standardization of DNA extraction and library construction methods for metagenomics-based human fecal microbiome measurements.

BACKGROUND: Validation and standardization of methodologies for microbial community measurements by high-throughput sequencing are needed to support human microbiome research and its industrialization. This study set out to establish standards-based solutions to improve the accuracy and reproducibility of metagenomics-based microbiome profiling of human fecal samples. RESULTS: In the first phase, we performed a head-to-head comparison of a wide range of protocols for DNA extraction and sequencing library construction using defined mock communities, to identify performant protocols and pinpoint sources of inaccuracy in quantification. In the second phase, we validated performant protocols with respect to their variability of measurement results within a single laboratory (that is, intermediate precision) as well as interlaboratory transferability and reproducibility through an industry-based collaborative study. We further ascertained the performance of our recommended protocols in the context of a community-wide interlaboratory study (that is, the MOSAIC Standards Challenge). Finally, we defined performance metrics to provide best practice guidance for improving measurement consistency across methods and laboratories. CONCLUSIONS: The validated protocols and methodological guidance for DNA extraction and library construction provided in this study expand current best practices for metagenomic analyses of human fecal microbiota. Uptake of our protocols and guidelines will improve the accuracy and comparability of metagenomics-based studies of the human microbiome, thereby facilitating development and commercialization of human microbiome-based products. Video Abstract.

Absolute Lymphocyte Counts After Lenalidomide Initiation may Predict the Prognosis of Patients With Relapsed or Refractory Multiple Myeloma.

Background/Aim: We assessed the prognosis of patients with refractory or relapsed multiple myeloma (RRMM) by focusing on the change in absolute lymphocyte counts (ALCs) after lenalidomide and dexamethasone (Ld) initiation. Patients and Methods: In total, 72 patients with RRMM were treated with Ld. ALCs were evaluated before treatment and at 1, 2, and 3 months after Ld initiation. The median ALCs in the entire cohort before and at 1, 2, 3 months after Ld initiation were 1,131, 1,059, 1,222, and 1,162/µl, respectively. Results: ALCs before Ld initiation did not affect time to next treatment (TNT) or overall survival (OS). However, the patients with ALCs equal to or greater than the median at 3 months showed relatively better TNT than those with lower lymphocyte counts, with a significant difference. OS was also significantly longer in patients with higher ALCs. Conclusion: Immunomodulation by lenalidomide may improve prognosis in patients with RRMM.

Maintenance Therapy With Bortezomib and Dexamethasone for Transplant-ineligible Patients With Multiple Myeloma.

Background/Aim: Here, we investigated whether bortezomib as a maintenance therapy affected outcomes in transplant-ineligible patients with multiple myeloma (MM). Patients and Methods: Following induction therapy with bortezomib, maintenance therapy with bortezomib (1.3 mg/m 2 ) and dexamethasone (20 mg) was administered once or twice every 4 weeks until disease progression. The endpoints of this study were time to next treatment and overall survival. Results: Seventy-six newly diagnosed, transplant-ineligible patients were treated with a bortezomib-based regimen; 28 discontinued induction therapy, 27 did not receive maintenance therapy after induction therapy (the non-maintenance group), and 21 did (the maintenance group). In the three groups, the median times to the next required treatment were 3, 14, and 37 months, respectively. The 3-year overall survival rates were 55%, 69%, and 85%, respectively. There were no significant differences in patient characteristics between the non-maintenance and maintenance groups, except for poorer estimated glomerular filtration rates in the maintenance group. Conclusion: Bortezomib maintenance therapy may be a useful option for transplant-ineligible patients with MM.

Predictors of early death, serious hemorrhage, and differentiation syndrome in Japanese patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia.

Significant advancements have been achieved with regard to the outcomes of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) patients through the introduction of all-trans retinoic acid; however, early hemorrhagic death and differentiation syndrome remain the major causes of remission induction failure in patients with APL. To investigate early death, serious hemorrhage, and differentiation syndrome during remission induction therapy in terms of incidence, risk factors, influence on outcomes, and prophylactic effects of several new anticoagulants, the results of 344 patients enrolled in the Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia 204 study conducted by the Japan Adult Leukemia Study Group were analyzed. Early death was observed in 16 patients (4.7%), of whom 14 had serious hemorrhage and 2 had differentiation syndrome. Serious hemorrhage and differentiation syndrome of grade 2 or higher were observed in 21 and 54 patients, respectively. Patients who achieved complete remission had a 7-year disease-free survival of 84.8% if they did not experience serious hemorrhage and 40.0% if they experienced serious hemorrhage during remission induction therapy (P = 0.001). Risk factor analyses showed that higher white blood cell count was associated with early death, higher white blood cell count and lower platelet count with serious hemorrhage, and leukocytosis during induction therapy and higher body surface area with differentiation syndrome. In conclusion, these results indicate that patients with such high-risk features may benefit from more intensive supportive care. The hemorrhagic risk was not relieved by the introduction of new anticoagulants. Further studies are required to establish the predictive impact of body surface area on differentiation syndrome. This trial is registered with UMIN-CTR as C000000154 on September 13, 2005.

Complete Genome Sequence of Collinsella aerofaciens JCM 10188T.

We report a complete genome sequence of Collinsella aerofaciens JCM 10188T (=VPI 1003T). The genome consists of a circular chromosome (2,428,218 bp with 60.6% G+C content) and two extrachromosomal elements. The genome was predicted to contain 5 sets of rRNA genes, 58 tRNA genes, and 2,079 protein-encoding sequences.

Complete Genome Sequence of Megamonas funiformis JCM 14723T.

We announce the complete genome sequence of Megamonas funiformis JCM 14723T (YIT 11815T). The genome consists of a circular chromosome (2,522,577 bp, 31.5% G+C content) and a plasmid of 46,189 bp (29.4% G+C content). The genome was predicted to contain 6 rRNA operons, 53 tRNA genes, and 2,440 protein-coding sequences.

Complete Genome Sequence of Flavonifractor plautii JCM 32125T.

We report the complete genome sequence of Flavonifractor plautii JCM 32125T (=VPI 0310T). The genome consists of a single circular chromosome of 3,985,392 bp (G+C content, 60.9%) and was predicted to contain 3 complete sets of rRNA genes, 63 tRNA genes, and 3,764 protein-coding sequences.

Complete Genome Sequence of Blautia producta JCM 1471T.

We report a complete genome sequence of Blautia producta JCM 1471T The genome consists of a single circular chromosome of 6,197,116 bp with a G+C content of 45.7%. The genome was annotated as containing 5 complete sets of rRNA genes, 70 tRNA genes, and 5,516 protein-coding sequences.

[Transformation of CD5-positive nodal marginal zone lymphoma to diffuse large B-cell lymphoma].

Nodal marginal zone lymphoma (NMZL) is a form of nodal B-cell lymphoma exhibiting proliferation of abnormal lymphocytes at the circumference of the mantle zone in the lymph nodes. Although the outcome of patients with this disease is often favorable, we recently encountered a patient with a CD5-positive NMZL who was resistant to chemotherapy. A 67-year-old woman complaining of systemic lymph node swelling was referred to our hospital. After biopsy of the neck lymph node, she was diagnosed with CD5-positive NMZL. Disease progression was revealed after 16 months, and she was initially treated with chemotherapy consisting of rituximab, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and prednisolone (R-CVP). However, this therapy was ineffective. Subsequent therapy with rituximab and bendamustine also failed to induce remission. A rebiopsy revealed that the NMZL had transformed into a diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. This patient died after 2 years from the initial diagnosis due to lymphoma progression. Cases of CD5-positive NMZL are rare; thus, it is difficult to study the clinical implications of CD5 expression in this disease. Here we describe the current understanding of CD5 expression in NMZL.

Increased Arbekacin Clearance in Patients With Febrile Neutropenia.

BACKGROUND: Arbekacin (ABK) is used to treat infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and is used widely for the treatment of febrile neutropenia (FN). As ABK has a narrow therapeutic concentration window, the dosage must be adjusted via therapeutic drug monitoring. However, the influence of the physiology of patients with FN on the pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters of ABK remains unclear. Therefore, we examined this influence on ABK PK parameters. METHOD: We performed a retrospective cohort study using data from patients with a hematologic malignancy who were ≥18 years and had been administered ABK. We excluded patients who did not receive therapeutic drug monitoring and had an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of <30 mL/min, because clinically sufficient data would not be available. RESULT: Of the 99 enrolled patients, 25 did not have FN and 74 had FN. Arbekacin clearance (CLabk) was shown to correlate with eGFR in patients with FN (r = 0.32, P = 0.0062) and without FN (r = 0.50, P = 0.01). CLabk was higher in patients with FN than in those without FN. In addition, in the eGFR of <100 mL/min group (normal renal function), CLabk and CLabk/eGFR were also higher in patients with FN than in those without FN. CONCLUSIONS: CLabk was increased in patients with FN and normal renal function; therefore, we propose an increased ABK dose for patients with FN and normal renal function.

MPC-1 expression in myeloma cells is associated with the efficacy of bortezomib therapy.

The use of bortezomib in the clinic has significantly improved outcomes for patients with multiple myeloma (MM), even those harboring high-risk cytogenetic abnormalities or those classified in the high-risk category according to the International Staging System (ISS). In this study, we analyzed the association between immunophenotyping on myeloma cells and the clinical outcomes of patients who received bortezomib-based regimens as first-line therapy. Immunophenotypic analysis before bortezomib therapy was performed by flow cytometry, and whether the immunophenotyping results influenced the clinical outcomes of the patients was investigated. Seventy-four newly diagnosed patients with MM were included in this study. We found that the expression of MPC-1 significantly predicted the time to next therapy (TNT), with a longer TNT in the MPC-1 positive group (p = 0.005), whereas it did not affect overall survival (OS; p = 0.773). In addition, we found that CD45-positivity was associated with shorter TNT (p = 0.0432). Following ISS assessment at treatment initiation, patients who were classified as stage I showed a slightly longer OS compared to those at stage II or III; however, these results were not significant (p = 0.0987). Furthermore, multivariate analysis revealed the prognostic significance of MPC-1 expression, as MPC-1-negativity was associated with a worse TNT. The combination of MPC-1 and CD45 status more sensibly predicted the TNT for bortezomib therapy. Our results demonstrate the clinical importance of immunophenotyping on myeloma cells to determine patient prognoses in this era of novel therapeutic agents.

Myelosuppression After Radiation Therapy in Patients With and Without Autologous Peripheral Blood Stem Cell Transplantation: A Retrospective Observational Study.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (ASCT) after high-dose chemotherapy is used to treat relapsed malignant lymphomas. Radiation therapy (RT) is applied after ASCT. We compared the incidence of myelosuppression after RT with and without autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (auto-PBSCT). PATIENTS AND METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 20 patients with malignant lymphomas who received RT, six of whom underwent auto-PBSCT. Univariate analysis using Pearson's Chi-squared test and multivariate analysis using the Cox proportional hazards regression model were performed to determine correlations between the development of grade two or more leukopenia and clinical factors. RESULTS: Among patients with auto-PBSCT, grade two or more leukopenia occurred in five. The incidence of grade two or more leukopenia was significantly higher in patients with auto-PBSCT than in those without (p=0.014). CONCLUSION: Hematopoietic functions after auto-PBSCT may be more vulnerable to RT than normal hematopoietic functions.

A novel fusion gene involving PDGFRB and GCC2 in a chronic eosinophilic leukemia patient harboring t(2;5)(q37;q31).

BACKGROUND: Platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta (PDGFRB) rearrangement has been reported in a number of patients with chronic eosinophilic leukemia (CEL), B-acute lymphoblastic leukemia, myeloproliferative neoplasms, and juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia. Here, we report a case of CEL carrying a novel fusion gene involving PDGFRB and GRIP and coiled-coil domain containing 2 (GCC2). PATIENT AND METHODS: A 54-year-old man presenting with a cough and dyspnea was diagnosed with acute eosinophilic pneumonia. Cytogenetic analysis of the bone marrow revealed the presence of t(2;5)(q37;q31). Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis in the peripheral blood leukocytes revealed the presence of a split signal at PDGFRB gene. Imatinib treatment was effective, and disappearance of t(2;5)(q37;q31) in the bone marrow was confirmed after three months of imatinib therapy. Whole-genome sequencing was performed in peripheral blood leukocytes collected before imatinib therapy. RESULTS: A novel fusion gene between exon 22 of GCC2 and exon 12 of PDGFRB was detected and the presence of GCC2-PDGFRB was confirmed by PCR. CONCLUSION: This is the first case report demonstrating the GCC2 gene as a partner of PDGFRB in the pathogenesis of CEL.

Thrombopoietin Levels During Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Therapy for Chronic Myeloid Leukemia.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Although it is well known that platelet depletion is one of the major adverse events related to tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) therapy, the effect of TKIs on thrombopoietin (TPO), a stimulating factor for thrombopoiesis, has not been examined to date. In this study, we investigated the effect of TKIs on the levels of plasma TPO concentration in patients with well-controlled chronic myeloid leukemia receiving imatinib or dasatinib and those in treatment-free remission (TFR). METHODS: Blood samples for blood cell counts and plasma TPO levels were obtained from 23 dasatinib-treated patients before and 1 h after intake, 11 patients treated with imatinib before and 2 h after intake, and nine TFR patients. Levels of plasma TPO were determined by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. RESULTS: Levels of TPO were significantly inversely correlated with platelet counts in the entire cohort (r = - 0.568, p < 0.0001). Dasatinib intake, but not imatinib, significantly reduced platelet counts after intake (p = 0.0009 in dasatinib and p = 0.5431 in imatinib). However, imatinib and dasatinib intake increased the levels of TPO in these patients (p = 0.0024, dasatinib; p = 0.0098, imatinib). CONCLUSIONS: Our study results suggest that neither dasatinib nor imatinib therapy inhibits TPO production. Rather, transient increases in TPO levels seen with these two treatments might be a result of the decrease in TPO clearance these TKIs confer. However, further investigations are required to clarify the effect of TKIs on thrombopoiesis.