Effects of enflurane and propofol on seizure duration and recovery profiles in electroconvulsive therapy.

UNLABELLED: The aim of this study is to investigate effect of enflurane that is a pro-convulsive anesthetic agent and propofol on seizure durations and recovery times during electroconvulsive therapy. METHODS: The subjects were divided into two groups according to the induction anesthetics. Anesthesia was induced with enflurane 5% in group E or propofol 1.2 mg x kg(-1) in group P. After the loss of consciousness, 0.5 mg x kg(-1) of succinylcholine was given. The patients maintained normocapnia. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between groups regarding seizure times. Recovery times were shorter in group E, but postictal agitation was significantly lower in propofol group. DISCUSSION: High incidence of spike activity on EEG and grand mal seizure patterns could be induced by enflurane. But motor and EEG seizure times were not prolonged by enflurane in the presence normocapnia. In conclusion, propofol is more suitable anesthetic agent for ECT, but enflurane might be preferred in patients because of rapid recovery.

Comparação entre o enflurano e o propofol na eletroconvulsoterapia: um estudo preliminar, aleatório, aberto e cruzado sobre a duração de convulsões e a recuperação anestésica / Comparison of enflurane and propofol in electroconvulsive therapy, a randomized crossover open preliminary study on seizure duration and anaesthetic recovery

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A eletroconvulsoterapia (ECT) é comumente utilizada para o tratamento de depressão, mania e transtornos do humor. Anestésicos para anestesia geral durante a ECT devem ter início e despertar rápidos, não interferir com a atividade da convulsão e não encurtar a duração das crises. O objetivo deste estudo é comparar os efeitos do enflurano, um agente anestésico pró-convulsivo, e o propofol na duração das ocnvulsões, no índice de supressão pós-ictal e nos tempos de recuperação durante a eletroconvulsoterapia. MÉTODO: Pacientes sem uso de medicação pré-anestésica foram alocados em dois grupos de acordo com a indução da anestesia. Os pacientes foram induzidos para a ECT com 5 por cento de enflurano no grupo E e 1,2 mg.kg-1 de propofol no grupo P, até perda de consciência. A duração das crises motora e no eletroencefalograma (EEG), o índice de supressão pós-ictal, o tempo para respiração espontânea, para duração da abertura dos olhos e obedecer aos comandos foram registrados. RESULTADOS: Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos quanto aos tempos das crises motora e no EEG e índice de supressão pós-ictal nos registros de EEG. Tempos de recuperação (tempo de início de respiração espontânea, de abertura dos olhos e para obedecer aos comandos) foram significativamente menores no grupo E em relação ao grupo P. Não foram observados náuseas ou vômitos e nenhuma anormalidade no ECG, exceto bradicardia sinusal transitória e taquicardia sinusal. CONCLUSÕES: Embora convulsões suficientes para o tratamento tenham ocorrido durante a anestesia com enflurano, nenhum benefício adicional foi observado sobre os tempos de convulsão ou índice de supressão pós-ictal quando comparado à anestesia com propofol. Por outro lado, o tempo de recuperação após anestesia com enflurano foi mais curto que com propofol. No entanto, ainda há necessidade de mais estudos em diferentes níveis de ETCO2.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is commonly used for treatment of depression, mania and affective disorders. Anaesthetics for general anaesthesia during ECT should have rapid onset, rapid emerge, not interfere with seizure activity and not shorten seizure duration. The aim of this study is to compare effects of enflurane, a pro-convulsive anaesthetic agent, and propofol on seizure durations, postictal suppression index and recovery times during electroconvulsive therapy. METHODS: Unpremedicated subjects were divided into two groups according to induction of anaesthesia. Patients were induced for ECT with 5 percent enflurane in group E and 1.2 mg.kg-1 propofol in group P until loss of consciousness. The durations of electroencephalogram (EEG) and motor seizures, postictal suppression index, time to spontaneous breathing, duration of eye opening, and obeying commands were recorded. RESULTS: There was no statistically significant difference between the groups regarding motor and EEG seizure times and postictal suppression index on the EEG records. Recovery times (times of starting spontaneous breathing, eye opening, and obeying command) were significantly shorter in group E compared to group P. No nausea or vomiting were observed and no ECG abnormality was noted except transient sinus bradycardia and sinus tachycardia. CONCLUSIONS: Although sufficient seizure for the treatment was provided during enflurane anaesthesia, any additional benefit was not revealed regarding seizure times or postictal suppression index when compared to propofol anaesthesia. On the other hand, recovery times after enflurane anaesthesia were shorter than propofol anaesthesia. However, there is still a need for further study in different ETCO2 levels.

JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: La electroconvulsoterapia (ECT), se usa a menudo para el tratamiento de la depresión, manía y transtornos del humor. Los anestésicos para la anestesia general durante la ECT deben tener un inicio y un despertar rápidos, no interferir en la actividad de la convulsión y no acortar la duración de las crises. El objetivo de este estudio, es comparar los efectos del enflurano, un agente anestésico pro convulsivo, y el propofol, en la duración de las convulsiones, en el índice de supresión postictal y en los tiempos de recuperación durante la electroconvulsoterapia. MÉTODO: Pacientes sin uso de medicación preanestésica que fueron colocados en dos grupos de acuerdo con la inducción de la anestesia. Los pacientes fueron inducidos para la ECT con 5 por ciento de enflurano en el grupo E y 1,2 mg.kg-1 de propofol en el grupo P, hasta la pérdida de la conciencia. También fueron registrados la duración de las crises motora y en el electroencefalograma (EEG), el índice de supresión postictal, el tiempo para la respiración espontánea, para la duración de la abertura de los ojos y obedecer a los comandos. RESULTADOS: No hubo diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre los grupos en cuanto a los tiempos de las crises motora y en el EEG e índice de supresión postictal en los registros de EEG. Los tiempos de recuperación (tiempo de inicio de la respiración espontánea, de abertura de los ojos, y para obedecer a los comandos), fueron significativamente menores en el grupo E con relación al grupo P. No se observaron náuseas o vómitos, ni ninguna anormalidad en el ECG tampoco fue notada, excepto bradicardia sinusal transitoria y taquicardia sinusal. CONCLUSIONES: Aunque las convulsiones suficientes para el tratamiento hayan sucedido durante la anestesia con enflurano, ningún beneficio adicional fue observado sobre los tiempos de convulsión o sobre el índice de supresión postictal cuando se le comparó con la anestesia con propofol. Por otro lado, el ti...

Comparison of enflurane and propofol in electroconvulsive therapy, a randomized crossover open preliminary study on seizure duration and anaesthetic recovery.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is commonly used for treatment of depression, mania and affective disorders. Anaesthetics for general anaesthesia during ECT should have rapid onset, rapid emerge, not interfere with seizure activity and not shorten seizure duration. The aim of this study is to compare effects of enflurane, a pro-convulsive anaesthetic agent, and propofol on seizure durations, postictal suppression index and recovery times during electroconvulsive therapy. METHODS: Unpremedicated subjects were divided into two groups according to induction of anaesthesia. Patients were induced for ECT with 5% enflurane in group E and 1.2mg.kg(-1) propofol in group P until loss of consciousness. The durations of electroencephalogram (EEG) and motor seizures, postictal suppression index, time to spontaneous breathing, duration of eye opening, and obeying commands were recorded. RESULTS: There was no statistically significant difference between the groups regarding motor and EEG seizure times and postictal suppression index on the EEG records. Recovery times (times of starting spontaneous breathing, eye opening, and obeying command) were significantly shorter in group E compared to group P. No nausea or vomiting were observed and no ECG abnormality was noted except transient sinus bradycardia and sinus tachycardia. CONCLUSIONS: Although sufficient seizure for the treatment was provided during enflurane anaesthesia, any additional benefit was not revealed regarding seizure times or postictal suppression index when compared to propofol anaesthesia. On the other hand, recovery times after enflurane anaesthesia were shorter than propofol anaesthesia. However, there is still a need for further study in different ETCO(2) levels.

Arytenoid dislocation related to an uneventful endotracheal intubation: a case report.

INTRODUCTION: Invasive methods currently applied to the respiratory tract may result in impaired movement of the cricoarytenoid joint with hoarseness and immobility of the vocal ligament. Hoarseness after tracheal intubation is reported as a high incidence in patients who receive general anaesthesia. In most cases, the symptoms are temporary and improve within several days. We report this case for emphasizing that early diagnosis of arytenoid cartilage dislocation is important even in nontraumatic cases. CASE PRESENTATION: We present the case of a 19-year-old Caucasian male who developed arytenoid cartilage dislocation associated with uneventful endotracheal intubation and anesthesia. CONCLUSION: Arytenoid subluxation should be considered whenever any of the symptoms mentioned occur following endolaryngeal manipulation, and they become persistent, as recovery becomes difficult if appropriate treatment is not started immediately.