Experiencias Adversas en la Infancia: Revisión de su impacto en niños de 0 a 5 años / Adverse Experiences during Childhood: A revision over their impact on children 0-5 years old / Experiências Adversas na Infância: Revisão do seu impacto em crianças de 0 a 5 anos

Se realiza una revisión narrativa acerca del impacto del parámetro Experiencias Adversas en la Infancia (EAI) de 0 a 5 años. Para esto, se enuncian las principales EAI que afectan en este rango de edad, para luego sintetizar la evidencia de las secuelas inmediatas que 3 o más EAI pueden provocar en el desarrollo general, cognitivo y socioemocional, así como en la salud general infantil y la trayectoria escolar. Posteriormente, se comenta la importancia de seleccionar estas experiencias, intervenir sobre las barreras de acceso a la salud que enfrentan los niños y niñas afectados por EAI y sus cuidadores, y promover relaciones estables, seguras y nutritivas como una estrategia para moderar la transmisión de los patrones de maltrato infantil. Se concluye que la exposición a EAI es un importante factor de riesgo para el desarrollo de niños y niñas, por lo que debe ser considerado como un eje relevante en el ámbito de la salud, especialmente durante los primeros 5 años de vida, cuando es posible impedir el ingreso a la cadena de riesgos asociados.

This is narrative review over the impact of Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) on children in the range of 0-5 years old. The main related ACE in this range of age are stated and the evidence on the sequelae which 3 or more ACEs can provoke on the children's general, cognitive, social and emotional developments, as well as on their general health and school trajectory, are all discussed. Then, the importance of filtering these experiences, and overcoming the health barriers faced by these children, while promoting stable, secure, and nurturing relationships, as a strategy to challenge the transmission of violence patterns, are all discussed as well. A conclusion is that ACE are a serious risk to the development of children, and therefore, the issue should be timely addressed, particularly within the first 5 years of age when the negative impacts are greatest.

Realiza-se uma revisão narrativa acerca do impacto do parâmetro Experiências Adversas na Infância (EAI) de 0 a 5 anos. Para isto, enunciam-se as principais EAI que afeitam nesta faixa de idade, para logo sintetizar a evidencia das sequelas imediatas que 3 ou mais EAI podem provocar no desenvolvimento geral, cognitivo e socioemocional, assim como, na saúde geral infantil e a trajetória escolar. Posteriormente, comenta-se a importância de peneirar estas experiências, intervir sobre as barreiras de acesso à saúde que enfrentam meninos e meninas afeitados pelo EAI e os seus cuidadores, e promover relacionamentos estáveis, seguros e nutritivos como uma estratégia para moderar a transmissão dos padrões de maltrato infantil. Conclui-se que a exposição às EAI é um importante fator de risco para o desenvolvimento de meninos e meninas, pelo que deve ser considerado como eixo relevante no âmbito da saúde, especialmente durante os primeiros 5 anos de vida, quando é possível pedir o ingresso à cadeia de riscos associados.

"Use of acidophilic bacteria of the genus Acidithiobacillus to biosynthesize CdS fluorescent nanoparticles (quantum dots) with high tolerance to acidic pH".

The use of bacterial cells to produce fluorescent semiconductor nanoparticles (quantum dots, QDs) represents a green alternative with promising economic potential. In the present work, we report for the first time the biosynthesis of CdS QDs by acidophilic bacteria of the Acidithiobacillus genus. CdS QDs were obtained by exposing A. ferrooxidans, A. thiooxidans and A. caldus cells to sublethal Cd2+ concentrations in the presence of cysteine and glutathione. The fluorescence of cadmium-exposed cells moves from green to red with incubation time, a characteristic property of QDs associated with nanocrystals growth. Biosynthesized nanoparticles (NPs) display an absorption peak at 360nm and a broad emission spectra between 450 and 650nm when excited at 370nm, both characteristic of CdS QDs. Average sizes of 6 and 10nm were determined for green and red NPs, respectively. The importance of cysteine and glutathione on QDs biosynthesis in Acidithiobacillus was related with the generation of H2S. Interestingly, QDs produced by acidophilic bacteria display high tolerance to acidic pH. Absorbance and fluorescence properties of QDs was not affected at pH 2.0, a condition that totally inhibits the fluorescence of QDs produced chemically or biosynthesized by mesophilic bacteria (stable until pH 4.5-5.0). Results presented here constitute the first report of the generation of QDs with improved properties by using extremophile microorganisms.

Low-temperature biosynthesis of fluorescent semiconductor nanoparticles (CdS) by oxidative stress resistant Antarctic bacteria.

Bacterial biosynthesis of nanoparticles represents a green alternative for the production of nanostructures with novel properties. Recently, the importance of antioxidant molecules on the biosynthesis of semiconductor fluorescent nanoparticles (quantum dots, QDs) by mesophilic bacteria was reported. The objective of this work was the isolation of psychrotolerant, oxidative stress-resistant bacteria from Antarctica to determine their ability for biosynthesizing CdS QDs at low temperatures. QDs biosynthesis at 15 °C was evaluated by determining their spectroscopic properties after exposing oxidative-stress resistant isolates identified as Pseudomonas spp. to Cd(2+) salts. To characterize the QDs biosynthetic process, the effect of metal exposure on bacterial fluorescence was determined at different times. Time-dependent changes in fluorescence color (green to red), characteristic of QDs, were observed. Electron microscopy analysis of fluorescent cells revealed that biosynthesized nanometric structures localize at the cell periphery. QDs were purified from the bacterial isolates and their fluorescence properties were characterized. Emission spectra displayed classical CdS peaks when excited with UV light. Thiol content, peroxidase activity, lipopolysaccharide synthesis, metabolic profiles and sulfide generation were determined in QDs-producing isolates. No relationship between QDs production and cellular thiol content or peroxidase activity was found. However, sulfide production enhanced CdS QDs biosynthesis. In this work, the use of Antarctic psychrotolerant Pseudomonas spp. for QDs biosynthesis at low temperature is reported for the first time.

Concentración de contaminantes SO2, NO2 y correlación con H+, SO4-2 y NO3- durante la temporada de lluvias en la Zona Metropolitana de Guadalajara, Jalisco, México / Concentration of pollutants SO2, NO2 and correlation with H+, SO4-2 and NO3- during wet season in the Metropolitan Zone of Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico

In the last 30 years, the Metropolitan Zone of Guadalajara (ZMG) has experienced a quick urban and industrial growth, situation which results in high rates of pollution and poor air quality harmful to the health of the population. The main purpose of this work was to analyze the SO2 and NO2 in the air, as well as ions H+, SO 4-2 and NO3- during the wet season of 2005. Results of the network of monitoring stations showed significant acidity in north-northwest and southeast of the study area. The maximum concentrations of SO 4-2 occurred in southeast and south, while the maximum NO3- was found in the south. Maximum levels of SO2 and NO2 occurred in the dry season, but it decreased in wet season. The higher frequency about acidity produced by NO2 is caused by mobile sources as the primary indicator.

En los últimos 30 años, la Zona Metropolitana de Guadalajara (ZMG) ha experimentado un acelerado crecimiento urbano-industrial, realidad traducida en contaminantes nocivos para la salud de la población. El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar la concentración de dióxido de azufre (SO 2) y de nitrógeno (NO2) en el aire, así como, los iones hidrógeno (H+), sulfatos (SO 4-2) y nitratos (NO3-) durante la temporada de lluvias del año 2005. Mediante una red de estaciones de monitoreo, se obtuvieron resultados que revelaron acidez significativa al norte-noroeste y sureste. Las concentraciones máximas de SO4-2 ocurrieron al sureste y sur, mientras que, las de NO3- se localizaron al sur. Los niveles máximos de SO2 y NO2 sucedieron en el período seco, disminuyendo en el húmedo. Se observó mayor frecuencia de acidez por NO2 siendo el indicador principal las fuentes móviles.

Evidence for nuclear-cytoplasmic incompatibility between Allium fistulosum and A. cepa.

An F2 population (Allium fistulosum x A. cepa) of 20plants, 10 BC1,[(A. fistulosum x A. cepa) x A. cepa], and 50 BC2 plants, [(A. fistulosum x A. cepa) x A. cepa] x A. cepa were studied cytogenetically and characterized for four isozyme alleles plus various morphological characteristics. All of the progenies were in A. fistulosum (the bunching onion) cytoplasm. In the F2 population we observed non-random chromosomal and allelic segregation, suppression of bulb onion allelic expression, and abnormalities in mitosis and meiosis. Most BC2 plants resembled A. cepa (the bulbing onion) morphologically, but anthers, filaments, pistils, and petals were abnormal. Only 3 plants, and these were most nearly like the F1 hybrid morphologically, produced any seeds.The data and observations support the hypothesis of nuclear-cytoplasmic incompatibility interactions between the bunching and bulb onion species.

Chromosome characteristics and behavior differences in Allium fistulosum L., A. cepa L, their F1 hybrid, and selected backcross progeny.

Mitotic and meiotic studies were performed on Allium fistulosum, A. cepa, their F1 hybrid, and ten selected backcross (BC)1 plants [(A. fistulosum x A. cepa) x (A. cepa)]. Each BC1 plant had at least one A. cepa isozyme allele (Pgi, Idh, or Adh). Chromosome morphology and behavior differed among plants. Meiocytes were observed with one, two, or three bridges and/ or fragments, indicating at least three paracentric inversions between A. fistulosum and A. cepa. Unusual crossing over and multivalent associations suggest that the 5F subtelocentric chromosome of A. fistulosum is involved in at least one translocation. The number of bridges and fragments and multivalent associations varied between the F1 hybrid and BC1 progenies. The F1 hybrid and all BC1 progenies were either sterile or had very little seed set. Fertility was not restored in any of the selected BC1 plants.

Ameloblastoma folicular informe de un caso / Folicular ameloblastoma report of the one case

Se presenta un caso de ameloblastoma folicular, neoplasia verdadera de tejido de tipo órgano del esmalte, en un paciente masculino de veintisiete años.

Holoendemicity of malaria: an avian model.

In the Llanos (Flatlands) of Venezuela a high malaria parasite rate was found in nesting birds, mainly in many species of Ciconiiformes, in contrast to a very low one in adults. Species of Plasmodium in birds of this order have seldom been reported. The high densities and sporozoite rates of the local vector, Aedeomyia squamipennis, and the increasing parasite rates with age, suggest a great intensity of transmission, leading to 100% infection by the time the young birds leave their nests. The situation is regarded as a form of holoendemicity equivalent to that described in man in certain parts of Africa and elsewhere, which also produces a high mortality and is probably the cause of population control. Double and triple infections of different subgenera of Plasmodium were extremely frequent, and probably also of different species in the same sub-genus. Such mixed infections with high densities of parasites suggest the possibility of hybridization, and the presence of hybrids may explain the difficulties in the identification of many of the isolates.