RESUMO
Fluid flow analyses and investigations of associated structural variations in rock formations are important due to the complex nature of rocks and the high heterogeneity that exists within fluid-rock systems. Variations in fluid-rock parameters need to be ascertained over time with continuous or cyclic fluid injection into subsurface rocks for enhanced oil recovery and other subsurface applications. This Review introduces the use of the core flooding-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technique for analysis of combined fluid flow and structural features in subsurface fluid-rock systems. It presents a summary of the results realized by various researchers in this area of study. The influence of several conditions, such as geochemical interactions, wettability, inherent heterogeneities in fluid flow and rock properties, and variations in these parameters, is analyzed. We investigate NMR measurements for both single fluid phase saturation and multiphase saturation. Additionally, the processes for identifying and distinguishing different fluid phases are emphasized in this study. Furthermore, capillary pressure and its influence on fluid-rock parameters are also discussed. Although this study emphasizes subsurface rocks and enhanced oil recovery, the experimental combination is also extended to core flooding using several other injection fluids and porous media. Finally, research gaps pertaining to core flooding-NMR systems regarding fluid flow, structural changes, fluid-rock systems, and instrumentation are pointed out. Transient flow analysis involving structural variations is suggested for future work in this regard.
RESUMO
The disease caused by viral pneumonia called severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type-2 (SARS-CoV-2) declared by the World Health Organization is a global pandemic that the world has witnessed since the last Ebola epidemic, SARS and MERS viruses. Many chemical compounds with antiviral activity are currently undergoing clinical investigation in order to find treatments for SARS-CoV-2 infected patients. On-going drug-drug interaction examinations on new, existing, and repurposed antiviral drugs are yet to provide adequate safety, toxicological, and effective monitoring protocols. This review presents an overview of direct and indirect antiviral drugs, antibiotics, and immune-stimulants used in the management of SARS-CoV-2. It also seeks to outline the recent development of drugs with anti-coronavirus effects; their mono and combination therapy in managing the disease vis-à-vis their biological sources and chemistry. Co-administration of these drugs and their interactions were discussed to provide significant insight into how adequate monitoring of patients towards effective health management could be achieved.
