Recycle and Reuse of Continuous Carbon Fibers from Thermoset Composites Using Joule Heating.

This study demonstrates a new and sustainable methodology for recycling continuous carbon fibers from end-of-life thermoset composite parts using Joule heating. This process addresses the longstanding challenge of efficiently recovering carbon fibers from composite scrap and reusing them to make fresh composites. The conductive carbon fibers volumetrically heat up when an electric current is passed through them, which in turn rapidly heats up the surrounding matrix sufficiently to degrade it. Fibers can be easily separated from the degraded matrix after the direct current (DC) heating process. Fibers reclaimed using this method were characterized to determine their tensile properties and surface chemistry, and compared against both as-received fibers and fibers recycled using conventional oven pyrolysis. The DC- and oven-recycled fibers yielded similar elastic modulus when compared against as-received fibers; however, an around 10-15 % drop was observed in the tensile strength of fibers recycled using either method. Surface characterization showed that DC-recycled fibers and as-received fibers had similar types of functional groups. To demonstrate the reusability of recycled fibers, composites were fabricated by impregnation with epoxy resin and curing. The mechanical properties of these recycled carbon fiber composites (rCFRCs) were compared against conventional recycling methods, and similar modulus and tensile strength values were obtained. This study establishes DC heating as a scalable out-of-oven approach for recycling carbon fibers.

Radio frequency heating and material processing using carbon susceptors.

Carbon nanomaterials have been shown to rapidly evolve heat in response to electromagnetic fields. Initial studies focused on the use of microwaves, but more recently, it was discovered that carbon nanomaterial systems heat in response to electric fields in the radio frequency range (RF, 1-200 MHz). This is an exciting development because this range of radio frequencies is safe and versatile compared to microwaves. Additional RF susceptor materials include other carbonaceous materials such as carbon black, graphite, graphene oxide, laser-induced graphene, and carbon fibers. Such conductive fillers can be dispersed in matrices such as polymer or ceramics; these composites heat rapidly when stimulated by electromagnetic waves. These findings are valuable for materials processing, where volumetric and/or targeted heating are needed, such as curing composites, bonding multi-material surfaces, additive manufacturing, chemical reactions, actuation, and medical ablation. By changing the loading of these conductive RF susceptors in the embedding medium, material properties can be customized to achieve different heating rates, with possible other benefits in thermo-mechanical properties. Compared to traditional heating and processing methods, RF heating provides faster heating rates with lower infrastructure requirements and better energy efficiency; non-contact RF applicators or capacitors can be used for out-of-oven processing, allowing for distributed manufacturing.