Improving the forecast for biodiversity under climate change.

New biological models are incorporating the realistic processes underlying biological responses to climate change and other human-caused disturbances. However, these more realistic models require detailed information, which is lacking for most species on Earth. Current monitoring efforts mainly document changes in biodiversity, rather than collecting the mechanistic data needed to predict future changes. We describe and prioritize the biological information needed to inform more realistic projections of species' responses to climate change. We also highlight how trait-based approaches and adaptive modeling can leverage sparse data to make broader predictions. We outline a global effort to collect the data necessary to better understand, anticipate, and reduce the damaging effects of climate change on biodiversity.

Vitamin B6 status of young men, women, and women using oral contraceptives.

Vitamin B6 intakes of 33 males, 73 females, and 46 females using oral contraceptives, all 18- to 25-year-old students, were compared to coenzyme stimulation of erythrocyte alanine aminotransferase activities of blood samples obtained from these subjects in order to ascertain the vitamin B6 status and perhaps the requirements of this population group. Trained interviewers obtained 24-hour recalls; subjects supplied 2-day food records. Dietary record analyses revealed that students reported consuming slightly less kilocalories, more protein, and considerably less vitamin B6 than the 1974 recommended dietary allowances. Erthrocyte alanine aminotransferase activities, with and without additional coenzyme, of blood samples from the 3 groups were significantly different from each other; per cent coenzyme stimulation of enzymatic activity of females and females on oral contraceptives were significantly different from each other. Enzyme data were not significantly affected by race, age, income, food budget, preparation of own food, frequency of eating out, or vitamin supplementation. Several subjects in all 3 groups had high per cent stimulation values which is considered to be indicative of subclinical vitamin B6 deficiency. Subjects with values near 0 per cent stimulation had varying vitamin B6 intakes thus perhaps indicating large individual variations in vitamin B6 requirements.

PIP: The Vitamin-B6 with content of diets of 33 young adult male students, 73 female students, and 46 female students taking oral contraceptives (OCs) were compared the percent coenzyme stimulation of erythrocyte alanine aminotransferase activity (EAA) in blood samples. 24-hour recall data were significantly higher than that obtained from 2-day consumption records (p less than .05). Males consumed significantly greater quantities of kilocalories, protein, and Vitamin-B6 than either of the female groups ( less than .01). Intakes for both groups of females were similar. Only proteins were consumed in amounts above the 1974 recommended daily allowances. EAA activities, with and without coenzyme stimulation, were significantly different among the 3 groups (p less than .01). The percent coenzyme stimulation of enzyme activity was significantly different between the female groups (p less than .01). Race, age, income, food budget, preparation of food, and vitamin supplements did not markedly affect enzyme data. High percent stimulation values in several subjects in each group indicated subclinical Vitamin-B6 deficiency. The results indicate that the Vitamin-B6 requirements of individuals in each group varied considerably.