Aprendizaje en las residencias quirúrgicas durante la pandemia de COVID-19 en México.

OBJECTIVE: To bring up which was the surgical resident's perception about their learning experience during COVID-19 pandemic and if it interfered or not with their classes. METHOD: Cross-sectional observational study through an anonymous survey conducted among surgical residents. The Mexican Association of General Surgery, through its Women in Surgery Committee, created a questionnaire that included 40 questions. RESULTS: 465 participants were included in the survey: 225 women (48.3%), 240 men (51.7%); of 32 entities, only 26 participated. A great part of them said their skills and abilities were affected because elective surgeries were called off. While 303 residents stayed at hybrid hospitals, while a third of them were at 100% Covid facilities. Residents who were on call worked at COVID-19 units. They continued attending class through online platforms and only 134 were able to practice their skills using simulators. 71% of the residents were infected with COVID-19, all were tested to confirm it, and the number of asymptomatic cases was unknown. CONCLUSIONS: COVID-19 pandemic has affected the learning process of surgical residents in Mexico.

OBJETIVO: Citar cuál fue la percepción que tuvieron los médicos residentes quirúrgicos sobre su aprendizaje durante la pandemia de COVID-19 y si continuaron o no con sus clases. MÉTODO: Estudio observacional, de corte transversal, mediante una encuesta anónima de 40 cuestionamientos diseñada por el Comité de Cirujanas de la Asociación Mexicana de Cirugía General, aplicada a los médicos residentes quirúrgicos. El tamaño de la muestra fue a conveniencia. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 465 participantes, de los que 225 fueron mujeres (48.3%) y 240 hombres (51.7 %). De 32 entidades, solo participaron 26. La gran mayoría opinaron que sus habilidades y destrezas se vieron afectadas por la suspensión de cirugías electivas. Estuvieron en hospitales híbridos 303 participantes y en hospitales 100% COVID-19 una tercera parte. Las guardias fueron realizadas en áreas COVID-19 y continuaron con sus clases a través de plataformas digitales; solo 134 realizaron prácticas en simuladores. El 71% de los médicos residentes se contagiaron de la enfermedad; el diagnóstico fue corroborado con una prueba y se desconoce el porcentaje de casos asintomáticos. CONCLUSIONES: La pandemia de COVID-19 afectó el aprendizaje de los médicos residentes de especialidades quirúrgicas en México.

Genomic alterations in a cohort of pediatric acute myeloid leukemia patients at two cancer centers in Colombia.

Few studies identifying genomic aspects in pediatric acute myeloid leukemia patients in Latin American countries have been reported. The aim of this study was to identify genomic alterations, clinical characteristics and outcomes in a cohort of pediatric AML patients. This descriptive observational cohort study included patients with confirmed de novo acute myeloid leukemia up to 18 years of age. Cytogenetics and conventional FISH analysis, next-generation sequencing and PCR testing were performed. The correlation of genomic data with treatment response and outcomes were analyzed. Of the 51 patients analyzed, 67.4% had a cytogenetic abnormality and 74.5% had a genetic variant. FLT3 variants (ITD or TKD D835) were found in 27.4%, followed by NRAS (21.6%), KRAS (13.7%) and WT1 and KIT (11.8%). Patients were stratified by risk (66.6% high-risk) after the end of induction. FLT3-ITD was associated with relapse (OR 11.25; CI 1.89-66.72, p 0.006) and NRAS with death during induction (OR 16.71; CI 1.51-184.59, p 0.022). Our study highlights the importance of rapid incorporation of genetic testing in pediatric AML in Colombia, as it directly affects treatment decisions and outcomes. Incorporation of targeted therapies with conventional chemotherapy is an increasingly urgent need in pediatric patients.

Pharmacogenetics of ABCB1, CDA, DCK, GSTT1, GSTM1 and outcomes in a cohort of pediatric acute myeloid leukemia patients from Colombia.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Different studies have shown pharmacogenetic variants related to drug toxicity in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients. Our aim was to identify the association between ABCB1, CDA, DCK, GSTT1, and GSTM1 variants with clinical outcomes and toxicity in pediatric patients with AML. METHODS: Fifty-one confirmed de novo AML pediatric patients were included. A SNaPshot™ assay and conventional PCR were used to evaluate ABCB1, CDA, DCK, GSTT1, and GSTM1 variants. Clinical outcomes and toxicity associations were evaluated using odds ratios and Chi-square analysis. RESULTS: Patients carrying ABCB1 (1236C > T, rs1128503) GG genotype in had a 6.8 OR (CI 95% 1.08-42.73, p = .044) for cardiotoxicity as compared to patients carrying either AA or GA genotypes 0.14 OR (CI 95% 0.023-0.92, p = .044). For ABCB1 (1236G > A rs1128503/2677C > A/T rs2032582/3435G > A rs1045642) AA/AA/AA combined genotypes had a strong association with death after HSTC OR 13.73 (CI 95% 1.94-97.17, p = .009). Combined genotypes GG/CC/GG with CDA (79A > C, rs2072671) CA genotype or CDA (-451G > A, rs532545) CT genotype, had a 4.11 OR (CI 95% 2.32-725, p = .007) and 3.8 OR (CI 95% 2.23-6.47, p = .027) with MRD >0.1% after first chemotherapy cycle, respectively. CONCLUSION: Our results highlight the importance of pharmacogenetic analysis in pediatric AML, particularly in populations with a high degree of admixture, and might be useful as a future tool for patient stratification for treatment.

Sistematización de una sistematización: aprendizajes sobre el método / Systematization of a systematization: learning about the method / Sistematização de uma sistematização: aprendizagem sobre o método

Resumen Objetivo: presentar los aprendizajes de una sistematización como método, para la construcción de conocimiento basado en la experiencia vivida por los propios investigadores de varios proyectos sobre la educación en crianza, en el campo de la salud pública, llevado a cabo en la vereda Granizal, Antioquia, durante el período 2013-2019. Materiales y método: se empleó la sistematización de experiencias y los participantes fueron los mismos investigadores. Se inició con la organización de los materiales, los diarios de campo de los círculos de investigación temática y relatorías de las reuniones del equipo de investigación y de los actores comunitarios. Se siguió con la elaboración de una matriz con la recuperación histórica. Y, finalmente, de las reflexiones grupales, surgieron categorías y relaciones para la construcción teórica de visión de conjunto. Resultados: se presenta la propuesta teórica de la sistematización y los procedimientos para implementarla, orientada por cinco momentos: vivir la experiencia, formular un plan de sistematización, recuperar el proceso vivido, las reflexiones de fondo y los puntos de llegada. Se destacan cuatro rasgos de la sistematización: una investigación creativa; basada en un proceso de construcción colectiva; para aprender de la práctica y construir conocimiento; y como escenario transformador de esta y de quienes la realizaron. Conclusión: la "sistematización de la sistematización" permitió hacer conciencia sobre la propia praxis investigativa. Muestra la comprensión del grupo acerca de la conceptualización y metodología de esta perspectiva investigativa. Trasciende la recopilación y organización de la información del proceso vivido en la medida en que la reconstrucción de la experiencia es una comprensión más amplia que transforma la práctica de los sujetos involucrados.

Abstract Objective: to present the learning of a systematization as a method, for the construction of knowledge based on the experience lived by the researchers of several projects on parenting education in the field of public health carried out in the rural settlement of Granizal, Antioquia, during the period 2013-2019. Materials and method: the systematization of experiences was used and the participants were the researchers. It began with the organization of the materials, the field diaries of the thematic research circles and reports of the meetings of the research team and community actors. It was continued with the elaboration of a matrix with the historical recovery. And, finally, reflections, categories and relationships emerged from the group for the theoretical construction of the overall vision. Results: the theoretical proposal of the systematization and the procedures to implement it are presented, guided by five moments: living the experience, formulating a systematization plan, recovering the lived process, the background reflections and the arrival points. Four features of systematization stand out: creative research; research based on a process of collective construction; learning from practice and building knowledge; and as a transforming scenario of this research and of those who carried it out. Conclusion: the "systematization of the systematization" allowed raising awareness of the research praxis itself. It shows the understanding of the group on conceptualization and methodology of this research perspective. It transcends the collection and organization of the information of the process lived to the extent that the reconstruction of the experience is a broader understanding that transforms the practice of the subjects involved.

Resumo Objetivo: apresentar as aprendizagens de uma sistematização como método, para a construção de conhecimento baseado na experiência vivida pelos próprios pesquisadores de vários projetos sobre a educação em criação, no campo da saúde pública, levado a cabo no povoado Granizal, Antioquia, durante o período 2013-2019. Materiais e método: utilizou-se a sistematização de experiências os participantes foram os mesmos pesquisadores. Iniciou-se com a organização dos materiais, os diários de campo dos círculos de pesquisa temática e relatorias das reuniões da equipe de pesquisa e dos atores comunitários. Conseguiu-se com a elaboração de uma matriz com a recuperação histórica. E, finalmente, das reflexões grupais, surgiram categorias e relações para a construção teórica de visão de conjunto. Resultados: apresenta-se a proposta teórica da sistematização e os procedimentos para implementá-la, orientada por cinco momentos: viver a experiência, formular um plano de sistematização, recuperar os processos vividos, as reflexões de fundo e os pontos de chegada. Destacam-se quatro rasgos da sistematização: uma pesquisa criativa; baseada em um processo de construção coletiva; para aprender da prática e construir conhecimento; e como cenário transformador desta e de quem a realizaram. Conclusão: a "sistematização da sistematização" permitiu fazer consciência sobre a própria práxis pesquisaria. Amostra a compreensão do grupo acerca da conceptualização e metodologia desta perspectiva pesquisaria. Trascende a recopilação e organização da informação do processo vivido na medida em que a reconstrução da experiência é uma compreensão mais ampla que transforma a prática dos sujeitos envolvidos.

Philadelphia-like acute lymphoblastic leukemia: Characterization in a pediatric cohort in a referral center in Colombia.

BACKGROUND: Philadelphia-like (Ph-like) acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a subtype of pediatric leukemia with high risk factors and poor outcome. There are few reports of its prevalence in Latin America. AIM: This study evaluated the frequency and clinical and biological characteristics of Ph-like ALL in a pediatric cancer center in Colombia. METHODS: The Ph-like genetic profile was analyzed by a low-density array (LDA). Samples from patients with Ph-like ALL were analyzed by fluorescent in situ hybridization for cytokine receptor like factor 2 (CRLF2) and ABL proto-oncogene 1, non-receptor tyrosine kinase (ABL1) rearrangements. Copy number variations were assessed by multiplex ligation probe amplification. RESULTS: Data from 121 patients were analyzed. Fifteen patients (12.4%) had Ph-like ALL, and these patients had significantly higher leukocyte counts at diagnosis and higher levels of minimal residual disease on days 15 and 33 of induction than patients without the Ph-like subtype. There were no significant differences in sex, age, or response to prednisone at day 8 between the two groups. CRLF2 rearrangements were identified in eight patients, and ABL1 rearrangements were identified in two patients. Other genetic alterations alone or in combination were identified in 77% of patients, including deletions in cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 2 A/B (46.2%), IKAROS family zinc finger 1 (38.3%), and paired box 5 (30.8%). CONCLUSIONS: Ph-like ALL had a 12.4% prevalence in our cohort of patients with pediatric ALL. The identification of this group of patients has importance for risk stratification and future targeted therapy.

Sensitization to Drug Treatment in Precursor B-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Is Not Achieved by Stromal NF-κB Inhibition of Cell Adhesion but by Stromal PKC-Dependent Inhibition of ABC Transporters Activity.

Cell adhesion to stromal support and the associated intracellular signaling are central to drug resistance, therefore blocking both has been effective in increasing drug sensitization in leukemia. The stromal Ser/Thr protein kinase C (PKC) has been found to be important for conferring protection to leukemic cells. We aimed at elucidating the intracellular signals connected to cell adhesion and to stromal PKC. We found that NF-κB and Akt were up-regulated in mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) after binding of B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) cells. Nevertheless, Akt inhibition did not induce B-ALL cell detachment. In spite of a clear activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway after B-ALL cell binding (up-regulation NF-κB1/2, and down-regulation of the IKBε and IKBα inhibitors) and an important reduction in cell adhesion after NF-κB inhibition, sensitization to the drug treatment was not observed. This was opposite to the PKC inhibitors Enzastaurin and HKPS, a novel chimeric peptide inhibitor, that were able to increase sensitization to dexamethasone, methotrexate, and vincristine. PLCγ1, Erk1/2, and CREB appear to be related to PKC signaling and PKC effect on drug sensitization since they were contra-regulated by HKPS when compared to dexamethasone-treated cells. Additionally, PKC inhibition by HKPS, but not by Enzastaurin, in MSC reduced the activity of three ABC transporters in leukemic cells treated with dexamethasone, a new indirect mechanism to increase sensitization to drug treatment in B-ALL cells. Our results show the validity of targeting the functional characteristic acquired and modulated during cell-to-cell interactions occurring in the leukemic niche.

Leukemia-Induced Cellular Senescence and Stemness Alterations in Mesenchymal Stem Cells Are Reversible upon Withdrawal of B-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Cells.

Leukemic cell growth in the bone marrow (BM) induces a very stressful condition. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), a key component of this BM niche, are affected in several ways with unfavorable consequences on hematopoietic stem cells favoring leukemic cells. These alterations in MSC during B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) have not been fully studied. In this work, we have compared the modifications that occur in an in vitro leukemic niche (LN) with those observed in MSC isolated from B-ALL patients. MSC in this LN niche showed features of a senescence process, i.e., altered morphology, increased senescence-associated ß-Galactosidase (SA-ßGAL) activity, and upregulation of p53 and p21 (without p16 expression), cell-cycle arrest, reduced clonogenicity, and some moderated changes in stemness properties. Importantly, almost all of these features were found in MSC isolated from B-ALL patients. These alterations rendered B-ALL cells susceptible to the chemotherapeutic agent dexamethasone. The senescent process seems to be transient since when leukemic cells are removed, normal MSC morphology is re-established, SA-ßGAL expression is diminished, and MSC are capable of re-entering cell cycle. In addition, few cells showed low γH2AX phosphorylation that was reduced to basal levels upon cultivation. The reversibility of the senescent process in MSC must impinge important biological and clinical significance depending on cell interactions in the bone marrow at different stages of disease progression in B-ALL.

Dual Targeting of Stromal Cell Support and Leukemic Cell Growth by a Peptidic PKC Inhibitor Shows Effectiveness against B-ALL.

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) favour a scenario where leukemic cells survive. The protein kinase C (PKC) is essential to confer MSC support to leukemic cells and may be responsible for the intrinsic leukemic cell growth. Here we have evaluated the capacity of a chimeric peptide (HKPS), directed against classical PKC isoforms, to inhibit leukemic cell growth. HKPS was able to strongly inhibit viability of different leukemic cell lines, while control HK and PS peptides had no effect. Further testing showed that 30% of primary samples from paediatric B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (B-ALL) were also strongly affected by HKPS. We showed that HKPS disrupted the supportive effect of MSC that promote leukemic cell survival. Interestingly, ICAM-1 and VLA-5 expression increased in MSC during the co-cultures with B-ALL cells, and we found that HKPS inhibited the interaction between MSC and B-ALL cells due to a reduction in the expression of these adhesion molecules. Of note, the susceptibility of B-ALL cells to dexamethasone increased when MSC were treated with HKPS. These results show the relevance of these molecular interactions in the leukemic niche. The use of HKPS may be a new strategy to disrupt intercellular communications, increasing susceptibility to therapy, and at the same time, directly affecting the growth of PKC-dependent leukemic cells.

Correlación de la t(9;22), t(12;21) e hiperdiploidía de ADN con el inmunofenotipo y la tasa de proliferación de células B neoplásicas en niños con leucemia linfoblástica aguda de precursores / Correlation of the t(9;22), t(12;21), and DNA hyperdiploid content with immunophenotype and proliferative rate of leukemic B-cells of pediatric patients with B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Introducción. Del 60 al 80 % de los pacientes con leucemia linfoblástica aguda de precursores B presentan alteraciones genéticas que influyen en el pronóstico de la enfermedad y en la biología del tumor. Objetivo. Analizar distintas alteraciones genéticas en leucemia linfoblástica aguda de precursores B en niños, y su relación con el inmunofenotipo y con la tasa de proliferación, en comparación con precursores B normales. Materiales y métodos. En 44 pacientes se evaluó, por citometría de flujo, el inmunofenotipo, el contenido de ADN y la proliferación, y por RT-PCR, las traslocaciones t(9;22), t(12;21), t(4;11) y t(1;19). Mediante un análisis jerarquizado de conglomerados se identificaron los patrones inmunofenotípicos de expresión asociados a las traslocaciones, tomando como referencia precursores B normales. Resultados. La cuantificación del ADN mostró que el 21 % de los casos de leucemia linfoblástica aguda de precursores B eran hiperdiploides de índice alto y, el 47,7 %, hiperdiploides de índice bajo. La presencia de hiperdiploidía se asoció con mayor proliferación tumoral y con inmunofenotipos aberrantes, que incluyeron expresión anormal de CD10, TdT, CD38 y CD45 y un mayor tamaño de los linfoblastos. La presencia de t(9;22) y t(12;21) discrimina células normales de células tumorales con aberraciones en la expresión de CD19, CD20, CD13, CD33, CD38, CD34 y CD45. Conclusiones. El perfil de aberraciones fenotípicas detectado en conjunto con anormalidades en la proliferación tumoral, se asocia de forma significativa con hiperdiploidiía de ADN y discrimina de forma clara linfoblastos con t(9;22) y t(12;21) de los precursores B normales. La identificación de estos parámetros será de gran utilidad como herramienta para la clasificación y seguimiento de los pacientes.

Introduction: Between 60 and 80% of patients with B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia show genetic abnormalities which influence the prognosis of the disease and the biology of the tumor. Objective: To analyze different genetic abnormalities in acute B lymphoblastic leukemia in children, its relationship with the immunophenotype and the proliferative rate compared with normal B cell precursors. Materials and methods: We assessed immunophenotype, DNA content and proliferative rate in 44 samples by flow cytometry, and translocations t(9;22), t(12;21), t(4;11), and t(1;19) by RT-PCR. Using a hierarchical cluster analysis, we identified some immunophenotypic patterns associated to genetic abnormalities when compared with normal B cell precursors. Results: DNA quantification showed that 21% of the cases had high hyperdiploidy and 47.7% has low hyperdiploidy. The presence of hyperdiploidy was associated with increased tumor proliferation and aberrant immunophenotypes, including abnormal expression of CD10, TdT, CD38, and CD45 and an increased size of the lymphoblasts. The presence of t(9;22) and t(12;21) discriminates normal cells from tumor cells with aberrant immunophenotype in the expression of CD19, CD22, CD13, CD33, CD38, CD34, and CD45. Conclusions: The aberrant immunophenotype profile detected in neoplastic cells along with abnormalities in the proliferative rate were significantly associated with DNA hyperdiploidy and clearly distinguished lymphoblasts with t(9;22) and t(12;21) from normal B cell precursors. The identification of these parameters is useful as a tool for classification and monitoring of these patients.

[Correlation of the t(9;22), t(12;21), and DNA hyperdiploid content with immunophenotype and proliferative rate of leukemic B-cells of pediatric patients with B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia]. / Correlación de la t(9;22), t(12;21) e hiperdiploidía de ADN con el inmunofenotipo y la tasa de proliferación de células B neoplásicas en niños con leucemia linfoblástica aguda de precursores.

INTRODUCTION: Between 60 and 80% of patients with B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia show genetic abnormalities which influence the prognosis of the disease and the biology of the tumor. OBJECTIVE: To analyze different genetic abnormalities in acute B lymphoblastic leukemia in children, its relationship with the immunophenotype and the proliferative rate compared with normal B cell precursors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We assessed immunophenotype, DNA content and proliferative rate in 44 samples by flow cytometry, and translocations t(9;22), t(12;21), t(4;11), and t(1;19) by RT-PCR. Using a hierarchical cluster analysis, we identified some immunophenotypic patterns associated to genetic abnormalities when compared with normal B cell precursors. RESULTS: DNA quantification showed that 21% of the cases had high hyperdiploidy and 47.7% has low hyperdiploidy. The presence of hyperdiploidy was associated with increased tumor proliferation and aberrant immunophenotypes, including abnormal expression of CD10, TdT, CD38, and CD45 and an increased size of the lymphoblasts. The presence of t(9;22) and t(12;21) discriminates normal cells from tumor cells with aberrant immunophenotype in the expression of CD19, CD22, CD13, CD33, CD38, CD34, and CD45. CONCLUSIONS: The aberrant immunophenotype profile detected in neoplastic cells along with abnormalities in the proliferative rate were significantly associated with DNA hyperdiploidy and clearly distinguished lymphoblasts with t(9;22) and t(12;21) from normal B cell precursors. The identification of these parameters is useful as a tool for classification and monitoring of these patients.

Factores explicativos de la aplicación de la Ley de autonomía del paciente por personal médico y de enfermería del área quirúrgica / Factors explaining the application of the law of patient autonomy by surgical staff

Objetivos Explorar qué factores del contexto explican la aplicación de la Ley de autonomía del paciente (LAP) por parte de profesionales implicados en el proceso quirúrgico. Métodos Estudio descriptivo transversal mediante encuesta en el Hospital Virgen Macarena de Sevilla con personal del área quirúrgica. Variable dependiente: aplicación de la LAP. Variables independientes: percepción de características socioestructurales, según modelo de Kanter, percepción de colaboración interprofesional y conocimiento de la LAP. Se realizó análisis exploratorio, bivariado con pruebas paramétricas y no paramétricas, y regresiones simples y múltiples. El nivel de confianza fue del 95%.ResultadosParticipantes: 170 profesionales (tasa de respuesta: 60,28%). Los comportamientos acordes con la LAP se presentan entre un nivel medio y alto, en médicos y enfermeras. Respecto a la aplicación de la LAP según las variables sociolaborales, hay diferencias estadísticamente significativas, por parte del personal médico, en el área de trabajo y en la especialidad. El análisis de regresión múltiple muestra la relación de la aplicación de la LAP con la colaboración interprofesional, en el personal médico. Conclusiones El modelo de Kanter y la escala de colaboración interprofesional pueden ayudarnos a explicar la influencia del contexto hospitalario en la aplicación de la LAP, y los resultados obtenidos podrían orientar el diseño de estrategias dirigidas a la implementación de la ley. Sería necesario superar estructuras tradicionales y generar condiciones descentralizadas y flexibles, que estimulen el trabajo en equipo y la toma de decisiones compartidas(AU)

Objective To examine which contextual factors explain the implementation of the Patient Autonomy Law (LAP) by professionals involved in the surgical process. Methods A descriptive cross sectional study survey. It was conducted at the Hospital Virgen Macarena in Seville with the surgical staff. Dependent variable: the application of LAP. Independent variables: the perception of socio-structural organizational characteristics according to Kanter's model (organizational culture, sociopolitical support, access to information, and access to resources), the perception of interprofessional collaboration, and knowledge of the LAP. We performed exploratory analysis, bivariate with parametric and nonparametric tests depending on the nature of the distributions; simple regression to determine the weight of each explanatory variable on the application of the LAP and, multiples introducing in the models those variables that had obtained significant regression coefficients. The analysis performed with a confidence level of 95%.ResultsParticipants: 170 professionals (response rate: 60.28%). Behaviour according to the LAP is present in a medium-high level among physicians and nurses. Significant differences were observed in the application of the LAP according to the different sociolaboral variables and considering medical staff, the working environment and the specialty. Multiple regression analyses revealed the relationship between the application of the LAP and interprofessional collaboration, in physicians. Conclusions Kanter's model and the scale of interprofessional collaboration, may contribute to the explanation of the influence of the hospital context in the implementation of the LAP and the results may guide us when designing strategies to implement the law. It would be necessary to overcome the traditional structures and create decentralized and flexible conditions that encourage teamwork and shared decision making(AU)

[Factors explaining the application of the law of patient autonomy by surgical staff]. / Factores explicativos de la aplicación de la Ley de autonomía del paciente por personal médico y de enfermería del área quirúrgica.

OBJECTIVE: To examine which contextual factors explain the implementation of the Patient Autonomy Law (LAP) by professionals involved in the surgical process. METHODS: A descriptive cross sectional study survey. It was conducted at the Hospital Virgen Macarena in Seville with the surgical staff. Dependent variable: the application of LAP. INDEPENDENT VARIABLES: the perception of socio-structural organizational characteristics according to Kanter's model (organizational culture, sociopolitical support, access to information, and access to resources), the perception of interprofessional collaboration, and knowledge of the LAP. We performed exploratory analysis, bivariate with parametric and nonparametric tests depending on the nature of the distributions; simple regression to determine the weight of each explanatory variable on the application of the LAP and, multiples introducing in the models those variables that had obtained significant regression coefficients. The analysis performed with a confidence level of 95%. PARTICIPANTS: 170 professionals (response rate: 60.28%). Behaviour according to the LAP is present in a medium-high level among physicians and nurses. Significant differences were observed in the application of the LAP according to the different sociolaboral variables and considering medical staff, the working environment and the specialty. Multiple regression analyses revealed the relationship between the application of the LAP and interprofessional collaboration, in physicians. CONCLUSIONS: Kanter's model and the scale of interprofessional collaboration, may contribute to the explanation of the influence of the hospital context in the implementation of the LAP and the results may guide us when designing strategies to implement the law. It would be necessary to overcome the traditional structures and create decentralized and flexible conditions that encourage teamwork and shared decision making.

Histoplasmosis en pacientes con sida: Un estudio de cohorte en Medellín, Colombia / Histoplasmosis in AIDS patients: A cohort study in Medellín, Colombia

Introducción: la histoplasmosis es una micosis endémica en nuestro país y una complicación relativamente frecuente de los pacientes con sida. El objetivo del estudio era identificar las características clínicas, epidemiológicas y los factores de riesgo asociados a la mortalidad en pacientes con sida coinfectados con histoplasmosis. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio de cohorte retrospectivo en el Hospital Universitario San Vicente de Paúl, en Medellín, con 1177 pacientes con VIH atendidos en un programa especializado de sida. Se identificaron los pacientes con histoplasmosis confirmada por aislamiento del hongo, o identificaci&oacut compatibles con Histoplasma capsulatum, mediante microscopía. Se analizaron variables demográficas, clínicas, de laboratorio, comorbilidad, tratamiento recibido y mortalidad. Resultados: La histoplasmosis afectó a 44 de 709 pacientes con sida (6,2%). Entre éstos, el 95,4% tuvo fiebre, el 54,5% enfermedad diseminada e;n de levaduras intracelulares y el 61,3% compromiso pulmonar. El cultivo fue positivo en el 89,3% y la histopatología en el 93,3%. Se encontró tuberculosis concomitante en el 15,9% y neumocistosis en el 11,4%. La mortalidad fue del 22,7%. El riesgo de morir fue mayor en pacientes con formas diseminadas (todas las muertes ocurrieron en sujetos con este tipo de compromiso), disnea (RR 13; IC95% 1,8-93,8), hipotensión (RR 4,5; IC95% 1,6-13,1), deshidrogenasa láctica (DHL) >2 veces (RR 5,2; IC95% 1,2-22,5), y fue menor en quienes recibieron Anfotericina B (RR 0,3; IC95% 0,1-0,8). Discusión: en la región, la histoplasmosis es frecuente en pacientes con sida, y el rendimiento diagnóstico de las técnicas de rutina para H. capsulatum es alto, por lo que deben solicitarse en cualquier caso compatible. Demostrar la comorbilidad sida-histoplasmosis no descarta otras infecciones oportunistas. Los pacientes con formas diseminadas, disnea, hipotensión y DHL alta tienen mayor riesgo de muerte. El tratamiento con anfotericina B se asoció con una mayor sobrevida.

Introduction: histoplasmosis is an endemic mycosis in Colombia and a relatively common complication in HIV patients. The aim of this study was to identify clinical and epidemiological characteristics and mortality risk factors in patients infected with histoplasmosis and HIV. Materials and methods: a retrospective cohort study was carried out at Hospital Universitario San Vicente de Paúl in Medellín with 1177 HIVpositive patients. Patients with histoplasmosis were confirmed by isolation of Histoplasma capsulatum from culture or by identification of intracellular yeasts through microscopy. Data collected from patients included demographic and clinical variables, laboratory values, treatment, and survival. Results: histoplasmosis affected 44/709 patients with AIDS (6.2%). Out of those, 95.4% had fever, 54.5% disseminated illness, and 61.3% pulmonary disease. Culture was positive in 89.3%, and histopathology in 93.3%. Concomitant tuberculosis and Pneumocystis jirovecii infection were diagnosed in 15.9% and 11.4%, respectively. General mortality was 22.7%. Mortality was higher in patients with disseminated forms (all 10 deaths occurred in this fashion), dyspnea (RR 13; 95% CI 1.8-93.8), hypotension (RR 4.5; 95% CI 1.6-13.1), lactate dehydrogenase >2 times the upper limit of the normal range (RR 5.2; 95% CI 1.2-22.5), and it was lower among patients treated with amphotericine B (RR 0.3; 95% CI 0.1-0.8). Discusion: histoplasmosis is frequent in AIDS patients in the region. As the diagnosis yield of routine techniques to identify H. capsulatum is high, they must be required in any compatible setting. Many patients with AIDS-histoplasmosis co-infection acquire other opportunistic infections. Patients with disseminated forms, dyspnea, hypotension, and high levels of DHL have a higher mortality risk. Exposure to amphotericine B is associated with longer survival.

Conocimiento de la ley de autonomía del paciente por el personal médico y de enfermería implicado en el proceso quirúrgico / Knowledge of the law of patient autonomy by medical and nursing staff involved in the surgical process

Objetivo. Explorar el conocimiento que se tiene de la Ley de Autonomía del Paciente (LAP) por parte del personal médico y de enfermería implicado en el proceso quirúrgico de dos hospitales de Sevilla. Método. Estudio transversal observacional, realizado en julio de 2008 mediante encuesta elaborada por personal del Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena (HUVM) y revisada por un experto (jurista) de la Consejería de Salud. De una muestra de 100 profesionales (médicos, enfermeras y auxiliares de enfermería) del área quirúrgica de los hospitales Virgen del Rocío y Virgen Macarena, participaron 63. Se realizó un análisis de frecuencias de las respuestas a las preguntas de la encuesta y se aplicó el test de Chi cuadrado para determinar si existían diferencias en el conocimiento de los profesionales en función del hospital, la categoría profesional y el sexo. Resultados. El 69,8% (44) de los participantes reconoce no haber hecho nada para conocer la ley y sólo el 14,3% (9) dice conocer actividades realizadas por el hospital. No existen diferencias en el conocimiento de la ley por parte de los profesionales entre los dos hospitales. En ambos, existe poco conocimiento. La única diferencia estadísticamente significativa, corresponde a la iniciativa personal para conocer la LAP, destacándose el porcentaje superior de las auxiliares de enfermería (p=0,05) y el inferior en los médicos. Conclusiones. La adecuación de los servicios hospitalarios a la LAP requiere del conocimiento de ésta por parte del personal sanitario. Esto exige el compromiso de las direcciones de los hospitales y del personal responsable de los servicios(AU)

Objective. To study the extent to which the Law of Patient Autonomy (LAP) is known by the medical and nursing staff of the surgical areas from the two university hospitals in Seville. Methods. Cross sectional study, obtained in July 2008 from a survey prepared by Hospital Virgen Macarena (HVM) staff and reviewed by an expert (lawyer) from the Ministry of Health of the Autonomous Government of Andalusia. Sixty three out of one hundred professionals (doctors, nurses and nursing assistants) of the surgical area of the HVM and Virgen del Rocio (HVR) hospitals participated in the survey. We performed a frequency analysis of responses to the questions and applied the chi-square test to determine whether there were differences in knowledge depending on the hospital, professional status and sex. Results. Nearly seventy per cent of the participants (44) acknowledged to have made no attempt to learn the law, whereas only 14.3% (9) knew of some sort of hospital action to publicise the law. No significant difference in the knowledge of the law was found between the professionals of each hospital, while the level of knowledge was very modest in both places. However, we found a statistically significant difference in the personal initiative to learn about the LAP, depending on professional status, with the highest percentage being in nurses (P=0.05) and the lowest in doctors. Conclusions. For the implementation of the LAP in the hospitals, health personnel must have knowledge of it. This requires a commitment by hospitals directors and managers, as well as the people responsible for the different services(AU)

[Knowledge of the law of patient autonomy by medical and nursing staff involved in the surgical process]. / Conocimiento de la ley de autonomía del paciente por el personal médico y de enfermería implicado en el proceso quirúrgico.

OBJECTIVE: To study the extent to which the Law of Patient Autonomy (LAP) is known by the medical and nursing staff of the surgical areas from the two university hospitals in Seville. METHODS: Cross sectional study, obtained in July 2008 from a survey prepared by Hospital Virgen Macarena (HVM) staff and reviewed by an expert (lawyer) from the Ministry of Health of the Autonomous Government of Andalusia. Sixty three out of one hundred professionals (doctors, nurses and nursing assistants) of the surgical area of the HVM and Virgen del Rocio (HVR) hospitals participated in the survey. We performed a frequency analysis of responses to the questions and applied the chi-square test to determine whether there were differences in knowledge depending on the hospital, professional status and sex. RESULTS: Nearly seventy per cent of the participants (44) acknowledged to have made no attempt to learn the law, whereas only 14.3% (9) knew of some sort of hospital action to publicise the law. No significant difference in the knowledge of the law was found between the professionals of each hospital, while the level of knowledge was very modest in both places. However, we found a statistically significant difference in the personal initiative to learn about the LAP, depending on professional status, with the highest percentage being in nurses (P=0.05) and the lowest in doctors. CONCLUSIONS: For the implementation of the LAP in the hospitals, health personnel must have knowledge of it. This requires a commitment by hospitals directors and managers, as well as the people responsible for the different services.

Prevención del riesgo biológico en los trabajadores de la salud / Prevention of the biological risk in the workers of the health

Los trabajadores de la salud están expuestos durante su actividad laboral a múltiples infecciones que pueden causarles graves enfermedades como tuberculosis, hepatitis virales y sida. El conocimiento y observación de las normas de bioseguridad y la vacunación previa al contacto con pacientes protegen eficazmente del riesgo biológico. En caso de accidente laboral, algunas medidas profilácticas pueden evitar la infección o modificar la severidad de la enfermedad. Este artículo revisa la magnitud y variedad del riesgo biológico para el trabajador de la salud y las principales medidas protectoras