Gold nanoparticles produce transient reactive gliosis in the adult brain.

Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) have unique physical and chemical properties that allow them to function as a drug-delivery system for several tissues: skin, eye, liver, and others. However, information about the biological response of brain tissue against GNPs is limited. Astrocytes and microglia cells are the first line of defense against brain insults and proper indicators of the level of brain damage. This study was aimed to evaluate the astrocytic and microglia response after an intracerebral injection of polyethylene-glycol-coupled GNPs (PEGylated GNPs). We injected spherical PEGylated GNPs (85 × 106 nanoparticles /nl) with a glass micropipette (inner diameter =35 µm) into the striatum of P60 CD1 mice. We evaluated the cellular response of astrocytes and microglia on days 3, 7, 14, 30, and 90 after intracerebral injection. For both astrocytes and microglia cells, our findings indicated that the glial response was transient and mainly circumscribed to the injection site. This evidence suggests that PEGylated GNPs are well-tolerated by the neural tissue. Understanding the effects of GNPs in the adult brain is a crucial step to design proper pharmacological vehicles to deliver long-lasting drugs.

Frecuencia del síndrome metabólico y factores de riesgo en adultos con y sin diabetes mellitus e hipertensión arterial / Frequency of metabolic syndrome and risk factors in adults with and without diabetes mellitus and arterial hypertension

RESUMEN Objetivo Determinar la frecuencia y factores de riesgo para Síndrome Metabólico (SM) en adultos con Diabetes mellitus, hipertensión arterial y sin diabetes-hipertensión. Material y Métodos Se realizó un estudio transversal analítico en derechohabientes de ambos sexos y mayores de 20 años de los servicios de consulta externa del HGZ No. 1 IMSS Colima, México. Las variables estudiadas fueron edad, IMC, diámetro de la cintura, grado de escolaridad, estado socioeconómico, grado de actividad física, tabaquismo, antecedentes familiares para diabetes e hipertensión arterial (HTA) y parámetros bioquímicos como glucosa, colesterol HDL, triglicéridos. Resultados Se estudiaron 417 pacientes (170 hombres y 247 mujeres), con un promedio de edad 53,2 ± 13,4 años (intervalo 20 a 86 años). La frecuencia global del SM fue del 52,3 % (56 % mujeres y 46,4 % hombres). Mientras que la frecuencia del SM fue de 50 % en DM2, 42% en HTA, 80 % DM2 + HTA y 28,2 % sin DM o HTA. La frecuencia del tabaquismo fue del 27,8 % y fue un factor de riesgo importante para la totalidad de pacientes con SM, en DM2 y en DM2+HAT. Conclusiones La frecuencia del SM en adultos fue del 52,3 %, las mujeres fueron más afectadas y el tabaquismo fue el factor de riesgo más importante.(AU)

ABSTRACT Objective Determinate the frequency and the risk factors for Metabolic Syndrome in adults with diabetes mellitus, Hypertension and without Diabetes- Hypertension. Materials and Methods We realized a cross-sectional study in patients of both sexes and older than 20 years of the "Hospital General de Zona 1 IMSS" in Colima, Mexico. The variables studied were: age, BMI, waist circumference, cigarette smoking, and family history of diabetes and hypertension, and biochemical parameters, such as glucose, HDL cholesterol and triglycerides. Results A total of 417 persons were enrolled (170 men and 247 women), with an age average of 53.2 ± 13.4 years (age range, 20 to 86 years). The global frequency of the metabolic syndrome was 52.3 % (56 % in women and 46.4 % in men). While the MS frequency was 50 % in DM2, 42 % in hypertension, 80 % in DM2+hypertension and 28.2 % without DM2 and hypertension. The cigarette smoking frequency was 27.8 %, and it was an important risk factor for the totally of patients with MS, in DM2 and in DM2+hypertension. Conclusions The frequency of MS in adults was 52.3 %, women were the most affected, and cigarette smoking was the most important risk factor.(AU)

Dengue Virus Coinfection in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1-Infected Patients on the West Coast of Mexico.

Dengue virus infection in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive patients is not well studied. Previous reports suggest a transitory inhibition of the HIV-1 viral load, as well as a benign clinical progression of dengue. The follow-up of six HIV-1-infected patients, diagnosed and hospitalized with dengue virus infection in the State of Colima, Mexico, was carried out to analyze the progression of this viral coinfection. The presence of dengue virus serotype 1 was confirmed through molecular tests. No severe complications were observed in any of the patients during dengue virus infection. Significant alteration of the HIV-1 viral loads was not observed during dengue virus infection and 6 months after coinfection. Further studies are required to understand the pathology, as well as the clinical course, of these viral coinfections.

[Frequency of metabolic syndrome and risk factors in adults with and without diabetes mellitus and arterial hypertension]. / Frecuencia del síndrome metabólico y factores de riesgo en adultos con y sin diabetes mellitus e hipertensión arterial.

OBJECTIVE: Determinate the frequency and the risk factors for Metabolic Syndrome in adults with diabetes mellitus, Hypertension and without Diabetes- Hypertension. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We realized a cross-sectional study in patients of both sexes and older than 20 years of the "Hospital General de Zona 1 IMSS" in Colima, Mexico. The variables studied were: age, BMI, waist circumference, cigarette smoking, and family history of diabetes and hypertension, and biochemical parameters, such as glucose, HDL cholesterol and triglycerides. RESULTS: A total of 417 persons were enrolled (170 men and 247 women), with an age average of 53.2 ± 13.4 years (age range, 20 to 86 years). The global frequency of the metabolic syndrome was 52.3 % (56 % in women and 46.4 % in men). While the MS frequency was 50 % in DM2, 42 % in hypertension, 80 % in DM2+hypertension and 28.2 % without DM2 and hypertension. The cigarette smoking frequency was 27.8 %, and it was an important risk factor for the totally of patients with MS, in DM2 and in DM2+hypertension. CONCLUSIONS: The frequency of MS in adults was 52.3 %, women were the most affected, and cigarette smoking was the most important risk factor.

OBJETIVO: Determinar la frecuencia y factores de riesgo para Síndrome Metabólico (SM) en adultos con Diabetes mellitus, hipertensión arterial y sin diabetes-hipertensión. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio transversal analítico en derechohabientes de ambos sexos y mayores de 20 años de los servicios de consulta externa del HGZ No. 1 IMSS Colima, México. Las variables estudiadas fueron edad, IMC, diámetro de la cintura, grado de escolaridad, estado socioeconómico, grado de actividad física, tabaquismo, antecedentes familiares para diabetes e hipertensión arterial (HTA) y parámetros bioquímicos como glucosa, colesterol HDL, triglicéridos. RESULTADOS: Se estudiaron 417 pacientes (170 hombres y 247 mujeres), con un promedio de edad 53,2 ± 13,4 años (intervalo 20 a 86 años). La frecuencia global del SM fue del 52,3 % (56 % mujeres y 46,4 % hombres). Mientras que la frecuencia del SM fue de 50 % en DM2, 42% en HTA, 80 % DM2 + HTA y 28,2 % sin DM o HTA. La frecuencia del tabaquismo fue del 27,8 % y fue un factor de riesgo importante para la totalidad de pacientes con SM, en DM2 y en DM2+HAT. CONCLUSIONES: La frecuencia del SM en adultos fue del 52,3 %, las mujeres fueron más afectadas y el tabaquismo fue el factor de riesgo más importante.

Dengue Infection in a Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 Positive Patient Chronically Infected with Hepatitis B Virus in Western Mexico.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and dengue coinfection has not been extensively studied. We report herein a case of dengue serotype 1 infection in an HIV-1-positive patient coinfected with hepatitis B virus (HBV) in Colima State, Mexico. CD4+ cells and HIV-1 viremia remained at normal levels, and no severe complications were observed during this multiple viral infection. The alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase values were elevated before and during dengue infection. Surprisingly, these parameters were significantly reduced 2 months later. Because of the lack of evidence regarding this multiple viral interaction, further research is required to understand the biologic and clinical course of dengue infection in HIV-1/HBV coinfected patients, especially in tropical regions where dengue virus transmission is highly active.

Current Backpack Weight Status for Primary Schoolchildren in Colima, Mexico.

The purpose of the study was to identify the current status of backpack weight in primary schoolchildren in Colima, Mexico, in relation to gender, school grade level, and body mass index. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 240 randomly selected children from 20 primary schools. The participating children's parents signed statements of informed consent. Descriptive statistics, the χ(2) test, Student's t-test, and Kruskal-Wallis test were used. The mean age was 8.55 ± 2 years (range: 5-12 years). Seventy-eight percent of the schoolchildren presented with a backpack overload that was greater than 10% of their body weight. No significant differences were found in relation to gender. Four out of every five schoolchildren presented with backpack overload, exposing them to a potential health problem. Education and public policy prevention strategies for this situation should be implemented in Mexico and other regions of the world with the same problem.

Effect of an avocado oil-enhanced diet (Persea americana) on sucrose-induced insulin resistance in Wistar rats.

A number of studies have been conducted to evaluate the effects of vegetable oils with varying percentages of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids on insulin resistance. However, there is no report on the effect of avocado oil on this pathologic condition. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of avocado oil on sucrose-induced insulin resistance in Wistar rats. An experimental study was carried out on Wistar rats that were randomly assigned into six groups. Each group received a different diet over an 8-week period (n = 11 in each group): the control group was given a standard diet, and the other five groups were given the standard feed plus sucrose with the addition of avocado oil at 0%, 5%, 10%, 20%, and 30%, respectively. Variables were compared using Student t test and analysis of variance. Statistically significant difference was considered when p < 0.05. Rats that were given diets with 10% and 20% avocado oil showed lower insulin resistance (p = 0.022 and p = 0.024, respectively). Similar insulin resistance responses were observed in the control and 30% avocado oil addition groups (p = 0.85). Addition of 5-30% avocado oil lowered high sucrose diet-induced body weight gain in Wistar rats. It was thus concluded that glucose tolerance and insulin resistance induced by high sucrose diet in Wistar rats can be reduced by the dietary addition of 5-20% avocado oil.

Resistencia a la insulina y efecto sobre la excitabilidad y contracción del músculo esquelético en rata / Insulin resistance and its effect on excitability and contraction of the skeletal muscle in rats

Introducción: la resistencia a la insulina es una condición metabólica que afecta múltiples tejidos entre ellos al músculo esquelético. El propósito del presente trabajo es analizar si la resistencia a la insulina inducida experimentalmente en ratas, modifica la excitabilidad y las propiedades contráctiles del músculo esquelético. Métodos: se incluyeron 22 ratas Sprague Dawley sanas para formar 2 grupos: Al grupo experimental (n=10) se le indujo resistencia a la insulina mediante la administración oral de prednisona (45mg/Kg.) durante 7 días. Al grupo control (n=12) se le administró solo agua. En ambos grupos se compararon principalmente los parámetros de la contractura muscular: tensión al pico, tensión total, activación contráctil y grado de excitabilidad muscular mediante una curva de umbrales así como su respuesta a una infusión continua de insulina intravenosa. Los experimentos fueron realizados en músculo gastrocnemio utilizando registros de tensión isométrica y estimulación eléctrica. Se analizaron las varianzas entre grupos para utilizar prueba t de Students o U de Mann Whitney, determinándose diferencias significativas entre ambos grupos cuando p<0.05. Resultados: (Control vs. Experimental): 1) Excitabilidad muscular: Reobase: 0.59± 0.12 V vs. 0.27 ± 0.03V (p = 0.19); Cronaxia: 0.07 ms vs. 0.08 ms. 2) Parámetros de la contractura muscular: Tensión al pico: 58.5±5.1 g vs. 48.3±4.3 g (p =0.19). Tensión total: 0.55±0.13 V/ms vs. 0.44±0.05 V/ms (p=0.45). Activación contráctil: 9.13±1.3 ms vs. 10.5±1.6 ms (p=0.19). Conclusiones: los resultados del presente estudio sugieren que la resistencia a la insulina al parecer modifica parcialmente la excitabilidad de la fibra muscular además de favorecer el desarrollo de contracciones musculares de menor intensidad y mas lentas, lo que sugiere una posible afección del acople excitación-contracción del músculo esquelético.

Introduction: Insulin resistance is a metabolic condition that affects many tissues including skeletal muscle tissue. The objective of the present study was to analyze whether or not experimentally induced insulin resistance modifies skeletal muscle excitability and contraction in the rat. Methods : Twenty-two healthy Sprague-Dawley rats were used to form two groups. In the experimental group (n=10) insulin resistance was induced by means of oral prednisone administration (45mg/Kg) over a period of 7 days. The control group (n=12) received only water. The following muscle contraction parameters were compared between groups: peak tension, contractile activation, total tension, degree of muscle excitability during threshold curve and response to continuous intravenous insulin infusion. Experiments were carried out in gastrocnemius muscle, utilizing isometric tension registers and electrical stimulation. Variance between groups was analyzed to determine use of Student t test or Mann Whitney U test. Difference between groups was considered statistically significant when P<0.05. Results : (Control group vs Experimental group): 1) Muscle excitability: Rheobase: 0.59± 0.12 V vs 0.27 ± 0.03V (P = 0.19); Chronaxie: 0.07 ms vs 0.08 ms. 2) Muscle contraction parameters: Peak tension: 58.5±5.1 g vs 48.3±4.3 g (P =0.19). Total tension: 0.55±0.13 V/ms vs 0.44±0.05 V/ms ( P=0.45). Contractile activation: 9.13±1.3 ms vs 10.5±1.6 ms (P=0.19). Conclusions: In the results of the present study insulin resistance appears to partially modify muscle fiber excitability in addition to favoring the development of slow, low intensity muscle contractions, suggesting a possible affectation of excitation-contraction coupling in skeletal muscle.

[Evaluation of alignment on knees through a software]. / Evaluación de la alineación en rodillas mediante un software.

INTRODUCTION: Diseases of the musculoskeletal system are often accompanied by postural deformity or malalignment. Genu varo or genu valgo can be found in the knees. It is necessary to have a diagnostic support test for diagnosis as well as for follow-up of cases since these diseases are frequently progressive and over time have serious repercussions on patient quality of life. Objective. To evaluate a software program that processes digitalized photographs as a diagnostic test for measuring the mechanical axis in patients with genu varo and genu valgo. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The mechanical axis in both knees was measured by means of radiography (golden standard) and by means of a software program (proposed diagnostic test) in one hundred patients. Mechanical axis was considered to be abnormal when the angle was equal to or greater than four degrees. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were determined. Interobserver variation was evaluated with kappa statistics. RESULTS: In relation to right knee genu varo, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictivie value were 0.84, 0.87, 0.84, and 0.87, respectively, and for the left knee values were 0.86, 0.87, 0.84, and 0.89, respectively. For genu valgo in the right knee, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were 0.78, 0.98, 0.95, and 0.92, respectively, and in the left knee were 0.88, 0.95, 0.88, and 0.95, respectively. Kappa value was 0.9 in the right knee and 0.8 in the left knee. CONCLUSION: The software program (diagnostic test) was useful for diagnosing genu varo or genu valgo, representing a safe and low-cost study.

Presence of HPV DNA in placenta and cervix of pregnant Mexican women.

PURPOSE: To identify the presence of HPV DNA in cervical as well as in placental tissue of pregnant Mexican women and to determine which type is more frequent. METHODS: In a cross-sectional study, 56 placental samples were obtained from 72 pregnant women. HPV DNA was extracted and amplified with polymerase chain reaction using a consensus primer and then identified by type using RsaI endonuclease. The main outcome measures were placenta with/without HPV relation and HPV types in placenta. RESULTS: HPV DNA was identified in 75% of cervical tissue samples and 47.2% of placental tissue samples. Type 18 was the most frequently identified HPV type. CONCLUSIONS: There was a higher frequency of HPV DNA found in the cervix of Mexican women during pregnancy than reported in the previous studies. Its identification in full-term placental tissue has no relation to the type of delivery in childbirth.

Tamsulosin does not have greater efficacy than conventional treatment for distal ureteral stone expulsion in Mexican patients.

The objective of the study was to evaluate tamsulosin (TAM) efficacy in distal ureteral stone expulsion in Mexican patients. A double-blind clinical trial was carried out for a period of 4 weeks on 65 patients assigned to the following treatment groups: Group A, 32 patients receiving conventional treatment + TAM; and Group B, 33 patients receiving conventional treatment + placebo. Patients of both groups were checked every 14 days to evaluate treatment adherence and clinical progression through plain abdominal film and abdominal ultrasonogram. There was no significant difference in stone expulsion percentage between groups: Group A 69% (n = 22) versus Group B 70% (n = 23), P = 0.9. There was no significant difference in mean expulsion time comparison between groups: Group A 22 ± 6.7 days (11-30 days interval) versus Group B 23 ± 6.3 days (11-30 days interval), P = 0.3. Tamsulosin did not demonstrate greater efficacy in distal ureteral stone expulsion in Mexican patients.

[Association between neuropathy and peripheral vascular insufficiency in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2]. / Asociación entre la presencia de enfermedad vascular periférica y neuropatía en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2.

INTRODUCTION: Diabetes mellitus (DM) can present complications of neuropathy and peripheral arterial disease with high risk for developing foot ulcers and consequent amputations. OBJECTIVE: To identify the association between peripheral vascular disease, and neuropathy in type 2 Diabetes mellitus patients from the Hospital General de Zona No. 1 IMSS in Colima, Mexico. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Cross-sectional study of 80 patients with diabetes mellitus evaluated by means of the Edinburgh Claudication Questionnaire, Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument, ankle-arm index, Motor Nerve Conduction Velocity and H-reflex. RESULTS: 51 women and 29 men were studied. Mean age was 53.9 +/- 9.6 years, mean diabetes mellitus progression was 8 +/- 6.6 years and mean glucose level was 283 +/- 110 mg/mL. Neuropathy presented in 65 patients (81.2%). Ankle/arm index revealed 19% of patients presented with moderate peripheral vascular insufficiency. Motor Nerve Conduction Velocity was abnormal in 40% of patients and H-reflex was absent in 70%. DISCUSSION: Grade 2 motor-sensitive polyneuropathy was found in 70-80% of patients and moderate peripheral vascular insufficiency in 19%. It can thus be inferred that the complication of diabetic neuropathy appears before that of peripheral vessel damage.

[The frequency of risk factors associated with obesity and being overweight in university students from Colima, Mexico]. / Frecuencia y factores de riesgo asociados a sobrepeso y obesidad en universitarios de Colima, México.

OBJECTIVE: Determining risk factor frequency regarding obesity and being overweight in university students. METHODS: A cross-sectional analytic study was carried out on 821 students from the University of Colima. Some variables analysed were age, gender, alcoholism, smoking and weight-control drug use. RESULTS: 821 students were included (380 male, 441 female), 20.9±2.5 average age. 27.8 % of males were overweight and 14.7 % suffered from obesity; this was 17 % and 5.2 % in females, respectively. Smoking (2.1 OR; 1.4-3.8 95 % CI; p=0.01) and alcoholism (2.1 OR; 1.2-3.6 95 % CI; p=0.003) were associated with being overweight and being obese. Weight-control drug use was a protective factor in both genders (0.4 OR; 0.2-0.8 95 % CI; p=0.01); diet control was only a protective factor in women (2.2. OR; 1.1-3.4 95 % CI; p=0.01). CONCLUSIONS: 31.6 % of university students were overweight and suffered from obesity. Smoking and alcoholism in males were associated with being overweight and suffering from obesity. Weight-control and diet-control drug use were protective factors.

Comparación de dos métodos diagnósticos en tumores mamarios en un Centro de Cancerología de Colima, México / Comparing two diagnostic methods used for breast neoplasm in a cancer centre in Colima, Mexico

Objetivo Determinar la relación entre los hallazgos de tumores mediante mamografía y el diagnóstico histopatológico de los mismos. Métodos Se realizó un estudio transversal descriptivo. Participaron pacientes del Centro Estatal de Cancerología de la ciudad de Colima, México. Los criterios de inclusión fueron: mujeres con mamografía y calificación BIRADS; mujeres con biopsia y diagnóstico histopatológico; mujeres de todas las edades, todos los estadios clínicos y con expediente clínico completo. Para la estadística descriptiva se utilizaron las frecuencias, porcentajes, promedios y desviación estándar. Para la estadística inferencial se utilizaron las pruebas de t de Student, de chi cuadrada y el cálculo del OR e IC (95 por ciento). Las diferencias se consideran significativas cuando p<0,05. Resultados Al relacionar las categorías del BIRADS, dependiendo de la probabilidad de benignidad (BIRADS I-II-III) o malignidad (BIRADS IV-V) con los resultados histopatológicos (benigno o maligno), no se encontró relación (p=0,0666). En un análisis individual por categoría, las relaciones significativas fueron: categoría IV (OR=0,024, IC=0,005-0,11, p=0,0007) y categoría V (OR=40,5, IC=9,03-181,3, p=0,0002). Conclusiones La clasificación BIRADS I, III y V tuvo relación con el diagnóstico histopatológico, mientras que en el II y IV no hubo esta relación. Sin embargo, los únicos resultados estadísticamente significativos se obtuvieron en las categorías IV y V.

Objective Determining the relationship between mammography neoplasm reports and histopathological diagnosis of neoplasms. Methods A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out. Patients were included who were attending the state cancerology centre (Centro Estatal de Cancerología) in Colima, Mexico. Inclusion parameters were: females having mammography and BIRADS score of 1 or over; females having biopsy and histopathology diagnosis; females of all ages, all clinic stages having a complete clinic record. Frequency, percentages, means and standard deviations were applied for descriptive statistics. Student's t-test, the Chi square test, OR and 95 percentCI were applied for inferential statistics. Differences were considered to be significant when p<0.05. Results No relationship between a BIRADS score classified as being benign (BIRADS I-II-III) or malign (BIRADS IV-V) was found with histopathological results (benign or malign) (p=0.0666). Significant relationships by category were found in a separate analysis: category IV (OR=0.024, 95 percentCI=0.005-0.11, p=0.0007) and category V (OR=40.5, 95 percentCI=9.03-181.3, p=0.0002). Conclusions I, III and V BIRADS scores had a relationship with histopathological diagnosis, while category II and IV BIRADS scores had no relationship. However, only categories 4 and5 were statistically significant.

Frecuencia y factores de riesgo asociados a sobrepeso y obesidad en universitarios de Colima, México / The frequency of risk factors associated with obesity and being overweight in university students from Colima, Mexico

Objetivo Determinar la frecuencia y factores de riesgo para sobrepeso y obesidad en jóvenes universitarios. Métodos Se realizó un estudio transversal analítico en 821 alumnos inscritos de la Universidad de Colima. Entre las variables analizadas se encuentran: edad, género, alcoholismo, tabaquismo y utilización de medicamentos o sustancias para control de peso. Resultados Se estudiaron 821 alumnos (380 hombres y 441 mujeres) con una edad promedio de 20,9±2,5 años. Las frecuencias de sobrepeso y obesidad en hombres fueron de 27,8 por ciento y 14,7 por ciento y en mujeres de 17 por ciento y 5,2 por ciento. En hombres el tabaquismo (OR 2,1, IC 95 por ciento 1,4-3,8;p=0,01) y etilismo (OR 2,1, IC 95 por ciento 1,2-3,6;p=0,003), estuvieron asociados a sobrepeso y obesidad. Fueron factores protectores en ambos géneros el uso de sustancias para control de peso (OR 0,4, IC 95 por ciento 0,2-0,8;p=0,01); mientras que el control dietético fue un factor protector sólo en las mujeres (OR 2,2, IC 95 por ciento 1,1- 3,4;p=0,01). Conclusiones En estudiantes universitarios, el 31,6 por ciento presentó sobrepeso y obesidad. En hombres, el tabaquismo y etilismo se asociaron a sobrepeso y obesidad. El uso de sustancias para bajar de peso y control dietético fueron factores protectores.

Objective Determining risk factor frequency regarding obesity and being overweight in university students. Methods A cross-sectional analytic study was carried out on 821 students from the University of Colima. Some variables analysed were age, gender, alcoholism, smoking and weight-control drug use. Results 821 students were included (380 male, 441 female), 20.9±2.5 average age. 27.8 percent of males were overweight and 14.7 percent suffered from obesity; this was 17 percent and 5.2 percent in females, respectively. Smoking (2.1 OR; 1.4-3.8 95 percent CI; p=0.01) and alcoholism (2.1 OR; 1.2-3.6 95 percent CI; p=0.003) were associated with being overweight and being obese. Weight-control drug use was a protective factor in both genders (0.4 OR; 0.2-0.8 95 percent CI; p=0.01); diet control was only a protective factor in women (2.2. OR; 1.1-3.4 95 percent CI; p=0.01). Conclusions 31.6 percent of university students were overweight and suffered from obesity. Smoking and alcoholism in males were associated with being overweight and suffering from obesity. Weight-control and diet-control drug use were protective factors.

[Comparing two diagnostic methods used for breast neoplasm in a cancer centre in Colima, Mexico]. / Comparación de dos métodos diagnósticos en tumores mamarios en un Centro de Cancerología de Colima, México.

OBJECTIVE: Determining the relationship between mammography neoplasm reports and histopathological diagnosis of neoplasms. METHODS: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out. Patients were included who were attending the state cancerology centre (Centro Estatal de Cancerología) in Colima, Mexico. Inclusion parameters were: females having mammography and BIRADS score of 1 or over; females having biopsy and histopathology diagnosis; females of all ages, all clinic stages having a complete clinic record. Frequency, percentages, means and standard deviations were applied for descriptive statistics. Student's t-test, the Chi square test, OR and 95 %CI were applied for inferential statistics. Differences were considered to be significant when p<0.05. RESULTS: No relationship between a BIRADS score classified as being benign (BIRADS I-II-III) or malign (BIRADS IV-V) was found with histopathological results (benign or malign) (p=0.0666). Significant relationships by category were found in a separate analysis: category IV (OR=0.024, 95 %CI=0.005-0.11, p=0.0007) and category V (OR=40.5, 95 %CI=9.03-181.3, p=0.0002). CONCLUSIONS: I, III and V BIRADS scores had a relationship with histopathological diagnosis, while category II and IV BIRADS scores had no relationship. However, only categories 4 and5 were statistically significant.

[Comparison of three therapeutic exercises protocols to lumbar hyperlordosis improvement in asyntomatic youths]. / Comparación de tres protocolos de ejercicios terapéuticos para corrección de la hiperlordosis lumbar en jóvenes asintomáticos.

INTRODUCTION: One of the causes of low back pain is lumbar hyperlordosis. There are different protocols of therapeutic exercises for its correction, which do not involve all of corporal segments. A modified protocol is proposed, which involves all such segments. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of proposed protocol with two established protocols for correction of lumbar hyperlordosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Simple-blind clinical trial on 42 students of the Faculty of Medicine at University of Colima. The three protocols: A) Pérez-Olmedo (proposed, n = 14), B) Williams (n = 15) and C) Jeffrey Saal (n = 13) were randomly assigned. Clinical and radiological evaluations were performed. Lumbar hyperlordosis was considered when Ferguson's angle was > or = 30 degrees, measured on lateral spine x-ray pictures. During two months they underwent supervised and directed exercise sessions. The improvement in lumbar hyperlordosis correction of each protocol was compared through paired Student t-test and ANOVA. RESULTS: Average age was 18 +/- 0.9 years. Lumbar hyperlordosis frequency was 31% (n = 15). There was not significative difference on Ferguson's angle average comparation between three treatment groups. There was lumbar hyperlordosis improvement with following percentages: group A = 60%, Group B = 16% and group C = 0%. CONCLUSION: Protocol of therapeutic exercises proposed (Pérez-Olmedo) could be an alternative to lumbar hyperlordosis improvement in asyntomatic youhts.

[Antibiotic therapy frequency in hospitalised patients and associated risk factors]. / Frecuencia de antibioticoterapia en pacientes hospitalizados y factores de riesgo asociados.

OBJECTIVE: Determining antimicrobial indication and frequency of use in hospitalised patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Date and place of work: May 1st to June 30th 2006, Colima, Mexico. An analytical cross-sectional study was carried out; it involved 400 patients from both sexes hospitalised in different second level hospital departments. The variables analysed were: age, gender and the department from which each patient was referred. Antibiotics were evaluated according to type, frequency of use, whether use was prophylactic or therapeutic, whether treatment design was monotherapeutic or mixed, the amount of time taken from being admitted to hospital to beginning treatment, the number of days of treatment, the motive for changing or suspending therapeutic design, the number of patients receiving complete design and the number of patients for whom cultures were or were not done. RESULTS: 63% of the patients received antibiotic therapy, antibiotic use being prophylactic in 46 % of them. The General Surgery Department presented statistically significant antibiotic use association (3.9 OR; 1.7-8.9 CI; p<0.01) and the Internal Medicine Department presented a protector factor (0.5 OR, 0.3-0.8 CI, p<0.01). Betalactamic antibiotics were most frequently used (47%). Mean antibacterial treatment lasted 3.8+/-3.3 days and the amount of time taken from hospital admittance to beginning antibiotic treatment was 13.6+/-47.4 hours. Cultures were done for 2.8% of the patients. CONCLUSION: 63% of hospitalised patients received antibiotic therapy. The prophylactic impact of antibiotics on intrahospital infection frequency and characteristics should be evaluated and their cost-benefit calculated.