[Impact of vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 on the incidence of infection in school settings]. / Impacto de la vacunación contra SARS-CoV-2 en la incidencia de infección en ámbito escolar.

Background: The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic affected the school-aged population because of the disease itself and due to the measures applied for prevention and control of the infection. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of population-based vaccination against COVID-19 on the incidence of infection in school settings. Material and Methods: A retrospective descriptive study of COVID-19 cases and school outbreaks was carried out at the province level. Students, teachers and staff from different educational stages of the schools were included. The outcome measure was the incidence according to educational stage, case profile and clinic during the first of the academic year 2020/2021 versus the same period 2021/2022. Results: The total incidence of SARS-CoV-2 in classrooms was 2,470 cases per 100,000 population in the first trimester of the academic year 2020/2021 and 2,720 cases per 100,000 population in the same period 2021/2022. The number of reported school outbreaks was 7 times higher in this second period; and the risk of infection in classrooms over 12 years of age (students and teachers) was reduced by 43.1% (vaccinated in high percentage). Conclusions: This study shows a reduction in transmission of SARS-CoV-2 infection in students of higher educational stages (secondary and high school) during the first of the academic year 2021/2022 (group with high vaccination coverage at the beginning of the period) compared to the previous school year (without vaccination).

The double burden of malnutrition and gross motor development in infants: A cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of the present work was to study the relationship between the double burden of malnutrition and gross motor development in infants. METHOD: ology: Sample included 5900 infants under 24 months of age, participants of the ENSANUT-ECU study. To evaluate nutritional status, we calculated z-scores for body mass index/age (BAZ) and height/age (HAZ). Six gross motor milestones were considered: sitting without-support, crawling, standing and walking with-support, standing and walking without-support. Data was analysed using logistic regression models in R. RESULTS: Independently form age, sex and other socio-economic factors, the probability of achieving three gross motor milestones was significantly lower among chronically undernourished infants compared to their peers: sitting without-support, crawling, and walking without-support. Compared to no malnourished infants the probability of sitting without-support at six months was 10% lower for chronically undernourished infants (0.70, 95%CI [0.64-0.75]; 0.60, 95%CI [0.52-0.67]; respectively). The probability of crawling at eight months and walking without-support at 12 months were also significantly lower among chronically undernourished infants (0.62, 95%CI [0.58-0.67]); 0.25, 95%CI [0.20-0.30]; respectively) in comparison to no malnourished infants (0.67, 95%CI [0.63-0.72]); 0.29, 95%CI [0.25-0.34]; respectively). Obesity/overweight was not associated with the achievement of gross motor milestones, except for sitting without-support. Chronically undernourished infants with low or high BMI/age were generally delayed in the achievement of gross motor milestones than their peers. CONCLUSIONS: Chronic undernutrition is related to delayed gross motor development. Public health measures are needed to be implemented to prevent the double burden of malnutrition and its detrimental effects on infant development.

Prenatal Diagnosis and Outcome of Intrapericardial Teratoma: Report of Two Clinical Scenarios.

Intrapericardial teratoma is a rare tumor composed of tissue from the three germ cell layers with a rapid growth that may cause severe hemodynamic complications due to compressive effects. We present two clinical cases: the first case had severe fetal heart failure with fatal outcome, and the second underwent surgical treatment during the immediate postnatal period with a favorable evolution. Although teratomas are histologically benign tumors, rapid growth can cause serious hemodynamic complications. The importance of prenatal diagnosis is to allow appropriate monitoring of tumor growth and establish a prompt therapeutic plan. Opportune surgical treatment can prevent death and improve the prognosis of these patients.

Macular thickness variation and interocular symmetry by gestational age in preterm school-age children.

PURPOSE: To determine changes in macular thickness profile according to gestational age (GA) and to assess interocular symmetry in the macula of children born very preterm. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study of preterm (n = 106) and term-born (n = 49) children 5-8 years of age at time of examination, optical coherence tomography was used to measure macula thickness as described in the ETDRS study. Statistical analyses included stratified and multivariable analyses. RESULTS: Foveal minimum thickness increased with decreasing GA (P for trend, <0.001; 254.7 ± 32.8 µm for children born at 24-25 weeks and 193.2 ± 32.8 µm in term-born children). Inner and outer area thickness differed for term and preterm children, but did not vary with the degree of prematurity (inner area, 267.0 ± 11.0 µm for 24-25 weeks' GA and 305.4 ± 11.8 µm for term children [P < 0.01]; outer ring, 305.5 ± 10.4 µm in extreme preterm and 271.0 ± 10.4 µm in term children [P < 0.01]). Interocular asymmetry in preterm children was not significant for most areas; the largest interocular difference was found in the central zone (16.3 ±16.6 µm). CONCLUSIONS: In our study cohort, children born very preterm examined at school age compared to term born children had greater central thickness with decreased foveal pit, decreased inner ring, and increased thickness of the outer ring. They did not show greater interocular asymmetry.

Early Detection of Atrial Fibrillation in Community Pharmacies-CRIFAFARMA Study.

BACKGROUND: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia to appear in clinical practice. People with AF have 5 times the risk of stroke compared to the general population. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of AF in people over the age of 50 without known AF, who presented to a community pharmacy to check their cardiovascular risk factors, to identify risk factors associated with AF, and to assess the risk of stroke in people who screened positive for AF. METHODS: A multicenter observational descriptive study of a screening program took place from May to December 2016. A blood pressure monitor (Microlife Watch BP Home) was used to screen for AF, and the CHA2DS2-VASc questionnaire was used to assess stroke risk. RESULTS: The study included 452 adults over the age of 50. The CRIFAFARMA study detected a prevalence of AF of 9.1%. Risk factors for AF were: age of 75 years or older (P = .024), lack of physical activity (P = .043), diabetes (P < .001), dyslipidemia (P = .003), and history of cardiovascular disease (P = .003). Diabetes (OR 2.79, P = .005) and dyslipidemia (OR 2.16, P = .031) had a combined explanatory capacity in the multivariable logistic regression model adjusted for age. 85% were at high risk of stroke according to the CHA2DS2-VASc scale. CONCLUSIONS: AF was detected in more than 9% of the included population. Factors associated with AF were advanced age, lack of physical activity, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and history of cardiovascular disease, with diabetes and dyslipidemia standing out as the factors with independent explanatory capacity.

Retinal ganglion cell complex thickness at school-age, prematurity and neonatal stressors.

PURPOSE: To investigate the association between the ganglion cell complex (GCC) thickness at early school-age and prematurity and other neonatal factors. METHODS: Cross-sectional study. The sample included very preterm children with gestational age (GA) below 32 weeks or birthweight below 1500 g enrolled in a follow-up program (n = 101) and a comparison group of term-born children (n = 49). Ganglion cell complex (GCC) thickness was measured at 4-8 years using high-quality optical coherence tomography (OCT) images. Data on neonatal and postnatal features were extracted from clinical records; analyses included mixed linear models. RESULTS: Ganglion cell layer (GCL) and retinal nerve fiber layer (mRNFL) were thicker in term than in preterm born children (2.9 µm and 2.4 µm respectively, p < 0.001). Within the preterm group, lower GA was associated with a decrease in total GCL (0.7 µm per week, p < 0.001). Being small for GA was associated with further thinning in both layers (1.4 and 2.8 µm). Postnatal corticosteroids therapy and severe brain lesion were associated with thinning in the total GCL of 6 µm (p < 0.001) and 4.1 µm (p = 0.002), respectively, and shock was associated with thinning in total mRNFL of 6 µm (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Lower GA or birthweight are associated with thinning of GCC layers. When performing an OCT examination at school-age and a decrease in GCC thickness is observed, it may be relevant to ask about a history of prematurity, and further enquire about neonatal shock, postnatal corticosteroids therapy or severe brain lesion that are related to additional decrease in GCC thickness.

Efecto de la velocidad de crecimiento intrahospitalaria en la somatometría a los 2 años en niños con peso de nacimiento menor de 1500 gramos / Effect of intrahospital growth rate on somatometric measurements at 2 years old in children with a birth weight of less than 1500 grams

Objetivo. Determinar la asociación de la velocidad de crecimiento (VC) intrahospitalaria y la fortificación de leche humana con la somatometría y el riesgo de muerte tras el alta o discapacidad grave a los 2 años de edad corregida (EC). Población y método. Análisis retrospectivo de la VC y evolución posterior. Se incluyeron los recién nacidos del período 1990-2015, con peso al nacer < 1500 g. Se excluyeron neonatos con patología que afectaba al crecimiento. Se estudió una cohorte global y dos subcohortes: los nacidos en 1990-2001 (sin fortificación) y los nacidos en 2002-2015 (fortificada). La VC se calculó según la fórmula de Fenton y se consideró adecuada si resultó > 12 g/kg/día. Resultados. Se reclutaron 1194 pacientes. La VC adecuada se asoció a mayor mediana de peso a los 2 años de EC en la cohorte global (11 400 g [10 300-12 500] versus 11 000 g [10 000-12 140], p = 0,02. La cohorte 2002-2015 alcanzó mayor talla media (86,42 ± 4,03 cm versus 85,56 ± 4,01, p = 0,02) y mayor porcentaje de prematuros que alcanzaron un crecimiento compensatorio (catch-up) a los 2 años de EC en la cohorte global con VC adecuada (62,50 % versus 34,69 %, p < 0,02). No se encontraron diferencias en el riesgo de muerte tras el alta o discapacidad grave a los 2 años de EC con VC adecuada (OR: 0,79; IC95 %: 0,47-1,12) ni al considerarse el análisis por subcohortes. Conclusiones. Una VC adecuada se asoció con mejor crecimiento, pero no con menor riesgo de muerte tras el alta o discapacidad grave. La cohorte fortificada alcanzó mayor talla media a los 2 años de EC.

Objective. To determine the association between intrahospital growth rate (GR) and breast milk fortification and somatometry, and risk for death after discharge or severe disability at 2 years of corrected age (CA). Population and method. Retrospective analysis of GR and subsequent course. Infants born in the 1990-2015 period with a birth weight < 1500 g were included. Infants with diseases affecting growth were excluded. An overall cohort and 2 sub-cohorts were studied: infants born in the 1990-2001 period (without fortification) and 2002-2015 period (with fortification). The GR was estimated and deemed adequate if > 12 g/kg/day. Results. A total of 1194 patients were recruited. An adequate GR was associated with a higher median weight at 2 years of CA in the overall cohort (11 400 g [10 300-12 500] versus 11 000 g [10 000-12 140], p = 0.02). The 2002-2015 cohort reached a higher mean height (86.42 ± 4.03 cm versus 85.56 ± 4.01, p = 0.02). More preterm infants caught-up growth at 2 years of CA in the overall cohort with an adequate GR (62.50 % versus 34.69 %, p < 0.02). No differences were observed in the risk for death after discharge or severe disability at 2 years of CA with an adequate GR (OR: 0.79; 95 % confidence interval: 0.47-1.12). Conclusions. An adequate GR was associated with improved growth, but not with a lower risk for death after discharge or severe disability. The cohort with fortified breast milk reached a higher mean height at 2 years of CA

Effect of intrahospital growth rate on somatometric measurements at 2 years old in children with a birth weight of less than 1500 grams. / Efecto de la velocidad de crecimiento intrahospitalaria en la somatometría a los 2 años en niños con peso de nacimiento menor de 1500 gramos.

Objective: To determine the association between intrahospital growth rate (GR) and breast milk fortification and somatometry, and risk for death after discharge or severe disability at 2 years of corrected age (CA). Population and method: Retrospective analysis of GR and subsequent course. Infants born in the 1990-2015 period with a birth weight < 1500 g were included. Infants with diseases affecting growth were excluded. An overall cohort and 2 sub-cohorts were studied: infants born in the 1990-2001 period (without fortification) and 2002-2015 period (with fortification). The GR was estimated and deemed adequate if > 12 g/kg/day. Results: A total of 1194 patients were recruited. An adequate GR was associated with a higher median weight at 2 years of CA in the overall cohort (11 400 g [10 300-12 500] versus 11 000 g [10 000-12 140], p = 0.02). The 2002-2015 cohort reached a higher mean height (86.42 ± 4.03 cm versus 85.56 ± 4.01, p = 0.02). More preterm infants caught-up growth at 2 years of CA in the overall cohort with an adequate GR (62.50 % versus 34.69 %, p < 0.02). No differences were observed in the risk for death after discharge or severe disability at 2 years of CA with an adequate GR (OR: 0.79; 95 % confidence interval: 0.47-1.12). Conclusions: An adequate GR was associated with improved growth, but not with a lower risk for death after discharge or severe disability. The cohort with fortified breast milk reached a higher mean height at 2 years of CA.

Objetivo. Determinar la asociación de la velocidad de crecimiento (VC) intrahospitalaria y la fortificación de leche humana con la somatometría y el riesgo de muerte tras el alta o discapacidad grave a los 2 años de edad corregida (EC). Población y método. Análisis retrospectivo de la VC y evolución posterior. Se incluyeron los recién nacidos del período 1990-2015, con peso al nacer < 1500 g. Se excluyeron neonatos con patología que afectaba al crecimiento. Se estudió una cohorte global y dos subcohortes: los nacidos en 1990-2001 (sin fortificación) y los nacidos en 2002-2015 (fortificada). La VC se calculó según la fórmula de Fenton y se consideró adecuada si resultó > 12 g/kg/día. Resultados. Se reclutaron 1194 pacientes. La VC adecuada se asoció a mayor mediana de peso a los 2 años de EC en la cohorte global (11 400 g [10 300-12 500] versus 11 000 g [10 000-12 140], p = 0,02. La cohorte 2002-2015 alcanzó mayor talla media (86,42 ± 4,03 cm versus 85,56 ± 4,01, p = 0,02) y mayor porcentaje de prematuros que alcanzaron un crecimiento compensatorio (catch-up) a los 2 años de EC en la cohorte global con VC adecuada (62,50 % versus 34,69 %, p < 0,02). No se encontraron diferencias en el riesgo de muerte tras el alta o discapacidad grave a los 2 años de EC con VC adecuada (OR: 0,79; IC95 %: 0,47-1,12) ni al considerarse el análisis por subcohortes. Conclusiones. Una VC adecuada se asoció con mejor crecimiento, pero no con menor riesgo de muerte tras el alta o discapacidad grave. La cohorte fortificada alcanzó mayor talla media a los 2 años de EC.

Entrevistas en profundidad: técnica complementaria a las entrevistas clínicas en las intervenciones basadas en necesidades del paciente / In-depth interviews: complementary technique to the clinical interviews in the interventions based on the patient’s needs

Se brindó Comprehensive Medication Management a una mujer de 78 años, con antecedentes de trombosis venosa profunda y fractura de cadera. Diagnosticada de hidrocefalia, artrosis, hipertensión arterial y dislipemia, que tomaba 12 medicamentos. Se evaluaron las necesidades farmacoterapéuticas integrando aspectos biomédicos y psicosociales, a través de un análisis clínico, que permitió detectar 7 necesidades y un análisis complementario de narrativas extraídas de entrevistas en profundidad, que permitió la detección de 5 necesidades adicionales. Utilizar entrevistas en profundidad para interrelacionar aspectos cualitativos de la experiencia personal al evaluar la farmacoterapia, permitió plantear intervenciones biopsicosociales adaptadas a la resolución integral de necesidades farmacoterapéuticas, que fueron recogidas en un plan de cuidados, donde se incluyó un informe al médico de atención primaria con 4 recomendaciones de las cuales 2 fueron aceptadas y otras 4 fueron propuestas y aceptadas por la paciente y su cuidador, consiguiéndose la resolución de 8 necesidades farmacoterapéuticas.(AU)

Comprehensive Medication Management was provided to a 78-year-old woman. Medical history: deep vein thrombosis, hip fracture, hydrocephalus, arthrosis, arterial hypertension and dyslipidemia. She was taking 12 medications. Patient’s medication-related needs were evaluated integrating biomedical and psychosocial aspects, through a clinical analysis, which allowed the de-tection of 7 medication-related needs. Complemen-tary analysis of narratives extracted from in-depth interviews allowed detection of 5 additional medi-cation-related needs. Using in-depth interviews to interrelate qualitative aspects of personal experience when evaluating pharmacotherapy, allowed to propose biopsycho-social interventions adapted to the comprehensive resolution of medication-related needs, collected in a care plan. Included a medical report with 4 recommendations whereby 2 were accepted by the primary care physician. Another 4 medication-re-lated needs were proposed and accepted by the patient and her caregiver, achieving the resolution of 8 medication-related needs.(AU)

Estimación del peso conforme a la edad en niños y niñas ecuatorianos: validación de la ecuación APLS / Estimation of weight based on age in Ecuadorian boys and girls: a validation of the APLS formula

INTRODUCCIÓN: en niños y niñas, la aplicación de intervenciones terapéuticas, lo que incluye la administración de medicamentos, se basa en el peso corporal. OBJETIVO: validar las ecuaciones propuestas por "Advanced Pediatric Life Support - APLS" en 2011 (APLS 1) y 2001 (APLS 2) para estimar el peso de las niñas y niños ecuatorianos, considerando la diversidad étnica y los grupos de edad. MÉTODOS: estudio transversal que incluyó 21.735 niñas y niños pertenecientes a tres grupos étnicos -mestizo, indígena y otro (blancos, negros y mulatos)- con edades comprendidas entre 0 y 12 años y que habían participado en el estudio ENSANUT-ECU. Se calcularon las diferencias, la correlación de Spearman, los gráficos de Bland-Altman y el porcentaje error (PE). Los datos se procesaron y analizaron usando R. RESULTADOS: la APLS 1 tiende a sobrestimar el peso mientras que la APLS 2 lo subestima. El sesgo del peso estimado fue mayor para la ecuación clásica. Los grupos étnicos indígena y otro presentaron las diferencias más altas con respecto al peso medido. Las diferencias de peso estimado con respecto al medido aumentaron progresivamente con la edad. Con la APLS 1, el porcentaje de individuos con un PE > 10 % fue mayor que con la APLS 2. CONCLUSIONES: la APLS no estima con exactitud el peso en la población pediátrica ecuatoriana. La diferencia entre el peso estimado y el peso medido es sensible a las diferencias étnicas y de edad

INTRODUCTION: in children the use of therapeutic interventions, which includes the administration of medications, is based on body weight. OBJECTIVE: to validate the equations proposed by "Advanced Pediatric Life Support - APLS" in 2011 (APLS 1) and 2001 (APLS 2) to estimate weight in Ecuadorian girls and boys, considering their ethnic diversity and age groups. METHODS: a cross-sectional study which included 21,735 girls and boys belonging to three ethnic groups: mestizo, indigenous, and other (white, black, and mulatto), with ages between 0 and 12 years, who participated in the ENSANUT-ECU study. Differences, Spearman's correlation, Bland-Altman graphs, and percentage error (PE) were calculated. Data were processed and analyzed using R. RESULTS: APLS 1 tends to overestimate weight whereas APLS 2 underestimates it. The estimated weight bias was greater for the classical equation. The indigenous and "other" ethnic groups presented the highest differences with respect to measured weight. The differences between estimated weight and measured weight increased progressively with age. With APLS 1, the percentage of individuals with a PE > 10 % was greater than with APLS 2. CONCLUSIONS: APLS does not accurately estimate weight in the Ecuadorian pediatric population. The difference between estimated weight and measured weight is sensitive to ethnic and age differences

Experiencia farmacoterapéutica de los pacientes con artritis reumatoide: el rol de la farmacia comunitaria / Exploring the medication experience of patients with rheumatoid arthritis: The role of community pharmacy

Introducción: La gestión integral de la farmacoterapia de la AR es altamente compleja y la experiencia del paciente con la medicación condiciona su conducta. Objetivos. Explorar las dimensiones socioculturales de la experiencia farmacoterapéutica y determinar las necesidades a cubrir desde la farmacia comunitaria. Métodos: Investigación cualitativa, exploratoria, descriptiva y transversal con análisis temático secundario por categorías y unidades de significado emergentes. Resultados: La medicación pre-diagnóstico se percibe como paliativa no siempre efectiva. Tras el diagnóstico–a su vez alivio y sentencia-, se construye una relación con la medicación basada en las experiencias vividas, sensaciones físicas y emocionales, valorando continuamente su efectividad y seguridad a partir de sensaciones físicas y brotes. Los participantes reclaman mejor comunicación con los facultativos, mayor coordinación asistencial y que su experiencia sea considerada en la toma de decisiones. Destacan como positiva la gestión colectiva del dolor, tanto por el acompañamiento incondicional en el ámbito del hogar, como de las asociaciones de pacientes, claves para su empoderamiento. Conclusiones: La experiencia farmacoterapéutica redefine las fases de la enfermedad y se vertebra con el padecimiento y el conocimiento propio de la AR. La experiencia de los pacientes sobre la efectividad y seguridad de la medicación debería ser considerada en la toma de decisiones. La farmacia comunitaria tiene un rol importante a desarrollar para reducir el retraso diagnóstico, ofrecer información técnica sobre medicamentos, contribuir a la optimización de la farmacoterapia y al paciente a empoderase e integrarse con las redes sociales de cuidados.(AU)

Introduction: Comprehensive Medication Management in rheumatoid arthritis is highly complex and the patients experience with the medication determines the way in which it is used by them. Objectives: To explore sociocultural dimensions of the medication experience and determine the needs that should be covered by the pharmacy. Methods: It was carried out a qualitative, exploratory, descriptive, and cross-sectional research with secondary thematic analysis by categories and emerging units of meaning. Results: Prediagnostic medication is perceived as palliative and often ineffective. The diagnosis is bitter-sweet. After it, a relationship with the medication is built based on the lived experiences -both physical and emotional-assessing continually its effectiveness and safety according to physical sensations and outbreaks. Participants demand a better communication with doctors and a greater coordinated assistance. Thus, their experience should be considered in the decision-making process. They highlight the collective management of pain, the unconditional support at home as well as patients’ associations, which are key to their empowerment. Conclusions: Patients’ medication experience redefines the phases of the disease and is built with the suffering and the own knowledge of the rheumatoid arthritis. Patients’ experience with the effectiveness and safety of medication should be considered in the decision-making process. Community Pharmacy has an important role to reduce the diagnostic delay, to offer technical information on medications, to contribute to the optimization of pharmacotherapy and to empower the patient and get him or her integrated with the social care networks.(AU)

[Estimation of weight based on age in Ecuadorian boys and girls: a validation of the APLS formula]. / Estimación del peso conforme a la edad en niños y niñas ecuatorianos: validación de la ecuación APLS.

INTRODUCTION: Introduction: in children the use of therapeutic interventions, which includes the administration of medications, is based on body weight. Objective: to validate the equations proposed by "Advanced Pediatric Life Support - APLS" in 2011 (APLS 1) and 2001 (APLS 2) to estimate weight in Ecuadorian girls and boys, considering their ethnic diversity and age groups. Methods: a cross-sectional study which included 21,735 girls and boys belonging to three ethnic groups: mestizo, indigenous, and other (white, black, and mulatto), with ages between 0 and 12 years, who participated in the ENSANUT-ECU study. Differences, Spearman's correlation, Bland-Altman graphs, and percentage error (PE) were calculated. Data were processed and analyzed using R. Results: APLS 1 tends to overestimate weight whereas APLS 2 underestimates it. The estimated weight bias was greater for the classical equation. The indigenous and "other" ethnic groups presented the highest differences with respect to measured weight. The differences between estimated weight and measured weight increased progressively with age. With APLS 1, the percentage of individuals with a PE > 10 % was greater than with APLS 2. Conclusions: APLS does not accurately estimate weight in the Ecuadorian pediatric population. The difference between estimated weight and measured weight is sensitive to ethnic and age differences.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Introducción: en niños y niñas, la aplicación de intervenciones terapéuticas, lo que incluye la administración de medicamentos, se basa en el peso corporal. Objetivo: validar las ecuaciones propuestas por "Advanced Pediatric Life Support ­ APLS" en 2011 (APLS 1) y 2001 (APLS 2) para estimar el peso de las niñas y niños ecuatorianos, considerando la diversidad étnica y los grupos de edad. Métodos: estudio transversal que incluyó 21.735 niñas y niños pertenecientes a tres grupos étnicos ­mestizo, indígena y otro (blancos, negros y mulatos)­ con edades comprendidas entre 0 y 12 años y que habían participado en el estudio ENSANUT-ECU. Se calcularon las diferencias, la correlación de Spearman, los gráficos de Bland-Altman y el porcentaje error (PE). Los datos se procesaron y analizaron usando R. Resultados: la APLS 1 tiende a sobrestimar el peso mientras que la APLS 2 lo subestima. El sesgo del peso estimado fue mayor para la ecuación clásica. Los grupos étnicos indígena y otro presentaron las diferencias más altas con respecto al peso medido. Las diferencias de peso estimado con respecto al medido aumentaron progresivamente con la edad. Con la APLS 1, el porcentaje de individuos con un PE > 10 % fue mayor que con la APLS 2. Conclusiones: la APLS no estima con exactitud el peso en la población pediátrica ecuatoriana. La diferencia entre el peso estimado y el peso medido es sensible a las diferencias étnicas y de edad.

Genetic risk for Alzheimer disease in children: Evidence from early-life IQ and brain white-matter microstructure.

It remains unclear whether the genetic risk for late-onset Alzheimer disease (AD) is linked to premorbid individual differences in general cognitive ability and brain structure. The objective of the present study was to determine whether the genetic risk of late-onset AD is related to premorbid individual differences in intelligence quotient (IQ) and characteristics of the cerebral white-matter in children. The study sample included children of the Generation R Study from Rotterdam, The Netherlands. IQ was measured using a well-validated Dutch nonverbal IQ test (n = 1908) at ages 5 to 9 years. White-matter microstructure was assessed by measuring fractional anisotropy (FA) of white-matter tracts using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) (n = 919) at ages 9 to 12 years. Genetic risk was quantified using three biologically defined genetic risk scores (GRSs) hypothesized to be related to the pathophysiology of late-onset AD: immune response, cholesterol/lipid metabolism and endocytosis. Higher genetic risk for late-onset AD that included genes associated with immune responsivity had a negative influence on cognition and cerebral white-matter microstructure. For each unit increase in the immune response GRS, IQ decreased by 0.259 SD (95% CI [-0.500, -0.017]). For each unit increase in the immune response GRS, global FA decreased by 0.373 SD (95% CI [-0.721, -0.026]). Neither cholesterol/lipid metabolism nor endocytosis GRSs were associated with IQ or cerebral white-matter microstructure. Our findings suggest that elevated genetic risk for late-onset AD may in part be manifest during childhood neurodevelopment through alterations in immune responsivity.

Uso del Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire en prematuros para su evaluación psicosocial y cribado del trastorno por déficit de atención e hiperactividad / The use of strength and difficulties questionnaire in psychosocial evaluation and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder screening in preterm infants

Introducción: Los trastornos del comportamiento y del aprendizaje se describen con frecuencia en < 1.500 g o < 32 semanas (RNMBP/MP). Se dispone de muy poca información en población española. Objetivo: Identificar los problemas psicosociales de los RNMBP/MP mediante la aplicación del test Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) a los 6 años y comparar los resultados con los de una población de referencia. Establecer los puntos de corte para el uso del SDQ como cribado del trastorno por déficit de atención e hiperactividad (TDAH) en RNMBP/MP. Participantes y métodos: Estudio prospectivo observacional en RNMBP/MP evaluados a los 6 años con SDQ. Se recogen variables perinatales, neurodesarrollo y diagnóstico de TDAH mediante DSM-5. Resultados: Se incluyeron 214 niños con el total de las valoraciones. Comparados con la población de referencia obtuvieron puntuaciones significativamente mayores en síntomas emocionales, relaciones con compañeros y en el total del test. La escala de hiperactividad y la puntuación total se identifican como buenos predictores del diagnóstico de TDAH, con un área bajo la curva ROC de 0,83 y 0,87, respectivamente. Las puntuaciones que consiguen una adecuada sensibilidad para el cribado de TDAH son ≥ 6 para la escala de hiperactividad y ≥ 13 para la puntuación total del test, y una puntuación combinada ≥ 5 en hiperactividad junto con un total ≥ 12. Conclusiones: Los RNMBP/MP presentan más frecuentemente problemas emocionales y de relación que sus compañeros nacidos a término. El test SDQ podría utilizarse como una prueba de cribado para el TDAH

Introduction: Behavioural disorders and learning disabilities are often recognised in < 1,500g or < 32 weeks very low birth weight (VLBW) infants. There is very limited data in the Spanish population. Objective: To determine the presence of psychosocial disorders in preterm infants at 6 years of age, as assessed by the strength and difficulties (SDQ) questionnaire, in comparison to a reference population. To set a cut-off value to use SDQ as a screening tool for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in the preterm child. Participants and methods: A prospective observational study was conducted on premature children assessed at 6 years of age using the SDQ. Perinatal variables, neurodevelopment, and diagnosis of ADHD, according to the DSM-5, were collected. Results: A total of 214 children who met all the requirements, were included. When compared with the reference population they had significantly higher scores in emotional symptoms, in peer relationships, and in the total score of the test. The hyperactivity scale and the total test score are good predictors of a diagnosis of ADHD, with an area under the ROC curve of 0.83 (95% CI: 0.76-0.90) for hyperactivity, and 0.87 (95% CI: 0.80-0.93) for the total score. The scores for hyperactivity and the total test, from which the screening for ADHD could be considered positive would be ≥ 6 and ≥ 13 respectively, and a combination of hyperactivity ≥ 5 and total score ≥ 12. Conclusions: Preterm children are at higher risk of emotional and peer relationship problems than those born full term. The SDQ test could be used for ADHD screening

[The use of strength and difficulties questionnaire in psychosocial evaluation and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder screening in preterm infants]. / Uso del Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire en prematuros para su evaluación psicosocial y cribado del trastorno por déficit de atención e hiperactividad.

INTRODUCTION: Behavioural disorders and learning disabilities are often recognised in<1,500g or<32 weeks very low birth weight (VLBW) infants. There is very limited data in the Spanish population. OBJECTIVE: To determine the presence of psychosocial disorders in preterm infants at 6 years of age, as assessed by the strength and difficulties (SDQ) questionnaire, in comparison to a reference population. To set a cut-off value to use SDQ as a screening tool for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in the preterm child. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS: A prospective observational study was conducted on premature children assessed at 6 years of age using the SDQ. Perinatal variables, neurodevelopment, and diagnosis of ADHD, according to the DSM-5, were collected. RESULTS: A total of 214 children who met all the requirements, were included. When compared with the reference population they had significantly higher scores in emotional symptoms, in peer relationships, and in the total score of the test. The hyperactivity scale and the total test score are good predictors of a diagnosis of ADHD, with an area under the ROC curve of 0.83 (95% CI: 0.76-0.90) for hyperactivity, and 0.87 (95% CI: 0.80-0.93) for the total score. The scores for hyperactivity and the total test, from which the screening for ADHD could be considered positive would be≥6 and≥13 respectively, and a combination of hyperactivity≥5 and total score≥12. CONCLUSIONS: Preterm children are at higher risk of emotional and peer relationship problems than those born full term. The SDQ test could be used for ADHD screening.

Model that predicted death or disabilities in premature infants was valid at seven years of age.

AIM: Validated a model that used bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), brain injuries measured using ultrasound and retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) to predict late death or disability in premature infants at seven years of age. METHODS: A retrospective study was performed at the 12 de Octubre Hospital neonatal unit in Madrid. A logistic model was applied to estimate the independent prognostic contribution of each morbidity, and the effect that the combination of morbidities had on the seven-year outcomes. The analysis was performed on the total cohort from 1991 to 2008 and on two subcohorts from 1991 to 1998 and 1999 to 2008. RESULTS: A total of 1001 children were included with a mean birth weight of 922 ± 208 g. Severe ROP was strongly associated with poor neurodevelopment, with an odds ratio (OR) 3.17 and 95% confidence interval (CI) of 1.56-6.50, and so was BPD (OR 1.52, 95% CI: 1.03-2.2). The combination of two neonatal morbidities increased the risk of a poor outcome (OR 4.44, 95% CI: 1.51-7.86). The model behaved differently in the two subcohorts. CONCLUSION: The prognostic model predicted a poor outcome at seven years of age when the subjects had at least two of the three morbidities.

A case of human ocular dirofilariasis in a patient with multiple endocrine neoplasia in Northwest Spain / Un caso de dirofilariasis ocular humana en el Noroeste de España en un paciente con neoplasia endocrina múltiple

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Developmental Outcomes, Attachment and Parenting: Study of a Sample of Spanish Premature Children.

The aim of this study is to provide an overview of the development of premature children, including attachment, child psychological adjustment and parental variables. 130 children < 1,500 g or < 32 weeks at birth from two public hospitals, assessed at two years corrected age, together with their parents. Parental socio-demographic data was collected. Infant development, attachment and child psychological adjustment were evaluated, as was parental stress. The percentage of preterm children with developmental delays ranged from 5% to 21%. Girls tend to show higher levels of development than boys with effect sizes ranging from small, η2p = .02, to medium, η2p = .07. Secure attachment was the most frequent pattern in the sample. No significant differences, p < .05, between preterm children and the normative population were found on children´s behavioral problems and maternal stress levels. Despite the fact prematurity is considered to be a risk factor for a child´s development, a significant proportion of these children do not show problems in terms of developmental levels, attachment pattern and maternal stress. However, socio-emotional and affective domains, as well as psychological support programs for parenthood, should be followed up from a multidisciplinary perspective.