Endovascular Treatment of Acute Lower Limb Ischemia Associated with Cocaine Use: A Scoping Review.

The endovascular treatment of acute lower limb ischemia associated with cocaine use is an underexplored topic. This scoping review aims to map existing information and point out potential knowledge gaps for future research. We searched databases with a strategy of terms and keywords (Cocaine, Acute, Lower Limb, and Ischemia) for articles related to acute ischemia in the lower limbs and cocaine use. We established eligibility and exclusion criteria and searched without restrictions on language or date of publication. We obtained five case reports published between 2004 and 2015. Most of the patients were men with an average age of 38 years. Treatments were heterogeneous. Most patients showed improvement after surgical thrombectomy. The sample size and variety of interventions limit the generalizability of the results, so it is necessary to do more studies with robust methodologies to standardize treatments and improve the understanding of the condition.

Revision of Chloeia Savigny in Lamarck, 1818 (Annelida, Amphinomidae).

Chloeia Savigny in Lamarck, 1818 is the largest genus in the Amphinomidae by including more species than other genera. Members of Chloeia species thrive in mixed substrates or sediments, mostly in tropical waters, and rarely reach deep water, or cold-temperate environments. A recent revision dealt with the species from tropical American seas and resulted in the redescription of five species, and the description of two other new ones. The objective for this additional contribution was to revise type and non-type specimens deposited in 12 of the largest world collections, and by applying a slightly modified approach from the precedent revision. Species were grouped herein after the type of branchiae, the first chaetiger with branchiae, and the dorsal pigmentation pattern. The results include the redescription of 16 species, with C. flava (Pallas, 1766) and C. fusca M'Intosh, 1885 being restricted, and three others reinstated: C. incerta de Quatrefages, 1866; C. fucata de Quatrefages, 1866, and C. pulchella Baird, 1868; 10 species are regarded as indeterminable: C. ancora Frickhinger, 1916; C. bengalensis Kinberg, 1867; C. candida Kinberg, 1857; C. egena Grube, 1855; C. furcigera de Quatrefages, 1866; C. macleayi Haswell, 1879; C. malaica Kinberg, 1867; C. nuda de Quatrefages, 1866; C. quatrefagesii Baird, 1868; and C. rupestris Risso, 1826. Further, 10 recently described species are being diagnosed and compared to their most similar species, but not redescribed; and 17 species are newly described: C. amoureuxi sp. n. from Madagascar, C. bemisae sp. n. from The Philippines, C. boucheti sp. n. from Indonesia, C. fauveli sp. n. from the Bay of Bengal, C. fiegei sp. n. from the Red Sea, C. gesae sp. n. from the Northeastern Atlantic, C. gilleti sp. n. from Western Africa, C. hutchingsae sp. n. from Australia, C. keablei sp. n. from Papua New Guinea, C. mezianei sp. n. from Western Africa, C. murrayae sp. n. from Australia, C. piotrowskiae sp. n. from The Philippines, C. poupini sp. n. from the French Polynesia, C. richeri sp. n. from New Caledonia, C. slapcisnkyi sp. n. from The Philippines, C wangi sp. n. from The Philippines, and C. zibrowii sp. n. from the French Polynesia. Keys to all archinomin genera and to all species of Chloeia are also included.

Eczema Monkeypoxicum in a Female Patient With Atopic Dermatitis.

A female patient with atopic dermatitis who had recently received a tattoo presented with severe right ear pain and several vesiculopustular lesions. Over 1 week, she developed approximately 80 widely distributed lesions. Laboratory testing confirmed mpox (previously monkeypox) virus, and no further lesions developed after initiation of oral tecovirimat.

Alternativas de manejo intervencionista en el síndrome de Budd-Chiari. Serie de casos y revisión de la literatura / Interventional management alternatives in Budd-Chiari syndrome. Series of cases and review of the literature

La obstrucción en el tracto de salida del flujo venoso hepático, también conocida como síndrome de Budd-Chiari, es una condición infrecuente que causa congestión hepática, hipertensión portal, ne-crosis de los hepatocitos y, eventualmente, falla hepática aguda o crónica. Actualmente, el manejo de esta condición representa un reto para el médico, quien debe estar preparado para determinar la mejor alternativa entre las diferentes opciones terapéuticas disponibles. Este artículo pretende ilus-trar las alternativas del manejo intervencionista de esta enfermedad, a través de una serie de casos de pacientes tratados en el servicio de Radiología Intervencionista de un hospital de referencia de la ciudad de Medellín, entre 2011 y 2017.

Hepatic venous outflow tract obstruction, also known as Budd-Chiari syndrome, is a rare condition that causes hepatic congestion, portal hypertension, hepatocyte necrosis and eventually acute or chronic liver failure. Currently, the management of this condition represents a challenge for the physi-cian, who must be prepared to determine the best alternative among the different therapeutic options available. This article aims to illustrate the alternatives of interventional management of this disease, through a series of cases of patients treated in the Interventional Radiology service of a referral hos-pital in the city of Medellin, between 2011 and 2017.

Two new species of Travisiidae (Annelida, Sedentaria) from Thailand.

Two new species of Travisiidae, Travisia satunensis sp. nov. and T. thailandensis sp. nov., were collected from different locations in Thailand waters. Travisia satunensis sp. nov. was collected in the Andaman Sea, at 214 m water depths. Travisia thailandensis sp. nov. was collected from offshore petroleum concession areas in the Gulf of Thailand, at 5080 m water depths. Travisia satunensis sp. nov. differs from all other species by having branched annulated branchiae on chaetigers 235, each annulated with a single filament, chaetae throughout the body and pygidium with 10 anal cirri, six digitiform and four short cirri, alternately arranged. Travisia thailandensis sp. nov. differs from all other species by having 21 pairs of cirriform, annulated branchiae from chaetiger 2, a mid-ventral groove along body, two last segments achaetous, and nephridiopores on chaetigers 714. A key for Travisia species from the Indo-Pacific region is also provided.

Revision of Chloeia Savigny in Lamarck, 1818 from tropical American seas (Annelida, Amphinomidae).

The species of Chloeia Savigny in Lamarck, 1818 include some of the most colorful amphinomid annelids in tropical seas. Their pigmentation patterns can be diagnostic but because some pigments may fade after ethanol preservation, they have been disregarded as useful taxonomic characters. In this contribution we revise the tropical American species of Chloeia, and we confirm stability of pigmentation patterns, the presence of cirriform branchiae along a few anterior chaetigers, and emphasize the size of eyes and of ventral cirri as diagnostic characters. Five species are redescribed and two ones are newly described; the redescribed species are C. entypa Chamberlin, 1919 from Western Mexico, C. euglochis Ehlers, 1887 from the Grand Caribbean (reinstated), C. pinnata Moore, 1911 from Southern California (extended southwards in Western Mexico), C. pseudeuglochis Augener, 1922 from Pacific Costa Rica (includes several records for a colorful shallow water species in the Eastern Pacific), and C. viridis Schmarda, 1861 from the Grand Caribbean, which is restricted to specimens having a single, dorsal longitudinal T-shaped band. New species are Chloeia nuriae sp. n. from the Gulf of California, and C. paulayi sp. n. from the Gulf of Mexico . Two other species previously recorded for the region, C. conspicua Horst, 1910 and C. flava (Pallas, 1766) are briefly characterized in order to avoid future misidentifications. Further, C. candida Kinberg, 1857 from the Virgin Islands, is regarded as indeterminable. A key to identify tropical American species of Chloeia is also included.

Aneurisma de la aorta abdominal asociado a íctero / Aneurysm of the abdominal aorta associated with icterus

El aneurisma de la aorta abdominal como causa de íctero obstructivo es una situación de excepción en la clínica. El objetivo de esta presentación fue exponer la coexistencia del aneurisma de la aorta abdominal y el íctero. Una asociación muy poco frecuente y de difícil diagnóstico, que coloca al cirujano vascular en la toma de una especial conducta terapéutica. La cuidadosa revisión de los antecedentes patológicos y el análisis del comportamiento clínico del paciente permitieron la solución terapéutica adecuada. Se logró demostrar que el íctero obedecía a una lesión maligna de vías biliares conocida como colangiocarcinoma, que concomitó con la existencia de un aneurisma del V segmento aórtico y no fue el resultado de una compresión extrínseca de la dilatación de la aorta, sobre las vías biliares. La conducta quirúrgica, encaminada a erradicar el íctero y evitar la ruptura aneurismática con resección del aneurisma y colocación de prótesis, no resultó posible por lo avanzado de la lesión tumoral y el grado de metástasis ya establecidos. Solo se realizó resección de la vesícula biliar y seguimiento posterior por oncología(AU)

Abdominal aortic aneurysm as a cause of obstructive icterus is an exceptional situation in the clinic. The aim of this presentation was to expose the coexistence of abdominal aortic aneurysm and icterus. A very rare and difficult to diagnose association, which places the vascular surgeon in a special therapeutic approach. The careful review of the pathological history and the analysis of the patient's clinical behavior allowed the appropriate therapeutic solution. It was possible to demonstrate that the icterus was due to a malignant lesion of the biliary tract known as cholangiocarcinoma, which concomitated with the existence of an aneurysm of the V aortic segment and was not the result of extrinsic compression of the dilatation of the aorta on the biliary tract. The surgical procedure, aimed at eradicating the icterus and avoiding aneurysmal rupture with aneurysm resection and prosthesis placement, was not possible due to the advanced tumor lesion and the degree of metastasis already established. Only gallbladder resection was performed and subsequent follow-up by oncology(AU)

Treatment of Post-biopsy Arteriovenous Fistula of a Renal Graft by Selective Embolization.

The development of an arteriovenous fistula (AVF) after renal graft biopsy is a rare complication, it is associated in most cases with spontaneous resolution. However, interventional therapies are required in some cases, to prevent graft loss. Selective embolization has been described as an alternative treatment. In the present study, we describes our experience on AVF after biopsy in kidney transplant patients, which was managed with selective embolization. From 2005 to 2015, a total of 452 kidney transplant biopsies were performed, 12 had an AVF requiring embolization. In 92% of cases, this was successful. Beforehand, mean serum creatinine levels were 2.45 mg/dL, after the procedure, that increased to 3.05, however, 3 months later, mean creatinine levels dropped to 1.85 mg/dL. Graft survival after 2 follow-up years was 72%. Our experience demonstrates that selective embolization of the AVF after kidney transplant biopsy is a safe procedure, and that transplant function can be maintained in patients with this complication.

Hemolysis in Hemodialysis, Secondary to Severe Vena Cava Stenosis.

Complications in hemodialysis patients are increasingly rare thanks to advances in technology, including more compatible membranes, more flexible lines, safety in water treatments, alarms in the circuit, and standardization in dialysate fluids plus exhaustive chemical and microbiological tests. In addition, it is highly unusual having hemolysis on hemodialysis; however, it is a life-threatening complication, so the cause must be identified and early managed. The etiology can be chemical or mechanical; however, so far, there are no reports in the literature of an association with severe stenosis of the vena cava, as it is described in the case reported here, where a patient presented hemolysis in two hemodialysis sessions, without initially being possible to find the cause; the only identifiable factor was that he had a dysfunctional tunneled jugular catheter, with a history of difficult vascular access. The patient underwent interventional radiology, finding 99% stenosis of the vena cava, which prevented the passage of the contrast agent to the atrium. Angioplasty and catheter replacement were performed, with a resolution of the complication; the subsequent dialysis therapies were satisfactory.

Aneurismas por Estreptococo Pneumoniae / Aneurysms by Streptococcal Pneumoniae

El Estreptococo Pneumoniae es un microorganismo patógeno capaz de causar en humanos diversas infecciones y procesos invasivos severos, siempre graves y potencialmente letales. El objetivo de este trabajo fue mostrar la infrecuente presencia del Estreptococo Pneumoniae en la aparición de los aneurismas micóticos aórticos y de arterias periféricas, una asociación muy particular que coloca al cirujano vascular ante una especial conducta terapéutica encaminada a erradicar la infección, evitar la ruptura y sustituir la arteria, para mantener la continuidad de la luz del vaso y prevenir situaciones graves de isquemia(AU)

Streptococcal Pneumoniae is a pathogenic microorganism capable of causing in humans various infections and severe, always serious and potentially lethal invasive processes. The objective of this work was to show the rare presence of Streptococcal Pneumoniae in the onset of aortic mycotic aneurysms and peripheral arteries, a very particular association that places the vascular surgeon in an special therapeutic behavior aimed at eradicating the infection, preventing ruptures and replacing the artery, to maintain the continuity of vessel's light and prevent serious ischemia's situations(AU)

A new Bradophila Marchenkov, 2002 (Copepoda, Cyclopoida, Bradophilidae) parasitic on a flabelligerid polychaete from the Chukchi Sea.

The cyclopoid copepod family Bradophilidae includes a few species of mesoparasitic copepods infecting flabelligerid polychaetes. It contains two species of Bradophila Levinsen, 1878, the type genus: B. pygmaea Levinsen, 1878 and B. minuta Boxshall, O'Reilly, Sikorski & Summerfield, 2019, both known from North Europe. Two other genera (i.e., Trophoniphila M'Intosh, 1885 and Flabellicola Gravier, 1918) have some affinities with this family including their host preference. Mesoparasitic copepods are highly specialized, morphologically reduced forms. Part of their body (endosoma) is partially lodged in the host body and the other part is external (ectosoma); both parts are connected by an intersomital stalk. Infection by these copepods can be readily detected by the presence of the egg-carrying ectosoma on the host external surface. From the analysis of flabelligerid polychaetes collected in 2012 from the Chukchi Sea, two ovigerous female individuals of a bradophilid copepod were recorded. These specimens were recognized as representative of an undescribed species of Bradophila. The new species, B. susanae n. sp., shows the generic diagnostic characters and differs from its two other known congeners in several respects, including the cuticular ectosomal ornamentation, body proportions, size of the intersomital stalk, position of the genital pore, and shape and arrangement of egg sacs. Also, the new species ectosomal size range (0.440 - 0.450 µm) falls between the size range of its two known congeners. Our finding expands the known host range of bradophilid copepods to include a new flabelligerid host, Bradabyssa nuda (Annenkova-Chlopina) from the Russsian Arctic region.

Three new species of Sternaspidae (Annelida: Sedentaria) from Thailand.

In this contribution, three new species of sternaspids collected from sediments along the coast of southern Thailand are described: Petersenaspis apinyae sp. nov. from a depth of 5080 m offshore in the Gulf of Thailand; P. narisarae sp. nov. from 9 m depth in the Songkhla Sea, Gulf of Thailand; and P. pakbaraensis sp. nov. from tidal mudflats on the Andaman Coast. All three species resemble P. palpallatoci Sendall Salazar-Vallejo, 2013. They differ mainly in the pigmentation and shape of the shield, the number of ventral chaetae and chaetae at the posterior shield, body papillae, and size of the abdomen. Further, P. apinyae sp. nov. is clearly distinguished from other species of the genus by having dark orange to red butterfly wing-shaped shields, with strongly curved anterior margins. P. narisarae sp. nov. differs from other species by having concentric colored bands over shields and an expanded oval abdomen. P. pakbaraensis sp. nov. can be distinguished from other species by its dark brown-purple shield and laterally expanded fan. These three species have a unique character in their branchial plates: long brownish filaments. A key to the identification of all species of Petersenaspis is included.

Four new deep-water flabelligerid species from Pacific Costa Rica (Annelida, Sedentaria, Flabelligeridae).

The discovery of four undescribed flabelligerid species from deep-water in Pacific Costa Rica resulted in the restriction of Diplocirrus Haase, 1915. As currently understood, Diplocirrus and Pherusa Oken, 1807 are separated after their morphological pattern. The species belonging in Diplocirrus have two types of branchiae, poorly developed cephalic cages and multiarticulate neurochaetae, whereas Pherusa species have branchiae of one type, well-developed cephalic cages and completely anchylosed neurochaetae. Benthic sampling and processing usually damage cephalic cages and if chaetae are completely broken, one could regard specimens without them, when they actually have it, but lost after sieving. Sampling using Alvin deep-sea submarine at methane seeps off Costa Rica resulted in some well-preserved specimens, and some of them fall between these two genera because they have well developed cephalic cages, and multiarticulate neurochaetae. Saphobranchia Chamberlin, 1919, with Stylarioides longisetosa von Marenzeller, 1890, as type species, is herein reinstated for some species previously included in Diplocirrus, restricted. The transferred species, including three ones newly described herein, have branchiae of a single type, long cephalic cage and body chaetae, and neurochaetae basally anchylosed and medially and distally articulated; some species currently included in Diplocirrus described from Arctic or deep water sediments are transferred into it. A key to identify all species in Saphobranchia, and another key to identify species in the restricted Diplocirrus are also included. The three new Saphobranchia species are S. canela n. sp., S. ilys n. sp. and S. omorpha n. sp. The fourth species belongs in Lamispina Salazar-Vallejo, 2014, and it is herein described as L. polycerata n. sp. after the presence of some long papillae along anterior margin of chaetiger 1.

Revision of Chaetacanthus Seidler, 1922 (Annelida, Phyllodocida, Polynoidae).

The polynoid genus Chaetacanthus Seidler, 1922 currently includes three nominal species provided with parapodial branchiae. Members of this taxon have palps with longitudinal rows of papillae, notochaetae abundant and neurochaetae spinulose. Most Chaetacanthus species were originally described as belonging to Lepidonotus Leach, 1816, and some of them were later regarded as subjective synonyms of Iphione magnifica Grube, 1876, the type species for Chaetacanthus. This species was described from the Caribbean Sea and later recorded for the tropical Eastern Pacific. After the supposed Amphi-American distribution, a revision of all available material was performed in order to clarify the generic delineation, and to improve the understanding of species systematics. Further, some non-type specimens collected in Panama allowed us to have a better understanding of the variation of elytral shape and ornamentation along the body. The type material of Polynoe brasiliensis de Quatrefages, 1866 was examined and despite its poor condition, it shows parapodial branchial filaments which were overlooked in the original description; these branchiae are also present in the holotype of I. magnifica. We identify that there are no relevant difference between both species, and they are regarded as synonyms, and Chaetacanthus brasiliensis (de Quatrefages, 1866) is newly combined and is the senior synonym. On the other hand, Chaetacanthus pilosus (Treadwell, 1937), from the Eastern Pacific, and C. pomareae (Kinberg, 1856) from the South Central Pacific are redescribed, and C. harrisae n. sp., and C. ornatus n. sp. are both newly described from the Eastern Pacific. A key to identify all species of Chaetacanthus of the World, together with an appendix for the reversal of precedence of Lepidonotus Leach, 1816 over Eumolpe Oken, 1807 are also included.

Revision of Leocrates Kinberg, 1866 and Leocratides Ehlers, 1908 (Annelida, Errantia, Hesionidae).

Leocrates Kinberg, 1866 and Leocratides Ehlers, 1908 are two genera of hesionid errant annelids (Hesionidae, Hesioninae) whose species have 16 chaetigers (21 segments). Leocrates species are free living in rocky or mixed bottoms, whereas Leocratides species are usually symbiotic with hexactinellid sponges. Marian Pettibone revised both genera as part of the R/V Siboga Expedition monographs 50 years ago, and most of her ideas have remained unchallenged regarding synonymy for genera and species. For example, she included three genera as junior synonyms of Leocrates: Lamprophaes Grube, 1867, Tyrrhena Claparède, 1868, and Dalhousia McIntosh, 1885, and from 21 nominal species, she regarded only eight as valid. In this revision, all material available was studied, and different morphological patterns were noted in nuchal organs lobes, pharynx armature, and chaetal features. Leocratides species belong to a single pattern; however, in Leocrates several patterns were detected. Three patterns are present for nuchal organs lobes: barely projected posteriorly (horizontal C-shaped), markedly projected posteriorly (U-shaped), and with lateral transverse projections (L-shaped). In the pharynx, upper jaws were noted as single, fang-shaped, or as double, T-shaped structures, whereas the lower jaw can be single, fang-shaped, or a transverse plate. Neurochaetal blades can be bidentate with guards approaching subdistal tooth, unidentate without guards, or with guards hypertrophied projected beyond distal tooth. The combinations of these features are regarded as different genera and consequently, Leocrates is restricted (including Tyrrhena), but Dalhousia, and Lamprophaea (name corrected) are reinstated, and three new genus-group names are proposed: Paradalhousia n. gen., Paralamprophaea n. gen., and Paraleocrates n. gen. Further, the standardization of morphological features allowed several modifications and the recognition of novelties. Thus, four type species were redescribed, four others were reinstated, 10 were newly combined, and 18 from different World localities are described as new. The new species are Lamprophaea cornuta n. sp. from the French Polynesia, L. ockeri n. sp. from the Hawaiian Islands, L. paulayi n. sp. from the Red Sea, L. pettiboneae n. sp. from the Marshall Islands, L. pleijeli n. sp. from La Réunion, L. poupini n. sp. from the French Polynesia, Leocrates ahlfeldae n. sp. from India, L. harrisae n. sp. from the Revillagigedo Islands, L. mooreae n. sp. from New Caledonia, L. reishi n. sp. from the Marshall Islands, L. rizzoae n. sp. from the Seychelles Islands, L. rousei n. sp. from Papua New Guinea, L. seidae n. sp. from the French Polynesia, Leocratides jimii n. sp. from Madagascar, Paralamprophaea bemisae n. sp. from the Maldives, P. crosnieri n. sp. from Madagascar, P. leslieae n. sp. from Kiribati, and P. meyeri n. sp. from the French Polynesia. However, Leocrates japonicus Gustafson, 1930 is a nomen nudum. Keys are included for identifying all hesioninae genera, and for all species in all the included genera.

Four new Caribbean Sigambra species (Annelida, Pilargidae), and clarifications of three other Sigambra species.

Sigambra grubii Müller, 1858 has been reported from many different coastal environments in Brazil and the Grand Caribbean. However, more than one species was thought to be included under this species group name. After the study of several subtle and consistent differences in specimens fitting the description S. grubii, a new Grand Caribbean species is herein recognized and described as S. hernandezi sp. nov. Further, the study of other Sigambra specimens prompted the examination of type specimens of S. bassi (Hartman, 1947), and of S. wassi Pettibone, 1966 to clarify some morphological features, and three other new species are recognized and newly described: S. diazi sp. nov. and S. ligneroi sp. nov. from the southeastern Caribbean (Venezuela), and S. olivai sp. nov. from the northwestern Caribbean (México). Morphological features are also clarified for S. grubii by comparison with specimens from the type locality, Florianópolis, Brazil, and with type specimens of S. bassi from Florida (U.S.A.), and non-type specimens of S. wassi from Virginia (USA). A key to identify all species of Sigambra is also included.

Revision of Fauveliopsidae Hartman, 1971 (Annelida, Sedentaria).

Abyssal polychaetes are usually difficult to be identified because they are small, their body patterns differ from their shallow water relatives, their delicate bodies are often damaged during sampling and sieving, and their taxonomy is in need of revision. Members of the family Fauveliopsidae Hartman, 1971 are widespread in deep ocean basins and they follow the above statements. In this contribution, we present a revision of all available type and non-type material for the family. Our objective is to provide keys to identify genera and species, as well as standardized diagnoses, and illustrations for most species, excluding those described since 2011, or where type material was not available. One genus, Riseriopsis n. gen., is proposed and four species are newly described. The Fauveliopsidae now includes 24 species in three genera: Fauveliopsis McIntosh, 1922 (13 species), Laubieriopsis Petersen, 2000 (8 species), and Riseriopsis n. gen. (3 species). Fauveliopsis includes species usually living inside gastropod or scaphopod shells or foraminiferan tubes, Laubieriopsis and Riseriopsis include species commonly regarded as free living, although some species of the latter have very long bodies and have been found inside soft tubes. Fauveliopsis includes: F. adriatica Katzmann Laubier, 1974, F. armata Fauchald Hancock, 1981, F. brattegardi Fauchald, 1972a, F. brevipodus Hartman, 1971, F. challengeriae McIntosh, 1922, F. glabra (Hartman in Hartman Barnard, 1960), F. jameoaquensis Núñez in Núñez, Ocaña Brito, 1997, F. levensteinae n. sp., F. magalhaesi n. sp., F. magna Fauchald Hancock, 1981, F. olgae Hartmann-Schröder, 1983, F. rugosa Fauchald, 1972b, and F. scabra Hartman Fauchald, 1971. Laubieriopsis includes: L. arenicola (Riser, 1987), L. blakei n. sp., L. brevis (Hartman, 1965), L. cabiochi (Amoureux, 1982), L. fauchaldi (Katzmann Laubier, 1974) n. comb., L. hartmanae (Levenstein, 1970) reinst., L. norvegica Zhadan Atroshchenko, 2012, and L. petersenae Magalhães, Bailey-Brock Rizzo, 2014. Riseriopsis includes: R. arabica (Hartman, 1976) n. comb., R. confusa (Thiel, Purschke Böggemann, 2011) n. comb., and R. santosae n. sp. Keywords. Deep-sea species, taxonomy, genital papillae, genera, species  Introduction The family-group name Fauveliopsidae was established by Hartman (1971) and derived from Fauveliopsis McIntosh, 1922. The genus-group name was dedicated to Pierre Fauvel, famous French polychaetologist, and the type species, F. challengeriae McIntosh, 1922, was described based on specimens collected during the HMS Challenger expedition. The phylogenetic affinities of fauveliopsids are unsettled in part due to the fact that only a few species have been included in past analyses; after the analysis of morphological and molecular characters (Zrzavý et al. 2009, figure 6), Fauveliopsidae groups with Cossuridae and Paraonidae, as a sister group to what has been regarded as Cirratuliformia (Cirratulidae, Acrocirridae, Flabelligeridae).            This family includes benthic species that are rarely abundant, and they tend to prefer silty bottoms. Most species have been described from deep-sea locations including trenchs (Menzies George 1967); however, a few shallow water species were described from the Canary Islands (5 m), New Zealand (20 m), and the Adriatic Sea (60 m). Members of the family are free living or find shelter in tubes of cemented silt grains (Blake Petersen 2000, Petersen 2000); they can also be found inside scaphopod, or gastropod mollusk shells, or inside tubular foraminiferans (Bathysiphon Sars, 1872). It should be noted, however, that typical Bathysiphon tests include sponge spicules, and that Psammosiphonella Avnimelech, 1952 was proposed for those agglutinated foraminiferans whose tests do not include sponge spicules; this latter genus has been regarded as distinct (Rögl 1995; Kaminski 2004; Kaminski et al. 2009). This is relevant because at least in some cases, as we show below, fauveliopsid tubes have a complex organization, such that other interpretations might be involved. Another interesting issue is that Malecki (1973) regarded these foraminiferan tests (Bathysiphon and Psammosiphonella) as polychaete tubes, because they lack the characteristic basal embryonic chamber, proloculus, which define foraminiferans. This idea was not followed and the above genera are still regarded as foraminiferans (Kaminski 2004).            Fauveliopsid bodies are subcylindrical, wider medially, or club-shaped; in the latter, the anterior region is the narrower one. Parapodia are displaced dorsally with notopodia being clearly dorsolateral, whereas neuropodia are lateral and chaetae are directed anteriorly, usually along anterior region, and it is related to free living species. The combination of a usually posterior wider region and the parapodial disposition, together with the presence of some anal papillae has made it difficult to assess body polarity and for some descriptions the body ends were incorrectly characterized (Laubier 1972:698; Hartman 1976:236, Fig. 12a). There are four morphological traits of typical polychaete body patterns that can explain this difficulty: 1) anterior region is wider than the rest of the body; 2) segments are less clear cut anteriorly; 3) chaetal bundles are displaced to the anterior border of each chaetiger, being displaced to the median region and eventually towards the posterior region in median to posterior chaetigers; and 4) chaetae are directed anteriorly in a few anterior chaetigers, and towards the posterior region in the rest of the body.            Surprisingly, these patterns are reversed among fauveliopsids because many have evolved to live within tubes, bending their bodies obliquely or ventrally, and by directing their chaetal bundles anteriorly (originally noticed by McIntosh 1922:6). These modifications could provide better anchoring for chaetae and parapodia. Inside gastropod shells, there are different conditions for what lies dorsally or ventrally; this might have selected for body modifications. For example, parapodia become dorsally displaced and this would enlarge ventral and lateral surface areas to be in close contact with the shell.            Katzmann Laubier (1974:10, Fig. 3C) showed that in some fauveliopsids the narrower region is exposed through the shell aperture. Blake Petersen (2000) clarified the body end confusion, standardized concepts about morphological features, and redescribed some species. However, earlier descriptions deserve re-evaluation because of a potential confusion of body ends. Riser (1987) provided some histological details and indicated that stomach contents consisted of foraminiferans and silt, whereas Purschke (1997) made SEM illustrations of nuchal organs.            Hartman (1971:1411) proposed Fauveliopsidae to include four genera that she regarded as flabelligerid-like: Bruunilla Hartman, 1971, Fauveliopsis, Flabelligella Hartman, 1965, and Flota Hartman, 1967. In a subsequent publication, Hartman (1974:199, 235) apparently changed her perspective and transferred Fauveliopsis to the Flabelligeridae; however, in a posthumous publication (Hartman 1978:175) she used the family as originally proposed.            The composition of the Fauveliopsidae has been modified over the years, with Orensanz (1974) transferring Flabelligella to Acrocirridae, Pettibone (1979) indicating that Bruunilla belongs in Polynoidae, and Buzhinskaja (1996) proposing an independent family for Flota. For the latter genus group name, Salazar-Vallejo Zhadan (2007) regarded it as a junior synonym of Buskiella McIntosh, 1885. The family was thus restricted to Fauveliopsis but it now also includes Laubieriopsis Petersen, 2000 and Riseriopsis n. gen.            Three major publications have addressed identification problems in Fauveliopsis. Katzmann Laubier (1974) prepared a key to species based upon the number of chaetigers, integument features and type of chaetae throughout body. Amoureux (1982) compiled the known species and pointed out their number of chaetigers. Hartmann-Schröder (1983) had a different approach and relied more on chaetal patterns than on number of chaetigers.            Because body ends were confused in some of the original descriptions, the species deserve reinterpretation. In order to standardize the morphological features, the diagnoses below combine these approaches and additional observations based upon specimens with some remarks about the match between previous descriptions and these standardized diagnoses, as made elsewhere for tropical American species (Salazar-Vallejo 2009).            In this contribution, we have dealt with all material available of fauveliopsid genera and species. We propose a new genus, Riseriopsis n. gen., to include two species of Fauveliopsis provided with long, posteriorly swollen bodies, with long segments along median region, and two known species are newly combined. Further, four species are newly described, and another one, Laubieriopsis hartmanae (Levenstein, 1970), is redescribed and reinstated.

Phylogeny of Microphthalminae Hartmann-Schröder, 1971, and revision of Hesionella Hartman, 1939, and Struwela Hartmann-Schröder, 1959 (Annelida, Errantia).

Microphthalminae Hartmann-Schröder, 1971 was proposed in Hesionidae to include Microphthalmus and Hesionides; however, the affinities of these genera to other members of Hesionidae have been debated, and some authors have concluded they do not belong in Hesionidae. Herein, based on morphological characters, a phylogenetic analysis of the subfamily and some other similar poorly-known genera, with an uncertain position in Hesionidae was performed to clarify their affinities. Our results indicate that Microphthalminae, as currently delimited, is paraphyletic. The inclusion of Struwela, Uncopodarke, and Westheideius, a new genus, as well as the recognition of Fridericiella are proposed to meet the requirement of monophyly; and as result of this, the elevation in rank to the family level is herein presented. Furthermore, the type species for Hesionella and Struwela are redescribed, and a new species in the latter is described. A key to identify microphthalmid genera is also included.