Outcomes of Patients with Preoperative Thrombocytosis After Hip Fracture Surgery.

INTRODUCTION: Low platelet counts have clinically relevant effects on patient outcomes after hip fracture surgery; however, the relationship between abnormally high platelet counts and postoperative outcomes in this population is unknown. METHODS: The ACS-NSQIP database was queried for patients who underwent hip fracture surgery between 2015 and 2019. Outcomes were compared between patients with normal platelet counts (150,000 to 450,000/µL) and thrombocytosis (>450,000/µL). RESULTS: Eighty-six thousand three hundred eleven hip fracture patients were identified, of which 1067 (1.2%) had preoperative thrombocytosis. Compared with patients with normal platelet counts, patients with preoperative thrombocytosis had increased rates of 30-day mortality (6.4% vs 4.5%, P = 0.004; OR 1.15 [95% CI 0.88 to 1.50], P = 0.322) as well as increased rates and odds of readmission (11.4% vs 7.8%, P < 0.001; OR 1.35 [95% CI 1.10 to 1.65], P = 0.004) and venous thromboembolic events (3.2% vs 1.7%, P < 0.001; OR 1.88 [95% CI 1.31 to 2.71], P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Hip fracture patients with preoperative thrombocytosis had increased rates of early mortality as well as increased odds of venous thromboembolic events and readmission. A patient with thrombocytosis may benefit from close postoperative surveillance and careful follow-up. Future prospective studies are needed to verify causation and investigate how to mitigate adverse outcomes in hip fracture patients with preoperative thrombocytosis.

The use of hinged elbow orthosis following surgical management of terrible triad injuries of the elbow.

PURPOSE: To determine outcomes following surgical management of terrible triad injuries in patients treated with and without a hinged elbow orthosis (HEO) in the post-operative setting. METHODS: This study was a retrospective review of 41 patients who underwent surgical treatment of terrible triad injuries including radial head fracture, coronoid fracture, and ulnohumeral dislocation between 2008 and 2023 with at least 10-week follow-up. RESULTS: Nineteen patients were treated post-operatively without HEO, and 22 patients were treated with HEO. There were no differences in range of motion (ROM) between patients treated with and without HEO in final flexion-extension arc (118.4° no HEO, 114.6° HEO, p = 0.59) or pronation-supination arc (147.8° no HEO, 141.4° HEO, p = 0.27). Five patients treated without HEO and one patient treated with HEO returned to the operating room for stiffness (26%, 5%, p = 0.08). QuickDASH scores were similar between groups (p = 0.69). CONCLUSIONS: This study found no difference in post-operative ROM, complications, or QuickDASH scores in patients treated post-operatively with or without HEO. Based on these results, we cannot determine whether the use of HEO adds additional stability to the elbow while initiating ROM exercises post-operatively.

Retrograde Intramedullary Nailing Versus Locked Plating for Extreme Distal Periprosthetic Femur Fractures: A Multicenter Retrospective Cohort Study.

OBJECTIVES: To compare clinical and radiographic outcomes after retrograde intramedullary nailing (rIMN) versus locked plating (LP) of "extreme distal" periprosthetic femur fractures, defined as those that contact or extend distal to the anterior flange. DESIGN: Retrospective review. SETTING: Eight academic level I trauma centers. PATIENT SELECTION CRITERIA: Adult patients with periprosthetic distal femur fractures at or distal to the anterior flange (OTA/AO 33B-C[VB1]) treated with rIMN or LP. OUTCOME MEASURES AND COMPARISONS: The primary outcome was reoperation to promote healing or to treat infection (reoperation for elective removal of symptomatic hardware was excluded from this analysis). Secondary outcomes included nonunion, delayed union, fixation failure, infection, overall reoperation rate, distal femoral alignment, and ambulatory status at final follow-up. Outcomes were compared between patients treated with rIMN or LP. RESULTS: Seventy-one patients treated with rIMN and 224 patients treated with LP were included. The rIMN group had fewer points of fixation in the distal segment (rIMN: 3.5 ± 1.1 vs. LP: 6.0 ± 1.1, P < 0.001) and more patients who were allowed to weight-bear as tolerated immediately postoperatively (rIMN: 45%; LP: 9%, P < 0.01). Reoperation to promote union and/or treat infection was 8% in the rIMN group and 16% in the LP group ( P = 0.122). There were no significant differences in nonunion ( P > 0.999), delayed union ( P = 0.079), fixation failure ( P > 0.999), infection ( P = 0.084), or overall reoperation rate ( P > 0.999). Significantly more patients in the rIMN group were ambulatory without assistive devices at final follow-up (rIMN: 35%, LP: 18%, P = 0.008). CONCLUSIONS: rIMN of extreme distal periprosthetic femur fractures has similar complication rates compared with LP, with a possible advantage of earlier return to weight-bearing. Surgeons can consider this treatment strategy in all fractures with stable implants and amenable prosthesis geometry, even extreme distal fractures. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

Incisional negative pressure wound therapy may not protect against post-operative surgical site complications in bicondylar tibial plateau fractures.

PURPOSE: To determine if incisional negative pressure wound therapy is protective against post-operative surgical site complications following definitive fixation of bicondylar tibial plateau fractures. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of patients diagnosed with an acute bicondylar tibial plateau fracture (AO/OTA 41-C) undergoing ORIF from 2010 to 2020 was performed. Patients received either a standard sterile dressing (SD) or incisional negative pressure wound therapy (iNPWT). Primary outcomes included surgical site infection, osteomyelitis, and wound dehiscence. Secondary outcomes included non-union and return to the operating room. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed. RESULTS: 180 patients were included and 22% received iNPWT (n = 40) and 78% received standard dressings (n = 140). iNPWT was more common in active smokers (24.7% vs. 19.3%, p = 0.002) and the SD group was more likely to be lost to follow up (3.6% vs. 0%, p = 0.025). iNPWT was not protective against infection or surgical site complications, and in fact, was associated with higher odds of post-operative infection (OR: 8.96, p = 0.005) and surgical site complications (OR:4.874, p = 0.009) overall. Alcohol abuse (OR: 19, p = 0.005), tobacco use (OR: 4.67, p = 0.009), and time to definitive surgery (OR = 1.21, p = 0.033) were all independent risk factors for post-operative infection. CONCLUSION: In this series of operatively treated bicondylar tibial plateau fractures, iNPWT did not protect against post-operative surgical site complications compared to conventional dressings. Tobacco use, alcohol abuse, and time to definitive surgery, were independent risk factors for post-operative infection. Further studies are needed to determine if iNPWT offers a protective benefit in exclusively high-risk patients with relevant medical and social history.

Postoperative sepsis and septic shock after hip fracture surgery.

INTRODUCTION: There is a paucity of research in the rates for sepsis and septic shock in the hip fracture population specifically, despite marked clinical and prognostic differences between these conditions. The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence, risk factors, and mortality rates for sepsis and septic shock as well as evaluate potential infectious causes in the surgical hip fracture population. METHODS: The ACS-NSQIP (2015-2019) was queried for patients who underwent hip fracture surgery. A backward elimination multivariate regression model was used to identify risk factors for sepsis and septic shock. Multivariate regression that controlled for preoperative variables and comorbidities was used to calculate the odds of 30-day mortality. RESULTS: Of 86,438 patients included, 871 (1.0%) developed sepsis and 490 (0.6%) developed septic shock. Risk factors for both postoperative sepsis and septic shock were male gender, DM, COPD, dependent functional status, ASA class ≥3, anemia, and hypoalbuminemia. Unique risk factors for septic shock were CHF and ventilator dependence. The 30-day mortality rate was 4.8% in aseptic patients, 16.2% in patients with sepsis, and 40.8% in patients who developed septic shock (p < 0.001). Patients with sepsis (OR 2.87 [95% CI 2.37-3.48], p < 0.001) and septic shock (OR 11.27 [95% CI 9.26-13.72], p < 0.001) had increased odds of 30-day mortality compared to patients without postoperative septicemia. Infections that preceded a diagnosis of sepsis or septic shock included urinary tract infections (24.7%, 16.5%), pneumonia (17.6%, 30.8%), and surgical site infections (8.5%, 4.1%). CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of sepsis and septic shock after hip fracture surgery was 1.0% and 0.6%, respectively. The 30-day mortality rate was 16.2% in patients with sepsis and 40.8% in patients with septic shock. Potentially modifiable risk factors for both sepsis and septic shock were anemia and hypoalbuminemia. Urinary tract infections, pneumonia, and surgical site infections preceded the majority of cases of sepsis and septic shock. Prevention, early identification, and successful treatment of sepsis and septic shock are paramount to lowering mortality after hip fracture surgery.

External Fixator Usage and Delayed MRI Scans: A National Survey Study.

OBJECTIVE: To report the current state of institutional protocols regarding the use of MRI in patients with external fixation devices (EFDs) in the United States. DESIGN: National Survey Study. PARTICIPANTS: Practicing orthopaedic surgeons frequenting the Orthopaedic Trauma Association website were invited to participate in this study. RESULTS: Sixty-two eligible orthopaedic surgeons completed the survey. No respondents reported any known harmful complications of MRI use with an EFD. Eight respondents (13%) reported at least one early scan termination because of mild warmth or vibration without any lasting complications. Fifty-six respondents (90%) reported delays to care related to MRI-EFD compatibility labeling, and 27 respondents (48%) reported delayed MRI scans in every patient with an EFD who needed one. Twenty-six surgeons (42%) had modified their practice in some way in response to these barriers. Examples include delaying EFD placement until after MRI, relying on CT arthrograms over MRI for surgical planning, and taking patients to the operating room to remove EFDs temporarily and then replace them. Nineteen respondents (31%) had developed formal protocols to address this issue, but having a written protocol was not associated with any decrease in delays ( P = 0.119). Eighty-nine percent of respondents thought there was a need for a national consensus guideline on this issue. CONCLUSION: Despite no previous reports of harmful complications, MRI utilization is frequently delayed or prevented in patients with EFDs in place. This is a pervasive problem nationally, which persists despite the implementation of written institutional protocols. Additional research is needed, potentially at the national level, to address this common issue. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: V.

Drilling the cement mantle in well-fixed periprosthetic femur fractures is not associated with arthroplasty-related complications.

OBJECTIVE: To determine if screw fixation across a cement mantle is safe and effective during plate fixation of well-fixed periprosthetic femur fractures. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING: Academic Level I Trauma Center. PATIENTS: Twenty-eight patients with AO/OTA 32A[B1] or 32A[C] periprosthetic femur fractures treated with open reduction and internal plate and screw fixation after cemented or uncemented hip arthroplasty. INTERVENTION: Screw placement into the cement mantle during internal fixation. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Primary outcome was revision arthroplasty for aseptic loosening. Secondary outcomes included radiographic evidence of aseptic loosening, infection, nonunion, implant failure, and overall reoperation rate. RESULTS: There were 28 patients who met inclusion criteria. A total of 9 patients had screws placed in the cement mantle while the remaining 19 patients had screws placed around an uncemented stem. At a mean of 3.7-year follow-up, there were no cases of revision arthroplasty or aseptic loosening in either group. There were no significant differences in rates of infection, nonunion, implant failure, or reoperation rate between patients who had screw placement into a cement mantle vs around an uncemented stem. CONCLUSION: Drilling into the cement mantle during fixation of a periprosthetic femur fracture around a well-fixed cemented hip stem appears safe and effective. When possible, surgeons can consider bicortical screws around a cemented stem, given the biomechanical advantages over unicortical screw or cerclage fixation. Larger prospective trials confirming the safety of this technique are warranted prior to routine implementation. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: III.

Cross-species comparisons reveal resistance of human skeletal stem cells to inhibition by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.

Fracture healing is highly dependent on an early inflammatory response in which prostaglandin production by cyclo-oxygenases (COX) plays a crucial role. Current patient analgesia regimens favor opioids over Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) since the latter have been implicated in delayed fracture healing. While animal studies broadly support a deleterious role of NSAID treatment to bone-regenerative processes, data for human fracture healing remains contradictory. In this study, we prospectively isolated mouse and human skeletal stem cells (SSCs) from fractures and compared the effect of various NSAIDs on their function. We found that osteochondrogenic differentiation of COX2-expressing mouse SSCs was impaired by NSAID treatment. In contrast, human SSCs (hSSC) downregulated COX2 expression during differentiation and showed impaired osteogenic capacity if COX2 was lentivirally overexpressed. Accordingly, short- and long-term treatment of hSSCs with non-selective and selective COX2 inhibitors did not affect colony forming ability, chondrogenic, and osteogenic differentiation potential in vitro. When hSSCs were transplanted ectopically into NSG mice treated with Indomethacin, graft mineralization was unaltered compared to vehicle injected mice. Thus, our results might contribute to understanding species-specific differences in NSAID sensitivity during fracture healing and support emerging clinical data which conflicts with other earlier observations that NSAID administration for post-operative analgesia for treatment of bone fractures are unsafe for patients.

Gait Analysis in Orthopaedic Surgery: History, Limitations, and Future Directions.

Gait analysis has expanding indications in orthopaedic surgery, both for clinical and research applications. Early work has been particularly helpful for understanding pathologic gait deviations in neuromuscular disorders and biomechanical imbalances that contribute to injury. Notable advances in image acquisition, health-related wearable devices, and computational capabilities for big data sets have led to a rapid expansion of gait analysis tools, enabling novel research in all orthopaedic subspecialties. Given the lower cost and increased accessibility, new gait analysis tools will surely affect the next generation of objective patient outcome data. This article reviews the basic principles of gait analysis, modern tools available to the common surgeon, and future directions in this space.

Clostridium difficile colitis portends poor outcomes in lower extremity orthopaedic trauma surgery.

INTRODUCTION: Clostridium difficile is the most common cause of healthcare-associated infectious diarrhea and colitis, and carries the potential for high morbidity, particularly in frail patient populations. The purpose of this study was to utilize a large nationally representative database in order to report 1.) the incidence of CDC in patients with operative lower extremity fractures, 2.) risk factors for the development of CDC, 3.) the association of CDC with length of stay (LOS), readmission, and 30-day mortality rates. METHODS: The ACS-NSQIP (2015-2019) was queried for patients who underwent surgical fixation of lower extremity fractures. A backward elimination multivariate regression model was used to identify risk factors for CDC. Chi squared and multivariate regression that controlled for preoperative variables and comorbidities were used to compare outcomes in patients with and without CDC. RESULTS: 95,532 patients were included, 681 (0.71%) of whom developed CDC. Risk factors for CDC were advanced age, ASA class ≥ 3, smoking, dialysis, anemia, hypoalbuminemia, preoperative SIRS, preoperative wound infections, preoperative sepsis, and the use of spinal anesthesia or MAC/IV sedation. Patients with CDC had significantly increased 30-day mortality rates (10.6% vs 4.4%; OR 1.80, 95% CI 1.41-2.31), readmission (34.2% vs 7.5%; OR 5.13, 95% CI 4.36-6.05, and length of stay (7.5 days vs 5.3 days) compared to patients without CDC. CONCLUSION: The incidence of CDC in lower extremity orthopedic trauma patients was 0.71%. An occurrence of CDC was associated with approximately a 2.5 times increase in 30-day mortality, five times the readmission rate, and a longer hospital stay compared to patients without CDC. Mitigating the spread of c. diff through improved antibiotic stewardship and prompt treatment of CDC is paramount to decreasing the burden this infection imposes on orthopedic trauma patients and the healthcare system.

Negative Pressure Wound Therapy for Extremity Open Wound Management: A Review of the Literature.

SUMMARY: Negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) with reticulated open cell foam is used commonly in orthopaedic trauma, particularly in the management of complex open fracture wounds. This article reviews the literature to date regarding this adjunctive treatment, particularly in regard to removal of infectious material, temporary management of wounds pending soft tissue reconstruction, combat wounds, and over split-thickness skin grafts. Mechanism of action is also reviewed, including stabilization of the wound environment, edema control, macrodeformation, and microdeformation effects. Use of NPWT as an adjunct in management of open fractures along with operative debridement, systemic antibiotics, and early soft tissue reconstruction are the highest yield interventions for managing open fracture wounds with infection. NPWT as an adjunct therapy in the protocol for open fractures seems to add additional clinical benefit for patients with severe open fracture wounds not amenable to primary, immediate closure.

Musculoskeletal Educational Resources for the Aspiring Orthopaedic Surgeon.

Musculoskeletal (MSK) education is underemphasized in medical school curricula, which can lead to decreased confidence in treating MSK conditions and suboptimal performance on orthopaedic surgery elective rotations or subinternships. Given the low amount of formalized education in MSK medicine, students aiming to learn about orthopaedic surgery must gain much of their foundational knowledge from other resources. However, there are currently no centralized introductory educational resources to fill this need. We provide a framework for navigating the different types of resources available for trainees and highlight the unaddressed needs in this area.

ICD-10 codes do not accurately reflect ankle fracture injury patterns.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the accuracy of International Classification of Disease Version 10 (ICD-10) coding for ankle fracture injury patterns. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study PATIENTS: 97 adult patients with fractures about the ankle (rotational ankle fracture or distal tibia fracture) from 2016 to 2020, selected by stratified random sampling. INTERVENTION: Assignment of an ICD-10 code representative of a rotational ankle fracture, pilon fracture, or unspecified fracture of the lower leg. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Injury radiographs were reviewed by three authors to determine the correct code. Agreement between the correct code and the electronic medical record (EMR) assigned code was determined using kappa's statistic in the aggregate as well as percent agreement, sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value (PPV) between individual codes. RESULTS: 59 of 97 cases (60.8%) demonstrated discordance between the existing EMR and surgeon-assigned codes. Aggregate agreement between all codes was fair (K = 0.26). Lateral malleolus fracture codes demonstrated the highest PPV (0.91, 95% CI 0.72-0.99), while the lowest PPV was found for "other fractures of the lower leg" (0.05, 95% CI 0.0-0.24) and "other fracture of the fibula" (0.0, 95% CI 0.0-0.15). Generalized "other fracture" codes comprised 45% of EMR codes compared to only 6% of assigned codes (p < 0.001). EMR codes were specific but not sensitive. CONCLUSION: There is substantial discordance between existing EMR and surgeon-assigned ICD-10 codes for ankle fractures. Database research that relies on ICD-10 coding as a surrogate for primary clinical data should be interpreted with caution and institutions should make efforts to increase the accuracy of their coding.

To Fix or Revise: Differences in Periprosthetic Distal Femur Fracture Management Between Trauma and Arthroplasty Surgeons.

INTRODUCTION: This study sought to determine the effect of trauma fellowship training on the surgical decision to fix or revise to distal femoral replacement in periprosthetic distal femur fractures. METHODS: An anonymous online survey including nine cases of geriatric periprosthetic distal femur fractures was distributed through the Orthopaedic Trauma Association website. Respondents were asked whether they would recommend fixation or revision to distal femoral replacement. Fractures were classified by the location relative to the anterior flange (proximal or distal) and the presence or absence of comminution. Recommendations were compared between type of fellowship completed (trauma, arthroplasty, or both), practice setting, and number of periprosthetic distal femur fractures treated monthly. RESULTS: One hundred fifty-one surgeon survey responses were included. Completion of a trauma fellowship was associated with a higher likelihood of recommending fixation for any periprosthetic distal femur fracture compared with arthroplasty training (odds ratio [OR] 2.55, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.97 to 3.29; P < 0.0001). Disagreement was significant for comminuted proximal (OR 6.90, 95% CI 3.24 to 14.68; P < 0.0001), simple distal (OR 20.90, 95% CI 6.41 to 67.71; P < 0.001), and comminuted distal fractures (OR 2.47, 95% CI 1.66 to 3.68; P < 0.0001). Dual fellowship-trained surgeons were less likely to recommend fixation than surgeons who completed a trauma fellowship alone (OR 0.60, 95% CI 0.39 to 0.93; P = 0.027) and more likely to recommend fixation than surgeons who completed an arthroplasty fellowship alone (OR 1.70, 95% CI 1.13 to 2.63; P = 0.012). Surgeons who treat three or more periprosthetic distal femur fractures monthly showed a significant preference for fracture fixation compared with lower volume surgeons (OR 2.45, 95% CI 1.62 to 3.68; P < 0.0001). DISCUSSION: Fellowship-trained trauma surgeons show a notable preference for fracture fixation over distal femoral replacement for periprosthetic distal femur fractures, as compared with arthroplasty-trained surgeons. Additional research is needed to clarify surgical indications that maximize outcomes for these injuries.

Distal Femur Replacement Versus Open Reduction and Internal Fixation for Treatment of Periprosthetic Distal Femur Fractures: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To compare complications and functional outcomes of treatment with primary distal femoral replacement (DFR) versus open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF). DATA SOURCES: PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane databases were searched for English language studies up to May 19, 2020, identifying 913 studies. STUDY SELECTION: Studies that assessed complications of periprosthetic distal femur fractures with primary DFR or ORIF were included. Studies with sample size ≤5, mean age <55, nontraumatic indications for DFR, ORIF with nonlocking plates, native distal femoral fractures, or revision surgeries were excluded. Selection adhered to the PRISMA criteria. DATA EXTRACTION: Study quality was assessed using previously reported criteria. There were 40 Level IV studies, 17 Level III studies, and 1 Level II study. DATA SYNTHESIS: Fifty-eight studies with 1484 patients were included in the meta-analysis. Complications assessed {incidence rate ratio [IRR] [95% confidence interval (CI)]: 0.78 [0.59-1.03]} and reoperation or revision [IRR (95% CI): 0.71 (0.49-1.04)] were similar between the DFR and ORIF cohorts. The mean knee range of motion was greater in the ORIF cohort (DFR: 90.47 vs. ORIF: 100.36, P < 0.05). The mean Knee Society Score (KSS) (DFR: 79.41 vs. ORIF: 82.07, P = 0.35) and return to preoperative ambulatory status were similar [IRR (95% CI): 0.82 (0.48-1.41)]. CONCLUSIONS: In comparing complications among patients treated for periprosthetic distal femur fracture with DFR or ORIF, there was no difference between the groups. There were also no differences in functional outcomes, although knee range of motion was greater in the ORIF group. This systematic review and meta-analysis highlights the need for future prospective trials evaluating the outcomes of these divergent treatment strategies. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

Medial Column Support in Pilon Fractures Using Percutaneous Intramedullary Large Fragment Fixation.

SUMMARY: Pilon fractures are complex injuries to the tibial plafond requiring stable fixation in the setting of effective soft tissue management, particularly in high-energy injuries, open fractures, or in geriatric individuals. Medial column support of the distal tibial metaphysis is often an essential component when applying balanced fixation. However, the biologic implications of multiple surgical approaches in the setting of damaged tissue, devitalized bone, or significant bone loss may contribute to increased complications. Percutaneous intramedullary large fragment screws offer both stability and a soft tissue-friendly approach for stabilizing the medial column. Here, we present our technique and indications for medial column support in pilon fractures using percutaneous large fragment fixation, along with our early clinical experience in a case series of 7 patients. At minimum 6-month follow-up, all patients healed their injuries with maintained alignment and without complications or further reoperation. Medial column support with percutaneous large fragment fixation in pilon fractures is a viable option to provide mechanical stability while effectively managing tenuous soft tissue envelopes.

Management of the posterior wall fracture in associated both column fractures of the acetabulum.

PURPOSE: The primary aim of this study was to compare clinical outcomes in patients with associated both column (ABC) acetabular fractures with fracture of the posterior wall (PW), in which the PW underwent reduction and fragment-specific fixation versus those that were treated with column fixation alone. Secondary aims were to assess PW fracture incidence and morphology, as well as to compare radiographic outcomes including fracture healing and interval displacement of the PW in those that did and did not undergo fragment-specific fixation of the PW. METHODS: This was a retrospective series of ABC acetabular fractures treated at a single Level I trauma center. Separate fractures of the PW were identified, and associated features were assessed. Associated both column fractures that underwent reduction and fragment-specific fixation of the PW where then compared to ABC fractures with PW involvement that underwent column reconstruction alone. Radiographic and clinical outcomes were compared. RESULTS: Fractures of the PW occurred in 55.7% of ABC fractures and were associated with central displacement of the femoral head. The majority of PW fractures were large and involved the acetabular roof. All PW fractures healed without displacement by 3 months, regardless of whether or not reduction and stabilization was performed. Mid-term outcomes at 1-year were similar regardless of whether or not the PW was reduced and stabilized, with regards to Tönnis grade, Merle d'Aubigné-Postel score, and conversion to total hip arthroplasty. CONCLUSION: Reduction and fragment-specific fixation of the PW component of ABC acetabular fractures did not improve outcomes in this small comparative study. Posterior wall fractures associated with ABC patterns are frequently large-sized fragments that involve the acetabular roof and are rendered stable after reconstruction of the columns.

Metaphyseal callus formation in pilon fractures is associated with loss of alignment: Is stiffer better?

OBJECTIVE: To assess the relationship between metaphyseal callus formation and preservation of distal tibial alignment in pilon fractures treated with internal plate fixation. DESIGN: Retrospective Review SETTING: Academic Level I Trauma Center PATIENTS: Forty-two patients with AO/OTA type C2 or C3 pilon fractures treated with plate fixation. INTERVENTION: Internal fixation with anterolateral plating, medial plating, or both. Modified Radiographic Union Score in Tibial fracture (mRUST) scores were determined from six-month radiographs. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Change in lateral and anterior distal tibial angles (LDTA and ADTA) at six months post-operatively. RESULTS: High callus formation (mRUST ≥ 11 at six months) was associated with a greater loss of coronal reduction as measured by LDTA compared to low callus formation (mRUST < 11): 3.8 vs 2.1° (p = .019), with no difference in ADTA change between groups. In a multivariable logistic regression controlling for age, smoking, obesity, and open fracture, higher mRUST scores were a predictor of coronal reduction loss of five or more degrees (OR 1.71, p=.039). Dual column plating did not independently predict maintenance of alignment. CONCLUSIONS: Recent literature has popularized dual column fixation for pilon fractures, but it remains unknown whether increased metaphyseal stiffness enhances or impairs healing. In this series, decreased metaphyseal callus formation was associated with maintained coronal alignment, suggesting that a stiffer mechanical environment may be preferable to prevent short term reduction loss in these complex injuries. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: III.

Unsuspected tarsal coalitions in equinus and varus foot deformities.

Tarsal coalitions have been reported in the setting of equinovarus foot deformities, but only as rare isolated findings. Failure to recognize this diagnosis may inhibit successful equinovarus correction. Here, we review a series of tarsal coalitions seen in congenital and neuropathic equinovarus deformity at two institutions, to report the breakdown of types of coalitions encountered, and to suggest methodology to facilitate earlier diagnosis. The records of all patients treated by two of the authors for bilateral equinovarus deformities and found to have either a unilateral or bilateral tarsal coalition between 2006 and 2016 were reviewed. Nine feet with tarsal coalition (calcaneonavicular n = 7 and talocalcaneal n = 2) were reviewed. Five of these cases occurred in patients with idiopathic equinovarus and four cases in patients with equinovarus related to a neurologic disease. All patients were definitively diagnosed by computed tomography scans with 3D reconstruction. In 56% of cases, the patient had previously undergone at least one open procedure before the coalition was recognized. The mean age at diagnosis of the coalition was 11.4 years. Our experience suggests that tarsal coalitions, particularly calcaneonavicular coalitions, may occur more frequently in equinovarus deformities than previously reported. Upon recognition and removal of these coalitions, we were able to achieve improved correction of the equinovarus deformities and improved range of motion. We recommend that surgeons maintain an awareness of this potential concomitant problem in all equinovarus foot deformities and consider advanced imaging in cases which fail to respond to traditional treatment.