Long-term experience with AMS-700 CXR inflatable penile prosthesis in high-risk patients with corporal fibrosis.

Despite the widespread use of narrow diameter inflatable penile prosthesis (IPP) cylinders in patients with corporal fibrosis, outcomes data is sparse. We evaluated patients who underwent IPP placement with AMS™ 700 Controlled Expansion Restricted (CXR) cylinders from 2007-2021. Patient characteristics, device details, and surgical outcomes were assessed. A non-validated questionnaire was also distributed to patients to assess satisfaction. Among 982 IPPs placed over the study period at our institution, 49 (5.0%) used CXR cylinders. Indications for narrow cylinders: prior explant for infection (67.3%), ischemic priapism (16.3%), and idiopathic fibrosis (16.3%). Median corporal length was 19 cm (IQR 17-21 cm). Discordant intraoperative corporal measurements (24.5%) and RTE lengths (26.5%) were common. Post-operative complications occurred in 8 patients (16.3%) and included 3 infections (6.1%), 2 cylinder herniations (4.1%), 2 mechanical failures (4.1%), and one case of glans necrosis (2.0%). Five of these (10.2%) required explantation, while 4 (8.2%) were managed with revision. Over the follow-up period, 73.5% of patients reported satisfaction with rigidity. Primary drivers of dissatisfaction were perceived loss of penile length and girth. The AMS™ 700 CXR is a useful tool for challenging corporal fibrosis cases and shows acceptable surgical outcomes with moderate patient acceptability.

Optilume drug-coated balloon for anterior urethral stricture: 2-year results of the ROBUST III trial.

Objective: The aim of this study is to report the updated 2-year results of the intervention arm of the ROBUST III randomized trial evaluating the safety and efficacy of the Optilume drug-coated balloon (DCB) versus standard endoscopic management of recurrent male anterior urethral stricture. Materials and Methods: Eligible patients included men with recurrent anterior urethral stricture ≤3 cm in length and ≤12Fr in diameter, International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) ≥11 and peak flow rate (Qmax) <15 mL/s. Patients were randomized to treatment with the Optilume DCB or standard-of-care endoscopic management. Primary efficacy endpoints measured at 2 years included freedom from re-intervention and changes in IPSS, Qmax and post-void residual (PVR). Secondary endpoint was impact on sexual function using the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF). Primary safety endpoint was freedom from serious procedure- or device-related adverse events (AEs). Results: A total of 127 patients enrolled at 22 sites in the United States and Canada (48 randomized to standard-of-care dilation and 79 to DCB dilation). Seventy-five patients in the DCB arm entered the open-label phase after 6 months. Participants averaged 3.2 prior endoscopic interventions (range 2-10); most (89.9%) had bulbar strictures with an average stricture length of 1.63 cm (SD 0.76). Significant improvements in IPSS, average Qmax and PVR were maintained at 2 years. Freedom from repeat intervention was significantly higher in the Optilume DCB arm at 2 years versus the Control arm at 1 year (77.8% vs. 23.6%, p < 0.001). During the follow-up period, there were 15 treatment failures and two non-study-related deaths. Treatment-related AEs were rare and generally self-limited (haematuria, dysuria and urinary tract infection). Conclusion: The Optilume DCB shows sustained improvement in both objective and subjective voiding parameters at 2-year follow-up. Optilume appears to provide a safe and effective endoscopic treatment alternative for short recurrent anterior urethral strictures among men who wish to avoid or delay formal urethroplasty.

Algorithmic Midline Approach to Perineal Urethrostomy is Associated With Long-term Success and High Patient Satisfaction.

OBJECTIVE: To assess surgical success and patient-reported outcomes of perineal urethrostomy via midline approach. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Charts of patients undergoing primary perineal urethrostomy between May 2008 and June 2022 were reviewed. Background characteristics were assessed; success was defined as freedom from re-intervention. Patient-reported outcome measures were assessed using a cross-sectional phone survey. Several validated questionnaires were used to assess lower urinary tract symptoms, quality of life, and erectile dysfunction. RESULTS: Among 1768 urethroplasties performed over the study period, 103 patients (5.8%) underwent midline perineal urethrostomy. Surgery was successful in 95.1% of cases (98/103); 5 patients (4.9%) required re-intervention at a median of 8.7 months. Post-operative complications occurred in 5.8% of cases (6/103) and were both mild and self-limited. Forty-nine patients (47.6%) were reached via phone survey at a median of 61 months post-operatively. Some questions were not answered by all patients. Most patients (42/49, 86%) were satisfied or very satisfied with surgical results, and 82% (40/49) reported an improvement in their overall health. Most patients (31/41, 76%) were unbothered by sitting to urinate. Although 20% of patients (10/49) reported post-operative urinary symptoms that interfered "a lot" with their daily life, only 3 (6%) of these patients reported dissatisfaction with the outcome. Regarding sexual function, 64% (27/42) reported indifference to or increased satisfaction with sexual encounters vs before surgery. The rate of de novo erectile dysfunction was 24% (12/49). CONCLUSION: The midline approach to perineal urethrostomy provides excellent, durable success rates with high levels of patient satisfaction.

Current opinions on the management of prolonged ischemic priapism: does penoscrotal decompression outperform corporoglanular tunneling?

Prolonged ischemic priapism presents a treatment challenge given the difficulty in achieving detumescence and effects on sexual function. To evaluate current practice patterns, an open, web-based multi-institutional survey querying surgeons' experience with and perceived efficacy of tunneling maneuvers (corporoglanular tunneling and penoscrotal decompression), as well as impressions of erectile recovery, was administered to members of societies specializing in male genital surgery. Following distribution, 141 responses were received. Tunneling procedures were the favored first-line surgical intervention in the prolonged setting (99/139, 71.2% tunneling vs. 14/139, 10.1% implant, p < .001). Although respondents were more likely to have performed corporoglanular tunneling than penoscrotal decompression (124/138, 89.9% vs. 86/137, 62.8%, p < .001), penoscrotal decompression was perceived as more effective among those who had performed both (47.3% Very or Extremely Effective for penoscrotal decompression vs. 18.7% for corporoglanular tunneling; p < .001). Many respondents who had performed both tunneling procedures felt that most regained meaningful sexual function after either corporoglanular tunneling or penoscrotal decompression (33/75, 44.0% vs. 33/74, 44.6%, p = .942). While further patient-centered investigation is warranted, this study suggests that penoscrotal decompression may outperform corporoglanular tunneling for prolonged priapism, and that recovery of sexual function may be higher than previously thought after tunneling procedures.

Surgical Management of Male Stress Incontinence: Techniques, Indications, and Pearls for Success.

Purpose: Male stress urinary incontinence (SUI) has detrimental and long-lasting effects on patients. Management of this condition is an evolving field with multiple options for surgical treatment. We sought to review the pre-operative evaluation, intra-operative considerations, post-operative care, and future directions for treatment of male SUI. Methods: A literature review was performed using the PubMed platform to identify peer-reviewed, English-language articles published within the last 5 years pertaining to management of male stress urinary incontinence with an emphasis on devices currently on the market in the United States including the artificial urinary sphincter (AUS), male urethral slings, and the ProACTTM system. Patient selection criteria, success rates, and complications were compared between the studies. Results: Twenty articles were included in the final contemporary review. Pre-operative workup most commonly included demonstration of incontinence, PPD, and cystoscopy. Definition of success varied by study; the most common definition used was social continence (0-1 pads per day). Reported rates of success were higher for the AUS than for male urethral slings (73-93% vs 70-90%, respectively). Complications for these procedures include urinary retention, erosions, infections, and device malfunction. Newer treatment options including adjustable balloon systems and adjustable slings show promise but lack long-term follow-up. Conclusion: Patient selection remains the primary consideration for surgical decision-making for management of male SUI. The AUS continues to be the gold standard for moderate-to-severe male SUI but comes with inherent risk of need for revision. Male slings may be a superior option for appropriately selected men with mild incontinence but are inferior to the AUS for moderate and severe incontinence. Ongoing research will shed light on long-term results for newer options such as the ProACT and REMEEX systems.

Mechanical indications for inflatable penile prosthesis revision: analysis and implications for revision surgery.

BACKGROUND: Despite technical advancements, inflatable penile prostheses (IPPs) are inherently at risk of mechanical failure given their nature as hydraulic devices. AIM: To characterize IPP component failure location at the time of device revision and stratify by manufacturer: American Medical Systems (Boston Scientific [BSCI]) and Coloplast (CP). METHODS: A retrospective review of penile prosthesis cases from July 2007 to May 2022 was conducted, identifying men who underwent revision surgery. Cases were excluded if documentation did not denote the cause of failure or the manufacturer. Mechanical indications for surgery were categorized by location (eg, tubing, cylinder, or reservoir leak; pump malfunction). Nonmechanical revisions were excluded (component herniation, erosion, or crossover). Categorical variables were assessed with Fisher exact or chi-square analysis; Student t-test and Mann-Whitney U test were used for continuous variables. OUTCOMES: Primary outcomes included specific location of IPP mechanical failure among BSCI and CP devices and time to mechanical failure. RESULTS: We identified 276 revision procedures, 68 of which met inclusion criteria (46 BSCI and 22 CP). Revised CP devices were longer than BSCI devices (median cylinder length, 20 vs 18 cm; P < .001). Log-rank analysis revealed a similar time to mechanical failure between brands (P = .096). CP devices failed most often due to tubing fracture (19/22, 83%). BSCI devices had no predominant site of failure. Between manufacturers, tubing failure was more common in CP devices (19/22 vs 15/46 for BSCI, P < .001), while cylinder failure was more common among BSCI devices (10/46 vs 0/22 for CP, P = .026). CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: The distribution of mechanical failure is significantly different between BSCI and CP devices; this has implications regarding the approach to revision surgery. STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS: This is the first study to directly compare when and where mechanical failure occurs in IPPs and to compare the 2 main manufacturers head-to-head. This study would be strengthened by being repeated in a multi-institutional fashion to provide more robust and objective evaluation. CONCLUSION: CP devices commonly failed at the tubing and rarely elsewhere, while BSCI devices showed no predominant failure site; these findings may inform decision making regarding revision surgery.

Penile Extra-Tunical Graft Reconstruction of Peyronie's Disease Concavity Deformities.

OBJECTIVES: To report our initial experience with the extra-tunical grafting (ETG) procedure. This procedure was recently introduced by UCSF investigators as a tunica-sparing technique for management of penile concavity deformities. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed records of patients who underwent ETG at our tertiary-care referral center between 2017 - 2020.  A collagen graft made from bovine pericardium (Lyoplant) was placed overlying the defect without violating the tunica albuginea or mobilizing the neurovascular bundle. The stretched penile length (SPL) and circumference at the location of deformity were measured intra-operatively. Patient reported outcomes were evaluated by an anonymous 10-question online survey. RESULTS: 19 men underwent ETG with a median follow-up of 59 (IQR: 24 - 708) days. ETG was performed via either a window (15/19, 78%) or a de-gloving (4/19, 21%) incision with concomitant penile plication performed in 16/19 (84%) patients. Penile circumference increased by an average of 1.4 cm + 0.5 (P = 0.03) at the location of deformity, while pre- and post-operative SPL were similar (14.0 + 1.4 vs 14.0 + 1.3 cm, P = 0.95). Overall patient satisfaction was reported by 13/15 (86%) patients. Twelve out of 15 (80%) patients reported concavity deformity to be "improved", with 73% reporting "much better". Among 8 patients with follow up greater than six months, graft palpability was reported in 4/8 (50%) patients but was not bothersome. CONCLUSION: The ETG procedure appears to be safe and effective for the treatment of penile concavity deformities.  Patient outcomes and satisfaction are favorable at intermediate follow up.

Most men with artificial urinary sphincter cuff erosion have low serum testosterone levels.

AIMS: To evaluate the relationship between serum testosterone (T) levels and artificial urinary sphincter (AUS) cuff erosion in a population of incontinent men who underwent AUS placement. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of our single-surgeon AUS database was performed to identify men with T levels within 24 months of AUS placement. Men were stratified into two groups based on serum testosterone: low serum testosterone (LT) (<280 ng/dl) and normal serum testosterone (NT) (>280 ng/dl). Multivariable analysis was performed to control for risk factors. The outcome of interest was the incidence of and time to spontaneous urethral cuff erosion; other risk factors for cuff erosion were also evaluated. RESULTS: Among 161 AUS patients with serum testosterone levels, 84 (52.2%) had LT (mean: 136.8 ng/dl, SD: 150.4 ng/dl) and 77 (47.8%) had NT (mean: 455.8 ng/dl, SD: 197.3 ng/dl). Cuff erosion was identified in 42 men (26.1%) at a median of 7.1 months postoperatively (interquartile range: 3.6-13.4 months), most of whom (30/42, 71.4%) were testosterone deficient. LT levels were less common (54/119, 45.4%) in the non-erosion cohort (p = 0.004). Men with low T were nearly three times as likely to suffer AUS erosion than men with normal T (odds ratio = 2.519, p = 0.021). LT level was the only factor associated with AUS erosion on multivariable analysis. CONCLUSIONS: LT is an independent risk factor for AUS cuff erosion. Men with LT are more likely to present with cuff erosion, but there is no difference in time to erosion.

Standing cough test stratification of moderate male stress urinary incontinence

ABSTRACT Purpose: Patient-reported history of pads per day (PPD) is widely recognized as a fundamental element of decision-making for anti-incontinence procedures. We hypothesize that SUI severity is often underestimated among men with moderate SUI. We sought to compare patient history of incontinence severity versus objective in-office physical examination findings. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed our single-surgeon male SUI surgical database from 2007-2019. We excluded patients with incomplete preoperative or postoperative data and those who reported either mild or severe SUI, thus having more straightforward surgical counseling. For men reported to have moderate SUI, we determined the frequency of upgrading SUI severity by recording the results of an in-office standing cough test (SCT) using the Male Stress Incontinence Grading Scale (MSIGS). The correlation of MSIGS with sling success rate was calculated. Failure was defined as >1 PPD usage or need for additional incontinence procedure. Results: Among 233 patients with reported moderate SUI (2-3 PPD), 89 (38%) had MSIGS 3-4 on SCT, indicating severe SUI. Among patients with 2-3 PPD preoperatively, sling success rates were significantly higher for patients with MSIGS 0-2 (76/116, 64%) compared to MSIGS 3-4 (6/18, 33%) (p <0.01). Conclusions: Many men with self-reported history of moderate SUI actually present severe SUI observed on SCT. The SCT is a useful tool to stratify moderate SUI patients to more accurately predict sling success.

Standing cough test stratification of moderate male stress urinary incontinence.

PURPOSE: Patient-reported history of pads per day (PPD) is widely recognized as a fundamental element of decision-making for anti-incontinence procedures. We hypothesize that SUI severity is often underestimated among men with moderate SUI. We sought to compare patient history of incontinence severity versus objective in-office physical examination findings. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed our single-surgeon male SUI surgical database from 2007-2019. We excluded patients with incomplete preoperative or postoperative data and those who reported either mild or severe SUI, thus having more straightforward surgical counseling. For men reported to have moderate SUI, we determined the frequency of upgrading SUI severity by recording the results of an in-office standing cough test (SCT) using the Male Stress Incontinence Grading Scale (MSIGS). The correlation of MSIGS with sling success rate was calculated. Failure was defined as >1 PPD usage or need for additional incontinence procedure. RESULTS: Among 233 patients with reported moderate SUI (2-3 PPD), 89 (38%) had MSIGS 3-4 on SCT, indicating severe SUI. Among patients with 2-3 PPD preoperatively, sling success rates were significantly higher for patients with MSIGS 0-2 (76/116, 64%) compared to MSIGS 3-4 (6/18, 33%) (p <0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Many men with self-reported history of moderate SUI actually present severe SUI observed on SCT. The SCT is a useful tool to stratify moderate SUI patients to more accurately predict sling success.

Extended Primary Anastomosis With Penile Plication (EPAPP): A Promising New Alternative to Perineal Urethrostomy for Reconstruction of Long Urethral Strictures.

OBJECTIVE: At present, excision and primary anastomosis (EPA) urethroplasty is a highly reliable method of reconstruction for short bulbar urethral strictures. Longer strictures are often managed with grafting techniques to ensure a tension-free repair. Here we report our initial experience with a new, extended anastomotic technique for long bulbar strictures that incorporates plication of the ventral corporal bodies to reduce the distance between the urethral ends and obviates the need for grafting. METHODS: We reviewed records for all urethroplasties performed by a single surgeon at our institution between January 2018 and February 2020. We identified a cohort of older patients with complex strictures who underwent Extended Primary Anastomosis with Penile Plication (EPAPP). Patient demographics, stricture characteristics, perioperative 75 parameters, and postoperative outcomes were evaluated. RESULTS: Of 346 urethroplasty records reviewed, 10 patients (2.9%) underwent EPAPP. Mean stricture length was 3.75 ± 1.4 cm. EPAPP patients were older than those repaired by other techniques (mean age 66.6 vs 55.6, P = .024), and most were not sexually active preoperatively. Postoperative voiding cystourethrogram confirmed urethral patency without extravasation in all patients. At a median follow up of 9.7 months (IQR 8.5-11.5) 8 patients remained asymptomatic after EPAPP alone and 2 patients required a single balloon dilation for stricture recurrence. CONCLUSION: EPAPP is a promising alternative option for the management of long bulbar strictures among appropriately selected patients.

Explantation of High Submuscular Reservoirs: Safety and Practical Considerations.

BACKGROUND: Over the past decade, high submuscular (HSM) placement of inflatable penile prosthesis (IPP) reservoirs has emerged as a viable alternative to space of Retzius (SOR) placement; however, data comparing the feasibility and complications of HSM vs SOR reservoir removal do not presently exist. AIM: To present a comparison of the safety, feasibility, and ease of removal of HSM vs SOR reservoirs in a tertiary care, university-based, high-volume prosthetic urology practice. METHODS: Data were retrospectively collected on patients who underwent IPP reservoir removal between January 2011 and June 2020. Cases were separated into 2 cohorts based on reservoir location. Statistical analysis was performed using Fisher's exact and Chi-squared tests for categorical variables and Student's t-test for continuous variables. Timing from IPP insertion to explant was compared between the HSM and SOR groups using the Mann-Whitney U test. OUTCOMES: Time from IPP insertion to explant, operative time, intraoperative and postoperative complications, and need for a counter incision were compared between the HSM and SOR groups. RESULTS: Between January 2011 and June 2020, 106 (73 HSM, 33 SOR) patients underwent IPP removal or replacement by a single surgeon at our institution. Average time from IPP insertion to removal was 43.6 months (24.2 HSM, 52.7 SOR, P = .07)-reservoir removal occurred at the time of device explant in 70 of 106 (66%) cases. More HSM reservoirs were explanted at the time of IPP removal compared with the SOR cohort (54 of 73, 74% HSM vs 16 of 33, 48.5% SOR, P = .01). Similar rates of complications were noted between the HSM and SOR groups (1.9% vs 6.3%, P = .35). There was no significant difference in need for counter incision between the 2 groups (24 [42%] HSM vs 4 [25%] SOR, P = .16) or in average operative times (76.5 ± 38.3 minutes HSM vs 68.1 ± 34.3 minutes SOR, P = .52). CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Our experience with explanting HSM reservoirs supports the safety and ease of their removal. STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS: Although the absolute cohort size is relatively low, this study reflects one of the largest single-institution experiences examining penile implant reservoir removal. In addition, reservoir location was not randomized but was instead determined by which patients presented with complications necessitating reservoir removal during the study period. CONCLUSIONS: HSM reservoir removal has comparable perioperative complication rates and operative times when compared with SOR reservoir removal. Kavoussi M, Bhanvadia RR, VanDyke ME, et al. Explantation of High Submuscular Reservoirs: Safety and Practical Considerations. J Sex Med 2020;17:2488-2494.

Favourable multi-institutional experience with penoscrotal decompression for prolonged ischaemic priapism.

OBJECTIVES: To report our multi-institutional experience using penoscrotal decompression (PSD) for the surgical treatment of prolonged ischaemic priapism (PIP). MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed clinical records for patients with PIP treated with PSD between 2017 and 2020. Priapisms were confirmed as ischaemic based on clinical presentations and cavernosal blood gas abnormalities. Treatment with irrigation and injection of α-agonists in all patients had failed prior to PSD. Patient characteristics, peri-operative variables and outcomes, and changes in International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) scores were evaluated. RESULTS: We analysed 25 patients who underwent a total of 27 PSD procedures. The mean duration of priapism at initial presentation was 71.0 h. Irrigations and injections in all patients had failed, while corporoglanular shunt treatment in 48.0% of patients (12/25) had also failed prior to PSD. Of the 10 patients who underwent unilateral PSD, two (20.0%) had priapism recurrence. Both were treated with bilateral PSD, with prompt and lasting detumescence. Among the 15 patients undergoing primary bilateral PSD, none had priapism recurrence. Of the 15 patients with documented sexual function status at last follow-up, nine (60%) reported spontaneous erectile function adequate for penetration, while six (40%) reported erectile dysfunction. The median (interquartile range) decrease in IIEF-5 score was 3.5 (0-6.75) points after PSD. Two patients underwent uneventful inflatable penile prosthesis placement following PSD. CONCLUSIONS: Penoscrotal decompression presents a simple, safe, highly effective and easily reproducible procedure for resolution of PIP. PSD should be considered as a viable salvage or alternative strategy to corporoglanular shunt procedures.

Artificial Urinary Sphincter Cuff Erosion Heat Map Shows Similar Anatomical Characteristics for Transcorporal and Standard Approach.

PURPOSE: We describe and compare artificial urinary sphincter cuff erosion sites and associated clinical implications. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed men who presented with artificial urinary sphincter erosion treated by a single surgeon between 2007 and 2019 at a tertiary medical center. Transcorporal indications included complications of prior anti-incontinence procedures and prior urethral reconstruction. Location of artificial urinary sphincter cuff erosion defects was assessed by cystoscopy prior to device explantation, and findings were stratified into patients who had transcorporal vs standard artificial urinary sphincter placement. RESULTS: Out of 723 artificial urinary sphincter cases in 611 patients we identified 54 (7.5%) cuff erosions. Erosion developed in 15 of 82 (18.3%) cases of transcorporal artificial urinary sphincter and 39 of 641 (6.1%) cases of standard artificial urinary sphincter (p <0.05). Artificial urinary sphincter cuff erosions occurred predominantly ventrally in both groups (66.7% for transcorporal and 79.5% for standard artificial urinary sphincter, p=0.4) followed by lateral urethral location (33.3% transcorporal and 20.5% standard, p=0.3). Dorsal erosions were rare in both groups (20% transcorporal and 5.1% standard, p=0.1). History of artificial urinary sphincter and previous erosion were associated with transcorporal artificial urinary sphincter erosion. History of radiotherapy, prior urethroplasty, hypogonadism and urethral cuff size were similar between groups. CONCLUSIONS: Artificial urinary sphincter cuff erosions appear to occur ventrally and laterally in most patients regardless of cuff placement. Dorsal erosions were the least common in both groups. The protective effect of transcorporal artificial urinary sphincter could not be conclusively demonstrated.

Avoiding deep pelvic complications using a 'Five-Step' technique for high submuscular placement of inflatable penile prosthesis reservoirs.

OBJECTIVES: To compare our extended experience with high submuscular (HSM) reservoir placement to traditional space of Retzius (SOR) placement and to present our current, refined 'Five-Step' technique (FST) for HSM placement. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Data were retrospectively collected on patients undergoing inflatable penile prosthesis (IPP) placement between January 2009 and June 2019. Re-operative cases were excluded. Reservoir-related complications and subsequent revisions were compared between SOR (2009-2012) and HSM reservoir groups (2012-2019). HSM patients were subdivided into two cohorts: 'Initial Technique' (2012-2014) and FST (2014-2019). The refined FST protocol was developed in 2014 to optimise outcomes and includes the following steps: (i) Position and Access; (ii) Develop Lower HSM Pocket; (iii) Develop Upper HSM Pocket; (iv) Reservoir Delivery (fill and fine-tune); (v) Confirm and Connect. RESULTS: Between January 2009 and June 2019, 733 total IPP procedures (586 HSM, 147 SOR) were performed by a single surgeon at our institution, 561 of which were virgin cases (430 HSM, 131 SOR) and included in this analysis. Overall, surgical revision was required in 10/430 (2.3%) HSM cases (one delayed bowel obstruction, nine herniations) and six of 131 (4.6%) SOR cases (one bladder erosion, two vascular injuries, and three herniations, P = 0.22). When comparing the FST to the Initial Technique, we noted a significant decrease in complications requiring surgical revision (P = 0.01). Among 133 cases performed with the Initial Technique, seven (5.3%) required surgical revision (one bowel obstruction after placement into the peritoneal cavity, six herniations). Among 297 FST cases, three (1.0%) required revision, all due to herniation. CONCLUSION: HSM placement of IPP reservoirs is a safe alternative to traditional SOR placement. Major deep pelvic reservoir complications were minimised using our current refined FST.