RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Endometrial polyps are common in postmenopausal women, and the effect of tamoxifen use (a risk factor for endometrial polyps) on their pathogenesis is unclear. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the expression of hormone receptors and markers for proliferation/apoptosis (Ki-67 and Bcl-2) in endometrial polyps in postmenopausal users and nonusers of tamoxifen. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional analytical study in a tertiary-level academic hospital. METHODS: 46 women (14 tamoxifen users and 32 nonusers) with postmenopausal bleeding underwent hysteroscopic resection of endometrial polyps. Polyp samples were immunohistochemically assessed for detection of Ki-67, Bcl-2 and estrogen and progesterone receptors. RESULTS: Analysis on the glandular component of the polyps revealed progesterone receptor expression in the polyps of 96.9% of the nonusers of tamoxifen, and 92.3% of the tamoxifen users (P = 0.499). All polyps in nonusers and 92.3% of those in users were also positive for estrogen receptors (P = 0.295). Ki-67 was expressed in 75% of the polyps in the tamoxifen users and 82.8% of those in the nonusers. All endometrial polyps expressed Bcl-2. CONCLUSIONS: The immunohistochemical analysis on endometrial polyps demonstrated that, although tamoxifen is considered to be a risk factor for endometrial polyps, there were no significant differences in the expression of hormone receptors between users and nonusers of tamoxifen. There were no between-group differences in Ki-67 and Bcl-2 expression, and all patients displayed inhibition of apoptosis by Bcl-2, thus supporting the theory that polyps develop due to inhibition of apoptosis, and not through cell proliferation.
Assuntos
Endométrio , Pós-Menopausa , Tamoxifeno/efeitos adversos , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Estudos Transversais , Antagonistas de Estrogênios/efeitos adversos , Feminino , Humanos , PóliposRESUMO
ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Endometrial polyps are common in postmenopausal women, and the effect of tamoxifen use (a risk factor for endometrial polyps) on their pathogenesis is unclear. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the expression of hormone receptors and markers for proliferation/apoptosis (Ki-67 and Bcl-2) in endometrial polyps in postmenopausal users and nonusers of tamoxifen. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional analytical study in a tertiary-level academic hospital. METHODS: 46 women (14 tamoxifen users and 32 nonusers) with postmenopausal bleeding underwent hysteroscopic resection of endometrial polyps. Polyp samples were immunohistochemically assessed for detection of Ki-67, Bcl-2 and estrogen and progesterone receptors. RESULTS: Analysis on the glandular component of the polyps revealed progesterone receptor expression in the polyps of 96.9% of the nonusers of tamoxifen, and 92.3% of the tamoxifen users (P = 0.499). All polyps in nonusers and 92.3% of those in users were also positive for estrogen receptors (P = 0.295). Ki-67 was expressed in 75% of the polyps in the tamoxifen users and 82.8% of those in the nonusers. All endometrial polyps expressed Bcl-2. CONCLUSIONS: The immunohistochemical analysis on endometrial polyps demonstrated that, although tamoxifen is considered to be a risk factor for endometrial polyps, there were no significant differences in the expression of hormone receptors between users and nonusers of tamoxifen. There were no between-group differences in Ki-67 and Bcl-2 expression, and all patients displayed inhibition of apoptosis by Bcl-2, thus supporting the theory that polyps develop due to inhibition of apoptosis, and not through cell proliferation.
Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Tamoxifeno/efeitos adversos , Pós-Menopausa , Endométrio , Pólipos , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Estudos Transversais , Antagonistas de Estrogênios/efeitos adversosRESUMO
CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Osteoporosis is a skeletal abnormality characterized by reduction and alteration of bone microarchitecture that results in increased fragility and greater predisposition to fractures. Age and low bone mass are the main non-modifiable risk factors for osteoporotic fractures. The modifiable factors include sedentary lifestyle, inadequate calcium intake, excessive alcohol and/or caffeine consumption, smoking and low body weight. The aim here was to evaluate the association between low bone mass and calcium and caffeine intake among perimenopausal women in Southern Brazil. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional study conducted in Porto Alegre and Canoas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. METHODS: Women (n = 155) of mean age 53.6 ± 9.5 years were evaluated through a cross-sectional study in Southern Brazil. Food frequency questionnaires, bone mass evaluation using calcaneal ultrasound and anthropometric assessment were used. RESULTS: The prevalence of overweight was 67.7%. In the bone mass screening, 30.3% had low bone mass and 4.5% had osteoporosis. The median calcium intake was 574.94 mg/day and the caffeine intake was 108.11 mg/day. No association was found between bone mass and anthropometric parameters, calcium intake or caffeine intake. It was found that 38.4% of the women had low bone mass. CONCLUSIONS: No association was found between calcium and caffeine intake and bone mass. High prevalence of low bone mass was observed.
Assuntos
Densidade Óssea/fisiologia , Cafeína/metabolismo , Cálcio/metabolismo , Osteoporose Pós-Menopausa/metabolismo , Perimenopausa/fisiologia , Adulto , Fatores Etários , Idoso , Antropometria , Brasil , Cálcio da Dieta , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estado Nutricional , Valores de Referência , Fatores de Risco , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Osteoporosis is a skeletal abnormality characterized by reduction and alteration of bone microarchitecture that results in increased fragility and greater predisposition to fractures. Age and low bone mass are the main non-modifiable risk factors for osteoporotic fractures. The modifiable factors include sedentary lifestyle, inadequate calcium intake, excessive alcohol and/or caffeine consumption, smoking and low body weight. The aim here was to evaluate the association between low bone mass and calcium and caffeine intake among perimenopausal women in Southern Brazil. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional study conducted in Porto Alegre and Canoas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. METHODS: Women (n = 155) of mean age 53.6 ± 9.5 years were evaluated through a cross-sectional study in Southern Brazil. Food frequency questionnaires, bone mass evaluation using calcaneal ultrasound and anthropometric assessment were used. RESULTS: The prevalence of overweight was 67.7%. In the bone mass screening, 30.3% had low bone mass and 4.5% had osteoporosis. The median calcium intake was 574.94 mg/day and the caffeine intake was 108.11 mg/day. No association was found between bone mass and anthropometric parameters, calcium intake or caffeine intake. It was found that 38.4% of the women had low bone mass. CONCLUSIONS: No association was found between calcium and caffeine intake and bone mass. High prevalence of low bone mass was observed. .
CONTEXTO E OBJETIVO: A osteoporose é uma alteração esquelética caracterizada pela redução e pela alteração da microarquitetura óssea, que resultam em aumento da fragilidade e maior predisposição a fraturas. A idade e a baixa massa óssea são os principais fatores de risco não modificáveis para fraturas osteoporóticas. Os fatores modificáveis incluem sedentarismo, inadequada ingestão de cálcio, excessivo consumo de álcool e/ou cafeína, tabagismo e baixo peso corporal. O objetivo foi avaliar associação entre baixa massa óssea e ingestão de cálcio e cafeína por mulheres climatéricas no Sul do Brasil. TIPO DE ESTUDO E LOCAL: Estudo transversal realizado em Porto Alegre e Canoas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. MÉTODOS: Mulheres (n = 155) com idade média de 53,6 ± 9,5 anos foram avaliadas em um estudo transversal na região Sul do Brasil. Foram utilizados questionários de frequência alimentar, avaliação da massa óssea por ultrassonometria de calcâneo e avaliação antropométrica. RESULTADOS: A preval ência de sobrepeso foi de 67,7%. No rastreamento de massa óssea, 30,3% apresentou baixa massa óssea e 4,5%, osteoporose. A ingestão mediana de cálcio foi de 574,94 mg/dia e de cafeína foi de 108,11 mg/dia. Não foi encontrada associação entre massa óssea e os parâmetros antropométricos, ingestão de cálcio ou de cafeína. Verificou-se que 38,4% das mulheres apresentaram perda de massa óssea. CONCLUSÕES: Não foi encontrada associação entre a ingestão de cálcio e cafeína com a massa óssea. Foi observada alta prevalência de baixa massa óssea. .
Assuntos
Adulto , Idoso , Feminino , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Densidade Óssea/fisiologia , Cafeína/metabolismo , Cálcio/metabolismo , Osteoporose Pós-Menopausa/metabolismo , Perimenopausa/fisiologia , Fatores Etários , Antropometria , Brasil , Cálcio da Dieta , Estudos Transversais , Estado Nutricional , Inquéritos e Questionários , Valores de Referência , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
A literatura obstétrica atual sugere a existência de impacto da obesidade sobre os desfechos maternos e perinatais à medida que inúmeros relatos demonstram implicações críticas aos períodos anteparto, intraparto e pós-parto. Apesar dessas publicações, a extensão desse impacto permanece controversa. Dada a crescente prevalência de obesidade entre mulheres em idade fértil e considerando-se o fato de que o peso materno acima do ideal é um dos poucos fatores de risco potencialmente modificáveis e, provavelmente, relacionados a um desfecho gestacional desfavorável, estratégias que incluam a prevenção da obesidade gestacional fornecidas ainda no período periconcepcional se tornam atualmente importantes ações de saúde pública. No presente estudo, os autores realizam uma atualização sobre o assunto, focalizando na interface dos efeitos da obesidade materna sobre o prognóstico gestacional e perinatal.
Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Gravidez , Bem-Estar Materno , Gravidez , Obesidade/complicações , Saúde Pública , PrognósticoRESUMO
A infecção pela Chlamydia trachomatis é uma das mais freqüentes e curáveis doenças bacterianas de transmissão sexual, constatação que traz consigo sérias conseqüências para a saúde reprodutiva da mulher. A prevalência da infecção do trato genital inferior pela C. trachomatis varia, conforme dados obtidos na literatura, entre 2 e 25 porcento, sendo mais prevalente em adultos jovens. A infecção é assintomática em 75 porcento das mulheres e em pelo menos 50 porcento dos homens, portanto, a infecção do trato genital inferior por esse agente permanece indetectável em sua grande maioria. Essa infecção situa-se entre as causas mais comuns de doença inflamatória pélvica (DIP), gravidez ectópica e infertilidade. Há aumento de evidências de que a infecção por C. trachomatis pode acarretar desfechos adversos na gestação, como abortamento, infecção intra-uterina, natimorto, prematuridade e ruptura prematura e membranas. Essa atualização focalizará a epidemiologia, características clínicas, fisiopatologia e seqüelas reprodutivas da infecção por esse agente, abordando de modo geral os métodos de triagem e o tratamento clínico preconizado.
Chlamydia trachomatis is the most common and curable bacterial disease sexually transmitted, in many countries, a fact that has serious consequences for the reproductive women's health. The prevalence of the lower tract infection with C. trachomatis varies from 2 percent to 25 percent and is higher among young people. The infection is asymptomatic in 75 percent of women and at least 50 percent of men, thus the lower genital tract infection remains largely undetected. It is a major cause of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), which in turn is a major cause of infertility and ectopic pregnancy. It has been also demonstrated that the infection for C. trachomatis can cause adverse outcomes for the pregnancy, as abortion, intrauterine infection, stillborn, prematurity and premature rupture of membranes. This updating highlights the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical features and reproductive sequelae of the infection. Current screening and management methods are outlined.(au)