Case Series Using Salvage Haplo-Identical Stem Cells for Secondary Transplantation.

In order to expand the donor pool and accessibility of the transplant procedure, it was necessary to introduce haplo-identical stem cell transplants in the Fundeni Clinical Institute from 2015. Even if the Romanian population is an ethnically compact white population, many of the patients referred for bone marrow transplant lack a suitable donor. Hematopoietic stem cell transplant from a haplo-identical donor is an alternative option for those patients without an HLA (Human Leucocyte Antigen)-matched donor (sibling or matched unrelated). This procedure was used also as a salvage option for those who experienced engraftment failure or the rejection of the first stem cell graft. In this case series, we present three such cases, with a haplo-transplant used as a salvage protocol (after an engraftment failure or rejection of the first transplanted cells). The patients we present were diagnosed with AML (acute myeloid leukemia) with MDS (myelodysplastic syndrome), MDS-RAEB 2 (myelodysplastic syndrome-refractory anemia with excess blasts 2), and SAA (severe aplastic anemia). In two of the three cases, the engraftment failure may have been due to the conditioning Fludarabine/Busulfan/Cyclophosphamide (Flu/Bu/CFA) used, combined with marrow grafts. In all three cases, the second transplant was of haplo-identical peripheral blood stem cells using Melphalan/Fludarabine (Mel/Flu) conditioning, the cells engrafted properly and the patients experienced complete chimerism, and two of them are alive with an excellent quality of life.

Incidence and Risk Factors for Acute Kidney Injury after Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation: A Prospective Study.

(1) Background: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a serious complication of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). (2) Methods: The aim was to identify the incidence, severity, and risk factors for AKI during the first 100 days after allo-HSCT; we performed a prospective observational study on 135 consecutive patients. (3) Results: The mean age was 38.3 ± 11.9 years (50.6% females), AKI developed in 93 patients (68.9%), the median time of appearance was 28 days, and the mean serum creatinine at the time of AKI was 1.8 ± 0.8 mg/dL. A total of 36 (38.7%) patients developed stage 1 AKI, 33 (35.5%) patients developed stage 2, and 24 (25.8%) patients developed stage 3; eight (8.6%) patients required temporary hemodialysis, and the mortality rate in these patients was 87.5%. Death was twice as frequent in the AKI subgroup, without statistical significance. Cyclosporine overdose (HR = 2.36, 95% CI: 1.45-3.85, p = 0.001), tacrolimus overdose (HR = 4.72, 95% CI: 2.22-10.01, p < 0.001), acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) (HR = 1.96, 95% CI: 1.13-3.40, p = 0.01), and CRP level (HR = 1.009, 95% CI: 1.007-1.10, p < 0.001) were independent risk factors for AKI. Sepsis (HR = 5.37, 95% CI: 1.75-16.48, p = 0.003) and sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (HR = 5.10, 95% CI: 2.02-12.85, p = 0.001) were found as independent risk factors for AKI stage 3. (4) Conclusions: AKI occurs with high incidence and increased severity after allo-HSCT. Careful monitoring of calcineurin inhibitors and proper management of sepsis may reduce this risk.

The Difficult-to-Treat del 17 p Patient-A Case Report in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia.

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) treatment strategies have evolved to include mechanism-driven drugs but now raise new questions regarding their optimum timing and sequencing. In high-risk patients, switching from pathway inhibitors to allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo-HCT) is still a matter of intense debate. We report the case of a CLL patient with 17 p deletion treated with ibrutinib as a bridge to allo-HCT. Early relapse after allo-HCT urged the initiation of salvage therapy, including donor lymphocytes infusions, ibrutinib, and venetoclax. We aim to outline and discuss the potential benefits of novel therapies, the current role of allo-HCT in CLL, drug timing and sequencing, and the unmet need to improve the long-term outcome of high-risk CLL patients.

Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation for Adult T-Cell Leukemia/Lymphoma-Romanian Experience.

Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) is a rare and aggressive mature T-cell malignancy caused by the human T lymphoma virus I (HTLV-I) affecting 3-5% of HTLV-1 carriers and is usually diagnosed in endemic regions. Romania is a region with high prevalence of HTLV-1 infection and ATLL and with low median age at diagnosis for aggressive types. We performed a retrospective analysis of post-transplant outcome in the first Romanian patients with ATLL receiving hematopoietic stem cell allotransplant. The study population included eight patients (three males, five females), with median age of 39.5 (range 26-57), with acute (one case) and lymphoma type (seven cases) that received peripheral stem cells (PBSC) from matched related (MRD) and unrelated donors (MUD) after reduced intensity conditioning. Graft versus host disease (GVHD) developed in six patients. Relapse occurred in four cases (50%) at a median time of 5-months post-transplant. Six patients died: four cases with disease-related deaths and two patients with GVHD-related deaths. The median survival post-transplant was 19.5 months (range 2.3-44.2 months). The post-transplant survival at 1-year was 62.5%, at 2-years 50%, and at 3-years 37.5%. In our opinion allogeneic transplant improves outcome in aggressive type ATLL.

Breast myeloid sarcoma after allogeneic stem cell transplantation for acute myelomonocytic leukemia - case report.

Defined as a rare extramedullary tumor, myeloid sarcoma (MS) is in the attention of specialists, although the information in the literature is represented especially through case reports. MS can precede acute myeloid leukemia (AML), appear simultaneous and can be the only manifestation of leukemia relapse after allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo-SCT). We present the case of a 30-year-old female diagnosed with acute myelomonocytic leukemia (AML M4), with complete remission (CR) after chemotherapy, followed by allo-SCT for consolidation. After five months, the patient presented right breast tumors. Ultrasound-guided biopsy of the breast lesion displayed diffuse infiltration of undifferentiated tumor cells, with blastic granulocytic features, strongly immunopositive for cluster of differentiation (CD) 45, CD99, CD34 and myeloperoxidase (MPO) and negative for all epithelial markers [MNF116, cytokeratin 7 (CK7), estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), E-cadherin]. The final diagnosis was AML relapse with breast MS. After multiple leukemia relapses with breast MS, the patient died with cerebral bleeding secondary to severe thrombocytopenia.

Incidence and risk factors for acute kidney injury following autologous stem cell transplantation for multiple myeloma.

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common complication after allogeneic stem cell transplantation; however, its incidence and outcome in patients transplanted for multiple myeloma (MM) is unknown. We evaluated the incidence, severity, and risk factors for AKI within the first 30 days after autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) for MM. We prospectively followed 185 consecutive patients with MM, without chronic renal replacement therapy, who underwent ASCT; 12.5% of patients had MM-associated amyloidosis. AKI occurred in 19 (10.3%) patients, 8 ± 3 days after ASCT, with 18 patients (9.7%) stage 1 and one patient (0.6%) stage 2 AKI. The development of AKI was not associated with reduced overall survival and recovery of kidney function was evident in 68.4% of patients at 3 months. In Cox regression analysis, preexisting-chronic kidney disease (HR 7.01, CI 95% 2.04-24.09; P = 0.002), serum beta2 microglobulin (HR 3.05, CI 95% 1.10-8.44; P = 0.03), and mucositis grade 3/4 (HR 1.29, CI 95% 1.08-1.53; P = 0.003) were independent risk factors for AKI. Our results suggest that AKI occurs with low incidence and reduced severity after ASCT for MM. Prophylactic measures in patients with preexisting-kidney failure may further reduce this risk.

Rhino-cerebral zygomycosis after allogeneic transplant: case report and literature review.

The proportion of patients with hematological malignancies (HM) who develop rare invasive fungal infections (IFI) has increased worldwide over the past few decades. Zygomycosis is an opportunistic fungal infection, which begins in the nose and paranasal sinuses due to inhalation of fungal spores. Rhino-cerebral zygomycosis is the most common form of the disease, it typically develops in diabetic or immunocompromised patients and presents as an acute fulminate infection, which is often lethal. We report a case of rhino-cerebral zygomycosis in an allotransplanted patient to emphasize early diagnosis and treatment of this potentially fatal fungal infection. We discuss different risk factors, specific diagnosis procedures and review the current concepts in management of zygomycosis.