Revisión transdiciplinaria en intervenciones para cuidadores informales de pacientes con trastorno neurocognitivo mayor / Interventions for informal caregivers of patients with Major Neurocognitive Disorder: a review from transdisciplinarity

Resumen En todo el mundo, la población de edad avanzada está en aumento y con ello el número de personas con enfermedades crónicas y progresivas, tales como el trastorno neurocognitivo mayor (TNM); este tipo de trastorno se constituye como un problema de salud pública. En atención a esta situación surgen múltiples estrategias de intervención dirigidas a reducir el malestar que representa el cuidado. El presente artículo tiene como propósito revisar las intervenciones dirigidas a cuidadores de pacientes con Alzheimer desde las áreas de psicología, fonoaudiología y fisioterapia, para proyectar un análisis desde un enfoque transdisciplinar por medio del uso de una investigación documental. Se emplearon bases de datos especializadas Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection, Scopus, Pubmed, Publindex, Lilacs, SciELO, EBSCO, ENFISPO, PEDro, ASHA, y se utilizó la búsqueda de palabras clave por medio de la estrategia PICO, durante los meses de enero a junio de 2017. Los descriptores utilizados fueron: "cuidadores familiares", "cuidador primario", "dolor", "impacto físico", "family caregiver", "physical therapy". Se obtuvieron 317 artículos, en español, inglés y francés, de los cuales tras una revisión profunda se seleccionaron 30. Entre los hallazgos se encuentran programas de intervención psicopedagógicos y psicoterapéuticos con diferentes modelos de aplicación. Se concluye que, a pesar de las diferencias metodológicas de los programas, siempre se tendrá un cambio positivo en la experiencia del cuidado. Además, se sugiere diseñar propuestas transdisciplinares en respuesta a las necesidades específicas del cuidador informal.

Abstract In the world, the elderly population increases and with it the number of people with chronic and progressive diseases, such as the Major Neurocognitive Disorder; this type of alteration is a phenomenon is starting to constitute a public health problem. In response to this, multiple intervention strategies have emerged, aimed at reducing the discomfort that care represents, but these have been developed in an isolated and fragmented way by the disciplines involved in the well-being of this population group. This article aims to review the intervention programs for caregivers of patients with Alzheimer's produced in the areas of psychology, phonoaudiology and physiotherapy, projecting an analysis from a transdisciplinary perspective using documentary research. Specialized databases were used: Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection, Scopus, Pubmed, Publindex, Lilacs, SciELO, EBSCO, ENFISPO, PEDro, ASHA, using the search for keywords through the PICO strategy which allows the selection of the best scientific evidence of health programs, between the months of January to June 2017. The descriptors used in Spanish and English were "family caregivers", "primary caregiver", "pain", "physical impact", "low back pain", "physiotherapy". A total of 317 articles were obtained, in Spanish, English and French, of which 30 were selected after an in-depth review. Among them, psychopedagogical and psychotherapeutic intervention programs with different application models were found. It is concluded that, despite the methodological differences of the programs, there will always be a positive change in the experience of care; it is also suggested to design transdisciplinary proposals in response to the specific needs of the informal caregiver.

Knowledge and interactions of the local community with the herpetofauna in the forest reserve of Quininí (Tibacuy-Cundinamarca, Colombia).

BACKGROUND: The study of human-nature relationship has made possible to understand the life dynamics of the communities and the biodiversity with which they cohabit. Although there has been a rise of ethnobiological studies over the last decade, little is known about human interaction with herpetofauna in South America and Colombia. In this work, we analyzed the knowledge, perception, and interaction of a local community located in the forest reserve of Quininí (RFPCQ) in Cundinamarca (Colombia), concerning to the herpetofauna that inhabits the area. METHODS: We performed semi-structured surveys containing 30 questions categorized into three groups: academic knowledge (1), use and cultural beliefs (2), and interactions (3) related to the herpetofauna that occurs in the region. The obtained data in question groups 1 and 2 are presented as a qualitative summary. For the question group 3, we assigned the answers to a hostility value according to the possible reaction of each individual interviewed in a hypothetical encounter with the herpetofauna and built tendency charts in order to see the positive or negative reactions due to the birthplace (urban/rural) and gender (male/female). RESULTS: The community recognized the presence of amphibians and reptiles that cohabit their space, as well as their potential habitats. Besides, the role of herpetofauna was recognized in the magical/religious traditions for some inhabitants of the region, mainly associated with the fate and cure of chronic diseases. In general, the perception of amphibians and reptiles varied according to the origin and gender of the people, which tend to have a more positive perception of reptiles than compared to amphibians in most cases. CONCLUSIONS: Although there was a general lack of knowledge on the part of the inhabitants of the RFPCQ about the biological and ecological aspects of herpetofauna, the population recognized the basic information about the habitats of these animals within the reserve area. There is a wide variety of uses of amphibians and reptiles in traditional medicine. Greater efforts should be made in the transmission and dissemination of knowledge about the ecological functions of herpetofauna.

Significados del conflicto armado en adolescentes, jóvenes y adultos mayores de Bucaramanga, Colombia / Meanings of armed conflict in adolescents, youth and older adults in Bucaramanga, Colombia

Resumen Los significados sobre el conflicto armado se construyen a partir de la cercanía y las experiencias que las poblaciones tienen frente a dicho fenómeno. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo explorar los significados que tenían del conflicto armado 22 adolescentes y jóvenes y 20 adultos mayores de Bucaramanga. Con un diseño cualitativo, enfoque fenomenológico y muestreo a conveniencia, se utilizó una entrevista a profundidad y se construyó un grupo focal. Los resultados evidenciaron categorías sobre percepción, conocimiento, valoración e ideas de solución. Se encontró que los adultos mayores refieren más hechos relacionados al conflicto en comparación con los adolescentes y los jóvenes. En relación con la valoración del conflicto, ambos grupos lo perciben como algo atroz e injusto. También señalan que estos delitos los generaban grupos como la guerrilla, las FARC, el ELN, o el M-19. La corrupción también se destacó en el discurso de los participantes. Respecto a las soluciones al conflicto armado, resaltó el diálogo. Se concluye que existen diferencias entre los significados de las dos generaciones, en las que los adultos mayores presentan mayor fuerza en el discurso sobre esta problemática en comparación con los adolescentes y los jóvenes. Sin embargo, el impacto del conflicto en la población joven incluye en la percepción de la realidad.

Abstract The implications of the armed conflict are dependent upon the proximity to the conflict and the unique experiences that populations have in the face of the conflict. The present study had the objective of exploring the significance of the armed conflict for 22 adolescents and youth and for 20 older adults in Bucaramanga. Using a qualitative design, a phenomenological focus, and convenience sampling, researchers carried out an in-depth interview and constructed a focus group. The results yielded categories regarding perception, knowledge, valuation, and ideas of solutions. Researchers found that older adults refer to facts regarding the conflict more often, in comparison to adolescents and youth. In relation to the valuation of the conflict, both groups perceive it as something atrocious and unjust. Both groups also noted that guerrilla groups such as the FARC, the ELN, and M-19 generated these crimes. Corruption was also highlighted within the participants' interviews. Respect to solutions to the armed conflict, dialogue stood out as a principal solution. From these results, researchers conclude that differences exist between the two generations in terms of the significance of the armed conflict. Older adults demonstrate greater strength in their interviews regarding the conflict, in comparison to adolescents and youth. However, the impact of the conflict on the youth population influences their perception of reality.

Differential impact of endurance, strength, or combined training on quality of life and plasma serotonin in healthy older women.

Aging is associated with a progressive decline in physical and neurophysiological functions, and some studies suggest that cerebral serotonin is decreased in older adults. These factors contribute to reduced ability to perform daily activities, influencing quality of life (QoL). Regular physical activity has demonstrated important benefits in reversing ageing effects; however, little is known whether different training protocols might induce differential effects on QoL. The aim of this study was to verify the effects of different types of training on QoL and its relation with plasma serotonin in healthy older women. Forty-eight older women were randomly assigned in four groups: Strength Training (ST), Endurance Training (ET), Combined Training (CT), and Control Group (CG) which was instructed not to engage in any physical exercise during the study time. Participants underwent 12 weeks of training twice a week. Plasma serotonin and a scoring system questionnaire SF-36 for evaluation of QoL were assessed at baseline and after the completion of training protocols. When comparing pre- and post-training periods all trained groups showed improvement in QoL, but the CT improved more domains. Plasma serotonin was significantly lower in the ST and in the CT groups in comparison with controls after the 12-week training. Significant correlations of plasma serotonin with physical functioning, role-physical, general health, vitality, and mental health were observed. CT resulted in higher amelioration in QoL, in comparison with ET or ST only. All training protocols induced significant reductions in peripheral serotonin levels, which were negatively correlated with improvements in QoL.

Psicología de la salud en el contexto del conflicto armado en Colombia: un marco de referencia / Health's Psychology in the Colombian armed conflict context: a framework

Resumen La población civil es la principal víctima de la crisis humanitaria causada por el conflicto armado que se vive en Colombia desde hace más de 50 años. En este artículo de revisión, se abordarán temas referentes a salud y dolor en este y otros contextos. Metodológicamente, se toman en cuen ta datos estadísticos, así como referentes legales, académicos y sociales. Todo esto se lleva a cabo con el propósito de construir un marco de referencia desde el cual se reconozca la pertinencia de la investigación en el campo y se procure que las futuras investigaciones identifiquen la influencia de factores psicosociales en el desarrollo y evolución del estado de 'salud' y 'enfermedad' de las víctimas del conflicto armado en Colombia.

Abstract The civilian population has been the main victim in the humanitarian crisis caused by the armed conflict in Colombia for more than 50 years. This revision article addresses topics relating to health and pain in this and other contexts. Methodologically, it factors statistical data and legal, academic and social references and issues. This, with the purpose of building a framework from which the pertinence of field research is acknowledged and where future research leads the iden tification of the influence of psychosocial factors in the development and evolution of "health" and "disease" status of the victims of the armed conflict in Colombia.