Family expectations and demand for home-based videogaming therapy in children with cerebral palsy in Costa Rica: a mixed methods study.

PURPOSE: To understand the expectations and demand for a movement-tracking videogame (Bootle Blast) for home-based, upper limb (UL) rehabilitation among Costa Rican children with cerebral palsy (CP). METHODS: Data were collected via telephone screening (demand) and child-parent dyads Zoom interviews (expectations). Descriptive statistics and data transformation were used to report on demand success criteria (i.e., recruitment rate, having an appropriate screen and space to play, setting a weekly play time goal (PTG) ≥45 min, identifying one UL therapy goal). The DEPICT model for collaborative qualitative analysis was used in the thematic analysis of interview data. RESULTS: Fifteen dyads participated (1.6 ± 1 recruited/month). All had a flat-screen TV in a suitable location to play, were able to set a UL therapy goal, and established PTGs ranging from 45-120 min per week. Identified themes were: 1) Socio-cultural factors heighten demand, 2) Feelings of hope prevail for the intervention, and 3) Collaborative goal setting supports realistic expectations for Bootle Blast. CONCLUSIONS: Dyads had positive and realistic expectations about implementing the proposed videogaming intervention. This study provides insights on tailoring a family-centered, therapy gaming intervention to improve access to motor rehabilitation for children with CP in rural/remote settings and low-middle income countries.

Costa Rican children have limited access to upper limb rehabilitation due to a combination of economic barriers, societal factors and the family context.Costa Rican children with cerebral palsy and their families expected home-based therapy gaming to be adaptable to their routines and aligned with their interests.Families perceived therapy gaming interventions as a promising path to access, participation, and enjoyment of at home upper limb motor therapy.

Tools of genomic medicine for clinical practice: The example of psychiatry. / Herramientas de la medicina genómica para la práctica clínica: el ejemplo de la psiquiatría.

Most psychiatric disorders are moderate to highly heritable, often with different genetic architectures. Although genetic research in psychiatry has progressed, its findings, interpretation, and impact on clinical psychiatry are unknown to most mental healthcare professionals. This article addresses key genetic concepts to understand some clinical entities, emphasizing genetic terminology and types of mutations. Particularly, we describe the role of heritability in the early days of psychiatry genetic research, the most used study designs, and their main objectives. On the other hand, we review some genetic and genomic databases useful for clinical practice. These include Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, ClinVar, Ensembl, and The Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Database. Finally, a clinical vignette is presented in which we can apply genomic medicine tools. Since the evidence in psychiatric genetics is based on studies carried out in European or North American ancestral populations, we must develop local studies to increase the knowledge and application of genomic medicine on underrepresented populations.

La mayoría de los trastornos psiquiátricos tienen una heredabilidad de moderada a alta, con diferentes arquitecturas genéticas. Aunque la investigación genética en psiquiatría ha tenido un avance progresivo, sus hallazgos, interpretación e impacto en la psiquiatría clínica resultan desconocidos para la mayoría de los profesionales de salud mental. En este artículo se abordan conceptos clave sobre genética para el entendimiento de algunas entidades clínicas, con énfasis en la nomenclatura genética y los tipos de mutaciones. Particularmente, se plantea el rol de la herencia en los inicios de la investigación genética en psiquiatría, los diseños de estudio más utilizados y sus principales objetivos. Por otro lado, se revisan algunas bases de datos genéticas y genómicas que pueden ser de utilidad para la práctica clínica. Entre ellas destacan , ClinVar, Ensembl y . Finalmente, se plantea una viñeta clínica en donde es posible aplicar algunas de las herramientas de la medicina genómica. Debido a que la evidencia en genética psiquiátrica se basa en estudios realizados en poblaciones con origen ancestral europeo o norteamericano, es de suma relevancia desarrollar estudios locales para incrementar el conocimiento y la aplicación de la medicina genómica sobre poblaciones subrepresentadas.

Herramientas de la medicina genómica para la práctica clínica: el ejemplo de la psiquiatría / Tools of genomic medicine for clinical practice: the example of psychiatry

La mayoría de los trastornos psiquiátricos tienen una heredabilidad de moderada a alta, con diferentes arquitecturas genéticas. Aunque la investigación genética en psiquiatría ha tenido un avance progresivo, sus hallazgos, interpretación e impacto en la psiquiatría clínica resultan desconocidos para la mayoría de los profesionales de salud mental. En este artículo se abordan conceptos clave sobre genética para el entendimiento de algunas entidades clínicas, con énfasis en la nomenclatura genética y los tipos de mutaciones. Particularmente, se plantea el rol de la herencia en los inicios de la investigación genética en psiquiatría, los diseños de estudio más utilizados y sus principales objetivos. Por otro lado, se revisan algunas bases de datos genéticas y genómicas que pueden ser de utilidad para la práctica clínica. Entre ellas destacan , ClinVar, Ensembl y . Finalmente, se plantea una viñeta clínica en donde es posible aplicar algunas de las herramientas de la medicina genómica. Debido a que la evidencia en genética psiquiátrica se basa en estudios realizados en poblaciones con origen ancestral europeo o norteamericano, es de suma relevancia desarrollar estudios locales para incrementar el conocimiento y la aplicación de la medicina genómica sobre poblaciones subrepresentadas.

Most psychiatric disorders are moderate to highly heritable, often with different genetic architectures. Although genetic research in psychiatry has progressed, its findings, interpretation, and impact on clinical psychiatry are unknown to most mental healthcare professionals. This article addresses key genetic concepts to understand some clinical entities, emphasizing genetic terminology and types of mutations. Particularly, we describe the role of heritability in the early days of psychiatry genetic research, the most used study designs, and their main objectives. On the other hand, we review some genetic and genomic databases useful for clinical practice. These include Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, ClinVar, Ensembl, and The Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Database. Finally, a clinical vignette is presented in which we can apply genomic medicine tools. Since the evidence in psychiatric genetics is based on studies carried out in European or North American ancestral populations, we must develop local studies to increase the knowledge and application of genomic medicine on underrepresented populations.

Wine astringency: more than just tannin-protein interactions.

Red wines are characterized by their astringency, a very important sensory attribute that affects the perceived quality of wines. Three mechanisms have been proposed to explain astringency, and two theories describe how these mechanisms work in an integrated manner to produce tactile sensations such as drying, roughening, shrinking and puckering. The factors involved include not only tannins and salivary proteins, but also anthocyanins, grape polysaccharides and mannoproteins, as well as other wine matrix components that modulate their interactions. These multifactorial interactions could be responsible for different sensory responses and therefore need to be further studied. This review presents the latest advances in astringency perception and its possible origins, with special attention on the interactions of components, their impact on oral perception and the development of astringency sub-qualities. Future research efforts should concentrate on understanding the mechanisms involved as well as on the limiting factors related to the conformation and stability of the tannin-salivary protein complexes. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.

Experiencias de fonoaudiólogos/as en hospitales y Centros Comunitarios de Rehabilitación: ¿se modifica la práctica de atención? / Experiences of speech therapist in hospitals and Community Rehabilitation Centers: is the care practice changed?

El presente trabajo busca caracterizar las prácticas fonoaudiológicas en dos contextos de atención de la salud pública chilena (hospitalario y atención primaria -centros comunitarios de rehabilitación). Es un estudio cualitativo con enfoque micro-sociológico, que implicó la realización de entrevistas en profundidad y observaciones no participantes a dos fonoaudiólogos/as insertos en Centros Comunitarios de Rehabilitación (CCR) y dos fonoaudiólogos/as insertos en hospitales públicos. Los datos obtenidos se analizaron con herramientas de la Teoría Fundamentada y se propuso una conceptualización basada en semejanzas y diferencias de las prácticas fonoaudiológicas utilizando el software computacional ATLAS-ti. Del análisis surgen las siguientes categorías: rol del profesional, sujeto de atención, relación terapeuta-usuario/a, espacio físico y organización de la sesión, los/las participantes. Además, el principal hallazgo refiere a que todos/as los/las profesionales mencionan la relevancia de incorporar matices psicosociales en el abordaje que realizan. Sin embargo, en la práctica de todos/as los/las fonoaudiólogos/as durante la observación participante no se evidencia dicha incorporación. Los resultados permiten concluir que la conceptualización del quehacer fonoaudiológico se construye mayormente a partir del contexto laboral. Asimismo, los modelos de atención a la base (biomédico-biopsicosocial) se encuentran actualmente en un proceso de hibridación, siendo la práctica de los/las fonoaudiólogos/as situada y también influida por el contexto laboral.

The present work seeks to characterize speech therapy practices in two Chilean public health care contexts (hospital and primary care -community rehabilitation centers). It is a qualitative study with a micro-sociological approach, which involved conducting in-depth interviews and non-participant observations with two speech therapists inserted in Community Rehabilitation Centers (CCR) and two speech therapists enrolled in public hospitals. The data obtained were analyzed with Grounded Theory tools and a conceptualization based on similarities and differences of speech therapy practices was proposed using ATLAS-ti computational software. The following categories emerge from the analysis: role of the professional, subject of care, therapist-user relationship, physical space and organization of the session, the participants. In addition, the main finding refers to the fact that all the professionals mention the relevance of incorporating psychosocial nuances in the approach they carry out. However, in the practice of all speech therapists during participant observation, such incorporation is not evidenced. The results allow us to conclude that the conceptualization of speech therapy is built mostly from the work context. Likewise, the models of care at the base (biomedical-biopsychosocial) are currently in a process of hybridization, the practice of speech therapists being situated and also influenced by the work context.

Overexpression of the Auxin Receptor AFB3 in Arabidopsis Results in Salt Stress Resistance and the Modulation of NAC4 and SZF1.

Soil salinity is a key problem for crop production worldwide. High salt concentration in soil negatively modulates plant growth and development. In roots, salinity affects the growth and development of both primary and lateral roots. The phytohormone auxin regulates various developmental processes during the plant's life cycle, including several aspects of root architecture. Auxin signaling involves the perception by specialized receptors which module several regulatory pathways. Despite their redundancy, previous studies have shown that their functions can also be context-specific depending on tissue, developmental or environmental cues. Here we show that the over-expression of Auxin Signaling F-Box 3 receptor results in an increased resistance to salinity in terms of root architecture and germination. We also studied possible downstream signaling components to further characterize the role of auxin in response to salt stress. We identify the transcription factor SZF1 as a key component in auxin-dependent salt stress response through the regulation of NAC4. These results give lights of an auxin-dependent mechanism that leads to the modulation of root system architecture in response to salt identifying a hormonal cascade important for stress response.

Quantitative evaluation of total volatile organic compounds in urban and rural schools of southern Brazil.

Volatile organic compounds, VOCs, are air pollutants widely produced by biogenic and anthropogenic sources. This work quantitatively studied the presence of these gases in the internal and external environments of schools, comparing one in an urban area (La Salle School, Canoas, RS) and another in a rural area (Santa Cassia Farm School, Nova Santa Rita, RS). The aim of this study was to compare if this environmental differences (location) influence their gases concentration. Monitoring campaigns were conducted for 6 months, occurring every 2 weeks in both schools during class hours, 1 day indoors and 1 day outdoors. The results showed higher concentrations of total volatile organic compounds in the urban school external environment compared with the same rural school environment and, in the comparison between environments, the internal environments of the two schools obtained higher VOC concentrations than the external ones, except in November and December at the urban school.

Auxin-mediated responses under salt stress: from developmental regulation to biotechnological applications.

As sessile organisms, plants are exposed to multiple abiotic stresses commonly found in nature. To survive, plants have developed complex responses that involve genetic, epigenetic, cellular, and morphological modifications. Among different environmental cues, salt stress has emerged as a critical problem contributing to yield losses and marked reductions in crop production. Moreover, as the climate changes, it is expected that salt stress will have a significant impact on crop production in the agroindustry. On a mechanistic level, salt stress is known to be regulated by the crosstalk of many signaling molecules such as phytohormones, with auxin having been described as a key mediator of the process. Auxin plays an important role in plant developmental responses and stress, modulating a complex balance of biosynthesis, transport, and signaling that among other things, finely tune physiological changes in plant architecture and Na+ accumulation. In this review, we describe current knowledge on auxin's role in modulating the salt stress response. We also discuss recent and potential biotechnological approaches to tackling salt stress.

Psychopathy Checklist: Youth Version psychometric properties in an Item Response Theory polytomous model / Propriedades psicométricas da Psychopathy Checklist: Youth Version em um modelo politômico da Teoria da Resposta ao Item

This study assessed the applicability of the Psychopathy Checklist: Youth Version in a sample of teenagers confined in socio-educational institutions. Using an Item Response Theory approach, item properties of this instrument were reviewed using the generalized partial credit model. Eight of the original twenty items of the original instrument were discarded due to low discrimination parameters. As expected, the most discriminating items in the assessment of psychiatric traits were those which affective characteristics are more typical in the description of psychopathic traits, and their larger variability among juveniles is reflected in the checklist's answers. Item anchoring, in turn, determined five anchor levels. Conclusions based on the results are twofold: (a) a shorter version of this measure can offer the same level of information obtained from the full instrument and (b) the measure provides more information on average latent trait levels and is inadequate for clinical use.

Este estudo investigou a aplicabilidade da Psychopathy Checklist: Youth Version em uma amostra de adolescentes em cumprimento de medidas socioeducativas. Com base na Teoria de Resposta ao Item, as propriedades dos itens desse instrumento foram analisadas por meio do Modelo de Crédito Parcial Generalizado. Oito dos vinte itens do instrumento original foram eliminados devido a baixos parâmetros de discriminação. Conforme esperado, os itens mais discriminantes na avaliação psiquiátrica foram aqueles de características afetivas típicas de traços de psicopatia, assim como sua maior variação reflete-se nas respostas a tais itens. A ancoragem de itens, por sua vez, permitiu a definição de cinco níveis âncora. Os resultados sugerem duas conclusões: (a) uma versão mais curta do instrumento pode oferecer níveis de informação similares aos do teste completo e (b) o instrumento é mais informativo em níveis médios de traço latente, sendo inadequado para uso clínico.

Psychopathy Checklist: Youth Version psychometric properties in an Item Response Theory polytomous model / Propriedades psicométricas da Psychopathy Checklist: Youth Version em um modelo politômico da Teoria da Resposta ao Item

This study assessed the applicability of the Psychopathy Checklist: Youth Version in a sample of teenagers confined in socio-educational institutions. Using an Item Response Theory approach, item properties of this instrument were reviewed using the generalized partial credit model. Eight of the original twenty items of the original instrument were discarded due to low discrimination parameters. As expected, the most discriminating items in the assessment of psychiatric traits were those which affective characteristics are more typical in the description of psychopathic traits, and their larger variability among juveniles is reflected in the checklist's answers. Item anchoring, in turn, determined five anchor levels. Conclusions based on the results are twofold: (a) a shorter version of this measure can offer the same level of information obtained from the full instrument and (b) the measure provides more information on average latent trait levels and is inadequate for clinical use.

Este estudo investigou a aplicabilidade da Psychopathy Checklist: Youth Version em uma amostra de adolescentes em cumprimento de medidas socioeducativas. Com base na Teoria de Resposta ao Item, as propriedades dos itens desse instrumento foram analisadas por meio do Modelo de Crédito Parcial Generalizado. Oito dos vinte itens do instrumento original foram eliminados devido a baixos parâmetros de discriminação. Conforme esperado, os itens mais discriminantes na avaliação psiquiátrica foram aqueles de características afetivas típicas de traços de psicopatia, assim como sua maior variação reflete-se nas respostas a tais itens. A ancoragem de itens, por sua vez, permitiu a definição de cinco níveis âncora. Os resultados sugerem duas conclusões: (a) uma versão mais curta do instrumento pode oferecer níveis de informação similares aos do teste completo e (b) o instrumento é mais informativo em níveis médios de traço latente, sendo inadequado para uso clínico.

Development of solid dispersions of ß-lapachone in PEG and PVP by solvent evaporation method.

ß-lapachone (ßlap) has shown potential use in various medical applications. However, its poor solubility has limited its systemic administration and clinical applications. The aim of this work is to develop solid dispersions of ßlap using poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG 6000) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP K30) as hydrophilic polymers and evaluate the dissolution rate in aqueous medium. Solid dispersions were prepared by solvent evaporation method using different weight ratios of ßlap and hydrophilic polymer (1:1, 1:2, and 1:3). Characterization performed by differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy showed that ßlap was molecularly dispersed within the polymer matrix. The in vitro dissolution tests showed an enhancement in the dissolution profile of ßlap as solid dispersions prepared in both PVP and PEG, although the former showed better results. The drug:polymer ratio influenced ßlap dissolution rate, as higher amounts of hydrophilic polymer led to enhanced drug dissolution. Thus, this study demonstrated that solid dispersions of ßlap in PVP offers an effective way to overcome the poor dissolution of ßlap.

Functional ability in younger and older elderlies after discharge from the intensive care unit. A prospective cohort. / Capacidade funcional em idosos e idosos mais velhos após alta da unidade de terapia intensiva. Coorte prospectiva.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the functional capacity of younger elderly individuals (60 to 79 years old) with that of older elderly individuals (≥ 80 years old) during the first 6 months after discharge from the intensive care unit. METHODS: A multicenter prospective cohort study was conducted, in which data on intensive care unit admission and outcomes after hospital discharge (immediate post-discharge, after 3 months and after 6 months) were collected. Muscle strength was evaluated through the protocol of the Medical Research Council and dynamometry (handgrip); the ability to perform activities of daily life and functional independence were assessed by the Barthel index and the usual level of physical activity (International Physical Activity Questionnaire); and quality of life was assessed by the 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey Version 2. RESULTS: Among the 253 patients included, 167 were younger elderly (between 61 and 79 years old), and 86 were older elderly (≥ 80 years old). During the sixth month of evaluation, the older elderlies presented a higher need for a caregiver (69.0% versus 49, 5%, p = 0.002). Functional capacity prior to intensive care unit admission and in the third month after discharge was lower in older elderlies than in younger ones (Barthel prior to the intensive care unit: 73.0 ± 30.0 versus 86.5 ± 22.6; p <0.001, Barthel in the third month: 63.5 ± 34.0 versus 71.5 ± 35.5, p = 0.03), as was the usual level of physical activity (International Physical Activity Questionnaire in the third month: active/very active 3.4% versus 18.3%, no physical activity 64.4% versus 39.7%, p < 0.001, and International Physical Activity Questionnaire in the sixth month: active/very active 5.8% versus 20.8%, no physical activity 69.2% versus 43.4%, p = 0.005). Older elderlies had lower muscle strength when assessed according to handgrip in both the dominant (14.5 ± 7.7 versus 19.9 ± 9.6, p = 0.008) and non-dominant limb (13.1 ± 6.7 versus 17.5 ± 9.1, p = 0.02). There were no differences in functional capacity loss or reported quality of life between the age groups. CONCLUSION: Although there were great functional capacity losses after discharge from the intensive care unit in both age groups, there was no difference in the magnitude of functional capacity loss between younger (60 to 79 years) and older elderly individuals (≥ 80 years old) during the first 6 months after discharge from the intensive care unit.

OBJETIVO: Comparar a capacidade funcional de indivíduos idosos (60 a 79 anos) com a dos idosos mais velhos (≥ 80 anos) nos primeiros 6 meses após a alta da unidade de terapia intensiva. MÉTODOS: Coorte prospectiva multicêntrica, na qual foram coletados dados referentes à internação na unidade de terapia intensiva e aos desfechos após a alta hospitalar (no pós-alta imediato, após 3 meses e após 6 meses). A força muscular foi avaliada por meio do protocolo do Medical Research Council e da dinamometria (preensão palmar); a capacidade de execução das Atividades de Vida Diária e independência funcional pelo índice de Barthel e pelo nível habitual de atividade física (International Physical Activity Questionnaire); e a qualidade de vida pelo 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey Versão 2. RESULTADOS: Dentre os 253 pacientes incluídos, 167 eram idosos entre 61 a 79 anos, e 86 eram idosos mais velhos. Os idosos mais velhos, no sexto mês de avaliação, apresentaram maior necessidade de cuidador (69,0% versus 49,5%; p = 0,002). A funcionalidade prévia à unidade de terapia intensiva e no terceiro mês após alta foi menor nos idosos mais velhos em comparação aos mais jovens (Barthel anterior à unidade de terapia intensiva: 73,0 ± 30,0 versus 86,5 ± 22,6; p < 0,001; Barthel no terceiro mês: 63,5 ± 34,0 versus 71,5 ± 35,5; p = 0,03), assim como o nível habitual de atividade física (International Physical Activity Questionnaire no terceiro mês: ativo/muito ativo 3,4% versus 18,3%; nenhuma atividade física 64,4% versus 39,7%; p < 0,001; e International Physical Activity Questionnaire no sexto mês: ativo/muito ativo 5,8% versus 20,8%; nenhuma atividade física 69,2% versus 43,4%; p = 0,005). Os idosos mais velhos apresentaram menor força muscular ao serem avaliados pela preensão palmar no membro dominante (14,5 ± 7,7 versus 19,9 ± 9,6; p = 0,008) e do não dominante (13,1 ± 6,7 versus 17,5 ± 9,1; p = 0,02). Não houve diferença na perda da funcionalidade e na qualidade de vida referida, entre os grupos etários. CONCLUSÃO: Mesmo com grande perda funcional após a alta da unidade de terapia intensiva em ambos os grupos etários, não houve diferença na magnitude da perda da funcionalidade de indivíduos idosos (60 a 79 anos) quando comparados aos idosos mais velhos (≥ 80 anos) nos primeiros 6 meses após a alta da unidade de terapia intensiva.

Nutritional interventions for adolescents using information and communication technologies (ICTs): A systematic review.

A cost-effective and interactive way of promoting healthy nutrition behaviors among adolescents is using information and communication technologies (ICTs). We systematically reviewed studies to identify technologies and their main characteristics used for nutritional interventions for adolescents, as well as to evaluate their quality and effectiveness. Our full protocol is available on the PROSPERO website (#CRD42016035882). A search was conducted across five databases for articles describing nutritional interventions that used ICTs designed mainly for healthy adolescents. Randomized controlled trials, quasi-experimental and observational studies, and full and original papers, all of them published from 2005 to 2015, were included. Study quality was assessed by the Effective Public Health Practice Project Quality Assessment Tool. Our search yielded 559 titles and abstracts. Eleven studies met the inclusion criteria. Participants were recruited mostly from schools. Study follow-up ranged from two weeks to two years. Four interventions were based on the Social Cognitive Theory. Interventional strategies included computer games, programs, text messages, and interactive CD-ROMs. Nine studies used computer-mediated ICTs. Five studies focused on multiple behaviors simultaneously. Participants were exposed to interventions only once, daily, weekly, or according to a pre-determined number of lessons. Five studies had significant outcomes. Our quality assessment revealed three studies to be weak due to non-representativeness of their samples and usage of non-validated questionnaires. Besides the heterogeneity and poor quality of the analyzed studies, it can be suggested that long-term interventions for adolescents that make use of frequent exposure to technological resources, and that have a theoretical component aimed at a single health behavior change, tend to be more successful.

Capacidade funcional em idosos e idosos mais velhos após alta da unidade de terapia intensiva. Coorte prospectiva / Functional ability in younger and older elderlies after discharge from the intensive care unit. A prospective cohort

RESUMO Objetivo: Comparar a capacidade funcional de indivíduos idosos (60 a 79 anos) com a dos idosos mais velhos (≥ 80 anos) nos primeiros 6 meses após a alta da unidade de terapia intensiva. Métodos: Coorte prospectiva multicêntrica, na qual foram coletados dados referentes à internação na unidade de terapia intensiva e aos desfechos após a alta hospitalar (no pós-alta imediato, após 3 meses e após 6 meses). A força muscular foi avaliada por meio do protocolo do Medical Research Council e da dinamometria (preensão palmar); a capacidade de execução das Atividades de Vida Diária e independência funcional pelo índice de Barthel e pelo nível habitual de atividade física (International Physical Activity Questionnaire); e a qualidade de vida pelo 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey Versão 2. Resultados: Dentre os 253 pacientes incluídos, 167 eram idosos entre 61 a 79 anos, e 86 eram idosos mais velhos. Os idosos mais velhos, no sexto mês de avaliação, apresentaram maior necessidade de cuidador (69,0% versus 49,5%; p = 0,002). A funcionalidade prévia à unidade de terapia intensiva e no terceiro mês após alta foi menor nos idosos mais velhos em comparação aos mais jovens (Barthel anterior à unidade de terapia intensiva: 73,0 ± 30,0 versus 86,5 ± 22,6; p < 0,001; Barthel no terceiro mês: 63,5 ± 34,0 versus 71,5 ± 35,5; p = 0,03), assim como o nível habitual de atividade física (International Physical Activity Questionnaire no terceiro mês: ativo/muito ativo 3,4% versus 18,3%; nenhuma atividade física 64,4% versus 39,7%; p < 0,001; e International Physical Activity Questionnaire no sexto mês: ativo/muito ativo 5,8% versus 20,8%; nenhuma atividade física 69,2% versus 43,4%; p = 0,005). Os idosos mais velhos apresentaram menor força muscular ao serem avaliados pela preensão palmar no membro dominante (14,5 ± 7,7 versus 19,9 ± 9,6; p = 0,008) e do não dominante (13,1 ± 6,7 versus 17,5 ± 9,1; p = 0,02). Não houve diferença na perda da funcionalidade e na qualidade de vida referida, entre os grupos etários. Conclusão: Mesmo com grande perda funcional após a alta da unidade de terapia intensiva em ambos os grupos etários, não houve diferença na magnitude da perda da funcionalidade de indivíduos idosos (60 a 79 anos) quando comparados aos idosos mais velhos (≥ 80 anos) nos primeiros 6 meses após a alta da unidade de terapia intensiva.

ABSTRACT Objective: To compare the functional capacity of younger elderly individuals (60 to 79 years old) with that of older elderly individuals (≥ 80 years old) during the first 6 months after discharge from the intensive care unit. Methods: A multicenter prospective cohort study was conducted, in which data on intensive care unit admission and outcomes after hospital discharge (immediate post-discharge, after 3 months and after 6 months) were collected. Muscle strength was evaluated through the protocol of the Medical Research Council and dynamometry (handgrip); the ability to perform activities of daily life and functional independence were assessed by the Barthel index and the usual level of physical activity (International Physical Activity Questionnaire); and quality of life was assessed by the 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey Version 2. Results: Among the 253 patients included, 167 were younger elderly (between 61 and 79 years old), and 86 were older elderly (≥ 80 years old). During the sixth month of evaluation, the older elderlies presented a higher need for a caregiver (69.0% versus 49, 5%, p = 0.002). Functional capacity prior to intensive care unit admission and in the third month after discharge was lower in older elderlies than in younger ones (Barthel prior to the intensive care unit: 73.0 ± 30.0 versus 86.5 ± 22.6; p <0.001, Barthel in the third month: 63.5 ± 34.0 versus 71.5 ± 35.5, p = 0.03), as was the usual level of physical activity (International Physical Activity Questionnaire in the third month: active/very active 3.4% versus 18.3%, no physical activity 64.4% versus 39.7%, p < 0.001, and International Physical Activity Questionnaire in the sixth month: active/very active 5.8% versus 20.8%, no physical activity 69.2% versus 43.4%, p = 0.005). Older elderlies had lower muscle strength when assessed according to handgrip in both the dominant (14.5 ± 7.7 versus 19.9 ± 9.6, p = 0.008) and non-dominant limb (13.1 ± 6.7 versus 17.5 ± 9.1, p = 0.02). There were no differences in functional capacity loss or reported quality of life between the age groups. Conclusion: Although there were great functional capacity losses after discharge from the intensive care unit in both age groups, there was no difference in the magnitude of functional capacity loss between younger (60 to 79 years) and older elderly individuals (≥ 80 years old) during the first 6 months after discharge from the intensive care unit.

A cognição social dos psicopatas: achados científicos recentes / Social cognition in psychopaths: Recent scientific findings

Resumo O psicopata apresenta traços na personalidade relacionados à ausência de remorso e uma maior dominância social, expressos muitas vezes como manipulação de outros indivíduos. Em estudos atuais sugere-se que psicopatas podem apresentar deficiências no processamento de estímulos emocionais em uma situação de interação social. Este estudo tem por objetivo realizar uma revisão teórica, não sistemática, discutindo pesquisas recentes sobre o tema. A partir da leitura, conclui-se que novas considerações revelam-se pertinentes, pois nem sempre o tipo de disfunção da cognição social dos psicopatas é explícito na literatura. Sugere-se que outros métodos para avaliar a capacidade dos psicopatas em identificar as emoções possam ser investigadas, além de identificar a medida das estratégias interpessoais. Em termos gerais, apresenta-se uma proposta de reflexão para um transtorno cuja compreensão etiológica deve ser biopsicossocial, contribuindo para assinalar novas direções nas pesquisas voltadas para a cognição social dos psicopatas.

Abstract Psychopaths have personality traits related to the failure to feel remorse and greater social dominance, which are often expressed in their manipulation of others. Current studies have suggested that psychopaths may have deficiencies in processing emotional stimuli in situations of social interaction. The objective of this study is to conduct a literature review and discuss recent research on this topic. Based on the studies reviewed, it can be said that new considerations are important since the type of social cognition impairment in psychopaths is not commonly addressed in the literature. It is suggested the use of different methods to evaluate the ability of psychopaths to identify emotions that can be investigated in addition to identifying the measure of interpersonal strategies. Overall, the present study proposes a reflection upon a disorder whose etiology should be understood from a biopsychosocial perspective, contributing to new directions in research on social cognition in psychopaths.

Slow-Absorbing Modified Starch before and during Prolonged Cycling Increases Fat Oxidation and Gastrointestinal Distress without Changing Performance.

While prior research reported altered fuel utilization stemming from pre-exercise modified starch ingestion, the practical value of this starch for endurance athletes who consume carbohydrates both before and during exercise is yet to be examined. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of ingesting a hydrothermally-modified starch supplement (HMS) before and during cycling on performance, metabolism, and gastrointestinal comfort. In a crossover design, 10 male cyclists underwent three nutritional interventions: (1) a commercially available sucrose/glucose supplement (G) 30 min before (60 g carbohydrate) and every 15 min during exercise (60 g∙h(-1)); (2) HMS consumed at the same time points before and during exercise in isocaloric amounts to G (Iso HMS); and (3) HMS 30 min before (60 g carbohydrate) and every 60 min during exercise (30 g·h(-1); Low HMS). The exercise protocol (~3 h) consisted of 1 h at 50% Wmax, 8 × 2-min intervals at 80% Wmax, and 10 maximal sprints. There were no differences in sprint performance with Iso HMS vs. G, while both G and Iso HMS likely resulted in small performance enhancements (5.0%; 90% confidence interval = ±5.3% and 4.4%; ±3.2%, respectively) relative to Low HMS. Iso HMS and Low HMS enhanced fat oxidation (31.6%; ±20.1%; very likely (Iso); 20.9%; ±16.1%; likely (Low), and reduced carbohydrate oxidation (-19.2%; ±7.6%; most likely; -22.1%; ±12.9%; very likely) during exercise relative to G. However, nausea was increased during repeated sprints with ingestion of Iso HMS (17 scale units; ±18; likely) and Low HMS (18; ±14; likely) vs. G. Covariate analysis revealed that gastrointestinal distress was associated with reductions in performance with Low HMS vs. G (likely), but this relationship was unclear with Iso HMS vs. G. In conclusion, pre- and during-exercise ingestion of HMS increases fat oxidation relative to G. However, changes do not translate to performance improvements, possibly owing to HMS-associated increases in gastrointestinal distress, which is not attenuated by reducing the intake rate of HMS during exercise.

Removal of clomazone herbicide from a synthetic effluent by electrocoagulation.

The aim of this work was to investigate the kinetics of removal of clomazone herbicide from an aqueous solution by electrocoagulation. The experiments were performed in a cylindrical batch reactor with six aluminum electrodes in monopolar mode, arranged in series and connected to a digital DC power. The aqueous solution (tap water + clomazone) with initial pH close to 7.9 was always treated at ambient temperature (≈20 °C) and atmospheric pressure for 5,400 s. For a confidence level of 95% the rate constant of electrocoagulation and the efficiency of removal of clomazone at equilibrium were 2.1 × 10(-3) ± 0.5 × 10(-3) s(-1) and 97.7 ± 2.2%, respectively. The final chemical oxygen demand was 88% lower than that measured initially, while turbidity and apparent color were totally removed from the synthetic solution at a rate close to that of formation of aluminum hydroxides. Some reaction intermediates, such as benzonitrile-2-chloro and 2-chloro-hex-2,4-diene-1,6-dioic-acid determined by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis, explain the ratio of equilibrium to initial total organic carbon approximately between 0.6 and 0.8 at a probability of 95%.

Depressão, ansiedade e psicopatia: um estudo correlacional com indivíduos privados de liberdade / Depression, anxiety and psychopathy: a correlational study with persons deprived of liberty

RESUMO Objetivo Investigar se existe correlação entre sintomas depressivos, sintomas ansiosos e psicopatia em 25 prisioneiros de um município do Rio Grande do Sul. Métodos Para a coleta de dados, foram utilizados os Inventários de Depressão e Ansiedade Beck e a Escala Hare para psicopatia. As entrevistas foram realizadas nas dependências de uma instituição prisional de forma individual. Resultados Foi encontrada correlação estatisticamente significativa entre depressão e ansiedade, e o escore total de psicopatia não se correlacionou com ansiedade, somente com depressão. Por outro lado, o fator 2 da escala, referente ao aspecto comportamental do transtorno, apresentou correlação com ansiedade e depressão. Conclusão Embora alguns dados tenham sido concordantes com os da literatura, a pesquisa apresentou resultados não encontrados em estudos anteriores. Dessa forma, evidencia-se a necessidade de realizar novos estudos na área.

ABSTRACT Objective Evaluate the levels of correlation between depression, anxiety and psychopathy in 25 prisoners in a city of Rio Grande do Sul. Methods To collect the data, we used Beck Depression Inventory and Beck Anxiety Inventory as well as the Hare Psychopathy Scale. The interviews were conducted individually in a prison house. Results We found statistically significant correlation between depression and anxiety, and the total score of psychopathy was not correlated with anxiety, only with depression. On the other hand, the factor 2 of the scale, related to the behavioral aspect of the disorder, correlated with anxiety and depression. Conclusion Although some data were consistent with the literature, this research has shown results which were not obtained in previous studies. Thus, it highlights the need for further studies in the area.

Adolescentes em conflito com a lei no Brasil: pesquisar para intervir / Teenagers in Conflict with the Law in Brazil: Research to Intervene

Este trabalho apresenta uma revisão teórica com o objetivo de abordar a relevância de pesquisas científicas cuja temática trate de adolescentes em conflito com a lei. Foram feitas buscas com os descritores “lei”, “adolescente” e“personalidade” nas bases de dados Scielo e Pepsic. O trabalho reflete sobre as possibilidades e limites desses estudos que têm como amostra adolescentes cujos delitos privaram-nos da liberdade, a importância da ampliação de pesquisas dessa área, os pressupostos éticos que as norteiam e a melhor maneira de fazer uso dos dados obtidos. Sendo assim,pesquisas sobre tendências comportamentais de adolescentes em conflito com a lei devem estar associadas a outras voltadas para a transformação da realidade social em que eles estão inseridos, possibilitando futuras intervenções neste contexto. (AU)

This paper presents a theoretical review on the relevance of scientific research whose theme deals with adolescents in conflict with the law. To carry out a literature review, the following search words were used: Law, adolescent, personality. The electronic search was made on PEPSIC database as well as on the Scielo electronic library. The work reflects on the possibilities and limitations of these studies whose samples are teenagers whose crimes deprived themof freedom; on the importance of researching in this area; the ethics that guide them and the best way to makeuse of the data collected. Thus, research on behavioral tendencies of adolescents in conflict with the law should be associated with others aimed at changing the social reality in which they are inserted. Effective interventions are only possible and effective from the knowledge gained from these studies. (AU)

Adolescentes em conflito com a lei no Brasil: pesquisar para intervir / Teenagers in Conflict with the Law in Brazil: Research to Intervene

Este trabalho apresenta uma revisão teórica com o objetivo de abordar a relevância de pesquisas científicas cuja temática trate de adolescentes em conflito com a lei. Foram feitas buscas com os descritores “lei”, “adolescente” e“personalidade” nas bases de dados Scielo e Pepsic. O trabalho reflete sobre as possibilidades e limites desses estudos que têm como amostra adolescentes cujos delitos privaram-nos da liberdade, a importância da ampliação de pesquisas dessa área, os pressupostos éticos que as norteiam e a melhor maneira de fazer uso dos dados obtidos. Sendo assim,pesquisas sobre tendências comportamentais de adolescentes em conflito com a lei devem estar associadas a outras voltadas para a transformação da realidade social em que eles estão inseridos, possibilitando futuras intervenções neste contexto...

This paper presents a theoretical review on the relevance of scientific research whose theme deals with adolescents in conflict with the law. To carry out a literature review, the following search words were used: Law, adolescent, personality. The electronic search was made on PEPSIC database as well as on the Scielo electronic library. The work reflects on the possibilities and limitations of these studies whose samples are teenagers whose crimes deprived themof freedom; on the importance of researching in this area; the ethics that guide them and the best way to makeuse of the data collected. Thus, research on behavioral tendencies of adolescents in conflict with the law should be associated with others aimed at changing the social reality in which they are inserted. Effective interventions are only possible and effective from the knowledge gained from these studies...