Oxidative stress and inflammatory markers are associated with depression and nicotine dependence.

To determine if oxidative stress and inflammation are linked with major depressive disorder, nicotine dependence and both disorders combined. This study comprised 150 smokers and 191 never smokers. The instruments were: a socio-demographic questionnaire, diagnoses of mood disorder and nicotine dependence according to DSM-IV, (SCID-IV), and the Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test. Laboratory assessments included: nitric oxide metabolites (NOx), lipid hydroperoxides, malondialdehyde (MDA), total reactive antioxidant potential (TRAP), advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), fibrinogen concentrations, homocysteine, erythrocytes sedimentation rate (ESR) and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) were assayed from blood specimens. Statistically significant differences were found among depressed smokers who had more severe depressive symptoms, a higher risk of alcohol consumption, more suicide attempts, and more disability for work than non-depressed never smokers. Depressed smokers had significantly higher levels of NOx, fibrinogen, hs-CRP, AOPP, ESR and lower levels of TRAP compared to non-depressed never smokers. Depressed smokers had significant levels of oxidative stress and inflammatory biomarkers after adjusting for gender, age, years of education, disability for work, and laboratory measures. The levels of NOx, lipid hydroperoxides, AOPP, and fibrinogen were substantially higher, whereas levels of TRAP were lower in depressed smokers compared to non-depressed never smokers. (1) Depressed smokers exhibited altered concentrations of NOx, lipid hydroperoxides, AOPP, TRAP, and fibrinogen. (2) Depressed smokers were more unable to work, showed more severe depressive symptoms and attempted suicide more frequently.

Aplicação de microRNAs na prática clínica / Application of microRNAs in the clinical practice

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A regulação da síntese proteica é essencial para o bom desempenho da função celular; um dos recursos usados no controle desse processo são os microRNAs, pequenos fragmentos de RNA que silenciam o RNA mensageiro. Portanto, mudanças na expressão dessas substâncias estão envolvidas na fisiopatologia de diversas doenças. Dessa forma, estudam-se maneiras de usar os microRNAs como ferramentas diagnósticas e terapêuticas. O objetivo deste estudo foi rever na literatura os microRNAs e suas perspectivas na área médica. CONTEÚDO: A biogênese dos microRNAs e sua aplicação na prática clínica, enfatizando a Oncologia, Psiquiatria e Cardiologia. CONCLUSÃO: Apesar de muitos microRNAs não terem sua função ainda estabelecida, o conhecimento do progresso já feito é fundamental para compreender os avanços terapêuticos e diagnósticos que estão se revelando.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The regulation of protein synthesis is essential for a good cellular function; one way to control this process is through microRNAs, small fragments of RNA which can silence the messenger RNA. Therefore, alterations on the expression of these molecules are involved in the pathophysiology of several diseases. Thus, ways to use microRNAs as diagnostic and therapeutic tools are being studied. The objective of the present study is to review literature on microRNA and its perspectives in medicine. CONTENTS : MicroRNAs biogenesis and its applications in the clinical practice, focusing on Oncology, Psychiatry and Cardiology. CONCLUSION: Even though many microRNAs function is not well established, the knowledge of the progress done is critical to understand the diagnostic and therapeutic advances that are being revealed.

A comparison of inflammatory markers in depressed and nondepressed smokers.

INTRODUCTION: Both smoking and depression have been associated with increased inflammatory markers. As there are few studies on inflammatory markers that distinguish between depressed and nondepressed smokers, it is unclear if there is a cumulative impact of these mediators of inflammation. The aim of this study was to investigate inflammatory markers in tobacco smokers and compare depressed and nondepressed smokers. METHODS: Smokers (n = 155) were recruited from the Cigarette Smoking Cessation Service, Londrina. Mental health status was assessed using the Diagnostic Interview for Research, in accordance with the International Classification of the Disorders-10th (ICD-10). Demographic information was collected by self-report questionnaire, and the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence was administered. Blood specimens were simultaneously collected and measured for C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6). RESULTS: Depressed smokers had significantly higher levels of hs-CRP (p = .05), IL-6 (p = .039), and TNF-α (p = .021) compared with nondepressed smokers. Depressed smokers were also significantly more likely than nondepressed smokers to have been hospitalized in the previous month (p < .032), to suffer from cardiovascular disease (p < .001) and lung disease (p < .003), and to have more work-related disability (p = .001). CONCLUSIONS: These findings demonstrate that depressed smokers had higher hs-CRP, IL-6, and TNF-α levels than nondepressed smokers and had worse physical health outcomes and greater work-related disability. This may have important implications in identifying shared risk pathways for depressive and somatic disorders.