La promiscuidad en los adolescentes en una institución de educación católica / Promiscuity in adolescents in a Catholic education institution

INTRODUCCIÓN: la promiscuidad activa indica una condición sexual psicológica y comportamiento mental de la persona que vive plenamente en misma sin ningún tipo de ataduras. Por el otro lado la pasiva indica una condición sexual psicológica de cualquier persona cuyos actos no siempre son acordes a su sexualidad voluntaria. OBJETIVOS: determinar las causas y consecuencias de la promiscuidad en los adolescentes del Colegio San Antonio de la ciudad de Milagro, Periodo 2018-2019, analizar la influencia de los medios de comunicación sobre las relaciones sexuales a temprana edad. METODOLOGÍA: en este trabajo se utiliza una técnica bibliográfica-documental y de corte transversal descriptivo, se utilizó plataformas virtuales como Scielo y obteniendo datos de los últimos años, también se tomó una muestra de 100 estudiantes entre las edades de los 18 a 19 años del colegio San Antonio de la Ciudad de Milagro, aplicando una encuesta de 10 ítems en donde se utilizó para la recolección de información. RESULTADOS: el 51% de los encuestados declaró que eran sexualmente activos y el 34% manifestó que han tenido de 2-5 parejas, mientras que el 15% dijo que han tenido entre 6-9 parejas hasta la actualidad. CONCLUSIÓN: este estudio pudo indicar que es importante que los adolescentes lleven una vida sexual con responsabilidad y que los medios de comunicación son una influencia de que los adolescentes comiencen sus relaciones sexuales a temprana edad y que conozcan los tipos de métodos anticonceptivos para cuidarse.

INTRODUCTION: active promiscuity indicates a psychological sexual condition and mental behavior of the person who lives fully in promiscuity without any bindings. On the other hand, the passive indicates a psychological sexual condition of any person whose actions are not always in line with their voluntary sexuality. OBJECTIVES: to determine the causes and consequences of promiscuity in adolescents of the San Antonio College of the city of Milagro Period 2018-2019, analyze the influence of the media on sexual relations at an early age. METHODOLOGY: in this work a bibliographic-documentary and descriptive cross-sectional technique is used, virtual platforms such as Scielo were used and obtaining data from recent years, a sample of 100 students was also taken between the ages of the 18 to 19 years of the San Antonio School of the City of Miracle, applying a survey of 10 items where it was used for the collection of information. RESULTS: 51% of respondents said they were sexually active and 34% said they have had 2-5 couples while 15% said they have had 6-9 partners to date. CONCLUSION: this study may indicate that it is important for adolescents to lead a sexual life responsibly and that the media is an influence on adolescents starting their sex at an early age and knowing the types contraceptive methods to take care of the way.

Reviewing Fasciola hepatica transmission in the West Indies and novel perceptions from experimental infections of sympatric vs. allopatric snail/fluke combinations.

Fasciolosis is an important food-borne parasitic disease affecting over two million people worldwide with economic losses related to cattle production of up to US$ 3 billion annually. Despite the long known presence of Fasciola hepatica in the Caribbean islands its transmission is not well known. This study reviews historical and recent data on fasciolosis in the West Indies, revealing for the first time the outcomes of sympatric and allopatric fluke/snail interactions in the area by exploring the susceptibility of four lymnaeid species after exposure to F. hepatica isolates from Cuba, the Dominican Republic and France. Overall, Galba cubensis showed a mean prevalence of 71.8% and appears to be the most suitable intermediate host species irrespective of the isolate used. Sympatric combinations (snail and parasite from the same country) were generally more compatible (higher susceptibility, parasite intensity and snail survival post-exposure) and only the allopatric interaction of French G. truncatula/Cuban F. hepatica attained 100% prevalence and mean intensity over 33 rediae/snail. However, certain Dominican populations of Pseudosuccinea columella showed high parasite intensities (>30 rediae/snail) when infected with Cuban flukes, highlighting the potential risks of biological introductions. Overall, high compatibility in most sympatric combinations compared to low or moderate compatibility in allopatric ones, suggests the existence of local adaptation from a long sustained interaction that has led to high rates of transmission. Interestingly, attempts to infect G. schirazensis with sympatric and allopatric flukes failed and coupled with the lowest survival rates which supposes a low risk of fasciolosis transmission in areas where this is the only snail species. Although there are significant gaps in the actual status of fasciolosis transmission from several islands in the West Indies these results show a permanent risk. We conclude that fasciolosis transmission is high in areas where the local snail, G. cubensis, occurs, and will be even higher in the presence of the invasive P. columella.

Prevalence, resistance patterns, and risk factors for antimicrobial resistance in bacteria from retail chicken meat in Colombia.

As a step toward implementing the Colombian Integrated Program for Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance (COIPARS), this study aimed to establish the baseline antimicrobial resistance patterns of Salmonella serovars, Escherichia coli, and Enterococcus spp. isolates in retail poultry meat from independent stores and from a main chain distributor center. MICs of the isolates were determined for antimicrobials used both in humans and animals, using an automated system. Salmonella serovars were isolated from 26% of the meat samples and E. coli from 83%, whereas Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium were detected in 81 and 13% of the meat samples, respectively. A principal finding of concern in this study was that almost 98% of isolates tested were multidrug resistant. Ceftiofur, enrofloxacin, nalidixic acid, and tetracycline were the antimicrobials that showed the highest frequency of resistance among Salmonella and E. coli isolates. For enterococci, 61.5% of E. faecium isolates were found to be resistant to quinupristin-dalfopristin; this is significant because it is used to treat nosocomial infections when vancomycin resistance is present. Vancomycin resistance was detected in 4% of the E. faecalis isolates. The results of our study highlight the need for rapid implementation of an integrated program for surveillance of antimicrobial resistance by the Colombian authorities in order to monitor trends, raise awareness, and help promote practices to safeguard later generation antimicrobial agents.

Presencia de Listeria monocytogenes en alimentos listos para el consumo, procedentes de plazas de mercado y delicatessen de supermercados de cadena, Bogotá, D. C, 2002-2008 / Presence of Listeria monocytogenes in ready-to-eat foods available in open markets, delicatessens and supermarkets, Bogotá, 2002-2008

Introducción. El aumento de las enfermedades transmitidas por alimentos se ha constituido en un problema de salud pública. La listeriosis, cuyo agente etiológico es Listeria monocytogenes, es considerada de gran relevancia entre las ellas y los alimentos listos para el consumo de ventas al por menor son de gran riesgo. Objetivo. Identificar la presencia de L. monocytogenes en alimentos listos para el consumo, procedentes de plazas de mercado y delicatessen de Bogotá.Materiales y métodos. Se llevó a cabo un estudio descriptivo transversal con componente analítico, en el cual se analizaron 600 alimentos, 300 de delicatessen y 300 de plazas de mercado. Se utilizaron metodologías de referencia de presencia o ausencia de L. monocytogenes en 25 g o mililitros de alimento. Resultados. De las 600 muestras analizadas, 68 fueron positivas para L. monocytogenes (11,3 %), 26 (38,25 %) procedieron de delicatessen, 42 (61,76 %) de plazas de mercado. El serotipo aislado con mayor frecuencia fue 4b en 53 (78 %) aislamientos. Los quesos frescos y los quesos madurados mostraron mayor contaminación de L. monocytogenes que el resto de alimentos del estudio (p=0,0009/0,0003).Conclusión. Los resultados indican que estos alimentos son vehículos de transmisión del microorganismo, convirtiéndolos en potenciales alimentos de alto riesgo; deben ser vigilados y controlados por la autoridad competente. Se requieren programas para implementar la normativa sobre vigilancia, reducción y control de este microorganismo con miras hacia la prevención de las enfermedades transmitidas por alimentos.

Introduction. The increase in diseases transmitted by foods has become a public health problem. Listeria monocytogenes, the etiological agent of listeriosis or typical food poisoning, is considered to be among the most important food borne illnesses. High risk foods for L.monocytogenes have been recognized as foods already prepared for consumption and made available in retail outlets. Objective. The presence of L. monocytogenes was identified in prepared foods found in open markets and delicatessens in the city of Bogotá.Material and methods. A transverse descriptive study over a 7-year period, with an analytic component, in which 600 foods were analyzed--300 from delicatessens and 300 from open market places. Reference methods were used to determine the presence or absence of L. monocytogenes in 25 grams or milliliters a food sample. Results. Of the 600 samples, 68 were positive for L. monocytogenes (11.3%). Twenty-six (38.2%) were taken from delicatessens and 42 (61.8%) from open market places. The serotype most frequently isolated was 4b, with 53 (78.0%) isolations. Fresh cheeses and matured cheeses showed greater contamination with L. monocytogenes than the other foods (p<0.001 in both cases).Conclusions. The results indicate that prepared foods are vehicles for the transmission of the Listeria bacterium. These potentially high risk foods are candidates for control and monitoring by public health authorities. Programs must be instituted to implement surveillance norms that lead to the reduction and control of this microorganism and geared toward the prevention of food borne diseases.

[Presence of Listeria monocytogenes in ready-to-eat foods available in open markets, delicatessens and supermarkets, Bogotá, 2002-2008]. / Presencia de Listeria monocytogenes en alimentos listos para el consumo, procedentes de plazas de mercado y delicatessen de supermercados de cadena, Bogotá, D.C, 2002-2008.

INTRODUCTION: The increase in diseases transmitted by foods has become a public health problem. Listeria monocytogenes, the etiological agent of listeriosis or typical food poisoning,is considered to be among the most important food borne illnesses. High risk foods for L.monocytogenes have been recognized as foods already prepared for consumption and made available in retail outlets. OBJECTIVE: The presence of L. monocytogenes was identified in prepared foods found in open markets and delicatessens in the city of Bogotá. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A transverse descriptive study over a 7-year period, with an analytic component, in which 600 foods were analyzed--300 from delicatessens and 300 from open market places. Reference methods were used to determine the presence or absence of L. monocytogenes in 25 grams or milliliters a food sample. RESULTS: Of the 600 samples, 68 were positive for L. monocytogenes (11.3%). Twenty-six (38.2%) were taken from delicatessens and 42 (61.8%) from open market places. The serotype most frequently isolated was 4b, with 53 (78.0%) isolations. Fresh cheeses and matured cheeses showed greater contamination with L. monocytogenes than the other foods (p<0.001 in both cases). CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that prepared foods are vehicles for the transmission of the Listeria bacterium. These potentially high risk foods are candidates for control and monitoring by public health authorities. Programs must be instituted to implement surveillance norms that lead to the reduction and control of this microorganism and geared toward the prevention of food borne diseases.

Publicaciones del Caribe en ciencias de la salud / Publications from the Caribbean in the health sciences

La investigación aquí presentada se basa en un examen de las publicaciones científicas de Barbados, Jamaica, y Trinidad y Tabago durante el período de 1976 a 1990. El trabajo se llevó a cabo con objeto de aportar nueva información sobre las investigaciones del campo de la salud en el Caribe mediante una evaluación de los trabajos publicados en ese período. Con este fin, se hizo una búsqueda bibliográfica de una amplia gama de trabajos publicados en revistas e indizados por los temas del sistema de documentación médica y científica SCISEARCH. En total, se seleccionaron para análisis 1712 documentos (artículos, editoriales, reseñas, cartas, resúmenes de reuniones y notas). Este análisis indicó que alrededor de 75 por ciento de los títulos provenían de Jamaica y que en el período de estudio se había registrado un aumento constante del número de escritos publicados, sobre todo en Barbados. La mayoría de los autores principales estaban afiliados a la Universidad de las Indias Occidentales y casi un tercio de los títulos aparecían en West Indian Medical Journal, la única publicación de los tres países del estudio citada en SCISEARCH. La mayor parte de los temas abordados correspondieron a medicina general, más bien que a medicina experimental o salud pública. Sin embargo, casi todos los títulos de medicina experimental (331 de 383) se originaron en Jamaica. En cambio, menos de la mitad de los 262 títulos de salud pública emanaron de Jamaica y un número relativamente alto (106), de Trinidad y Tabago. Una gran proporción (63,8 por ciento) de los 1712 títulos trataba de temas ajenos a los campos prioritarios señalados por los Ministros de Salud del Caribe como parte de la Iniciativa de Cooperación para la Salud en el Caribe

Se publica en ingles en el Bull. PAHO. Vol. 29(2), 1995

Publications from the Caribbean in the health sciences

The investigation reported here examined scientific publications from Barbados, Jamaica, and Trinidad and Tobago over the period 1976-1990. Its purpose was to provide new information about Caribbean research in the health field through assessment of published works. To this end a broad array of journal subject categories was examined using SCISEARCH, an international index of medical and scientific literature. In all, 1 712 titles (articles, editorials, reviews, letters, meeting abstracts, and notes) were selected for analysis. This analysis indicated that Jamaica accounted for about three-quarters of the titles and that there had been a steady increase in the number of titles published over the study period that was most marked in Barbados. Most of the principal authors were affiliated with the University of the West Indies, and nearly one-third of the titles were published in the West Indian Medical Journal, the sole publications from the three study countries that SCISEARCH listed. Most of the subjects covered fell within the area of "general medicine" rather than experimental medicine of public health. However, of the 383 titles dealing with the experimental medicine, nearly all (331) originated in Jamaica. In contrast, less than half of the 262 titles in the public health field came from Jamaica, a relatively large number (106) originating in Trinidad and Tobago. Most of the 1 712 titles (63.8 percent) dealt with topics outside the priority areas identified by the Caribbean Ministers of Health as part of the Caribbean Cooperation in Health (CCH) Iniciative (AU)

This article will also be published in Spanish in the BOSP. Vol. 119, 1995

Displacement of Biomfhalaria glabrata by thiara granifera under natural conditions in the Dominican Republic

After a study of the population dynamics of Biomphalaria glabrata snails in several breeding places in the Dominican Republic, the snail Thiara granifera was introduced in some B. glabrata habitats. T. granifera became established in one point in one habitat in the townof Quisqueya, in the east of the country. Around this point of establishment 6 points were selected in order to observe the population dynamics of both species of snails and the chemical and biological characteristics at each point. Four of these points already harbored B. glabrata. One control point was selected also harboring B. glabrata. After 14 months of observations, the results showed that T. granifera was competing with and displacing B. glabrata. This competition does not seem to be competition for food or vital space. Rather, B. glabrata avoids the presence of T. granifera and moves away to new areas, and this is possibly due to a chemical substance(s) secreted by T. granifera or by physical contact with the large number of individuals of T. granifera

Estudio preliminar de las propiedades molusquicidas del Guayacil: extracto crudo de guayacum officinale / Preliminary study of the mollusk-killing properties of Guayacil: raw extract of Guayacum officinale

Se presentan los resultados de un estudio preliminar de las propiedades molusquicidas del guayacil, un extracto crudo de la planta Guayacum officinale sobre Biophalaria glabrata. Los moluscos fueron expuestos a varias concentraciones de la sustancia durante periodos de 1, 6 y 24 horas y posteriormente se les permitió su recuperación según las recomendaciones de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Los resultados indican que el guayacil posee propiedades molusquicidas con una LC50 de 0,45 ppm y una LC90 de 0,95 ppm a 24-c. Concentraciones mayores de 1 ppm resultaron en el 100 % de mortalidad, mientras que 0,1 ppm no fue letal. Todas las partes de la planta contienen el ingrediente activo. Concentraciones por debajo de 1 ppm no son letales a la flora o la fauna

Impacto de la migración sobre potencial de expansión de la esquistosomiasis intestinal en la Española: proyecto cooperativo entre los gobiernos de República Dominicana y Haití / Impact of the migration on the potential expantion of the squistosomiasis in \"La Hispaniola\"

Proyecto para determinar la dispersión general en la Española de Biomphalaria glabrata y B. havanensis, su susceptibilidad natural y de laboratorio a la cepa de Schistosoma mansoni dominicana y la influencia de las migraciones en la transmisión de la bilharziasis desde República Dominicana hasta Haití. Tendrá una duración de dos años a realizar en tres fases. En la primera descripción de las áreas seleccionadas para el estudio; búsqueda sistemática de moluscos Biomphalaria glabrata y B. havanensis e intensidad poblacional. En la segunda fase se procederá a estudiar la estructura y dinámica de la población con enfasis en patrones de migración. La tercera fase se iniciará paralelamente con la segunda y se determinará la prevalencia de S. mansoni en las áreas seleccionadas. Se usará el mismo diseño para datos de Biomphalaria havenenis de Haití, usando como control B. havanensis de República Dominicana