Nonlinear relationships between eye gaze and recognition accuracy for ethnic ingroup and outgroup faces.

Researchers have used eye-tracking measures to explore the relationship between face encoding and recognition, including the impact of ethnicity on this relationship. Previous studies offer a variety of conflicting conclusions. This confusion may stem from misestimation of the relationship between encoding and recognition. First, most previous models fail to account for the structure of eye-tracking data, potentially falling prey to Simpson's paradox. Second, previous models assume a linear relationship between attention (e.g., the number of fixations to a to-be-remembered face) and recognition accuracy. Two eye-tracking studies (Ns = 41, 59), one online experiment that manipulates exposure (N = 150), and a mega-analysis examine the effects of ethnicity using what we believe to be more appropriate analytical models. Across studies and measures, we document a novel, critical pattern: The relationship between attention and recognition is nonlinear and negatively accelerating. At low levels of baseline attention, a small increment in attention improves recognition. However, as attention increases further, increments yield smaller and smaller benefits. This finding parallels work in learning and memory. In models that allow for nonlinearity, we find evidence that central features (eyes, nose, and mouth) generally contribute to recognition accuracy, potentially resolving disagreements in the field. We also find that the effects of attention on recognition are similar for ingroup and outgroup faces, which have important implications for theories of perceptual expertise. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Mielolipoma primario mediastinal / Primary mediastinal myelolipoma

Resumen El mielolipoma es un tumor benigno no funcional, la mayoría de ellos son asintomáticos y descubiertos de forma incidental a través de estudios de imagen o en es tudios de autopsia. Aun cuando la mayoría de los casos se presenta en la glándula suprarrenal, también se han informado en sitios extra-adrenales. Presentamos el caso de una mujer de 65 años de edad con un mielolipoma primario mediastinal. La tomografía computarizada de tórax mostró un tumor ovoide de bordes bien definidos de 6.5 × 4.2 cm, localizado en el mediastino posterior. Se realizó biopsia transtorácica de la lesión y el estudio microscópico reveló elementos hematopoyéticos y tejido adiposo maduro. Aun cuando los estudios de imagen como la tomografía computarizada y la resonancia mag nética son efectivos en el diagnóstico del mielolipoma primario mediastinal, la evaluación histopatológica es esencial para el diagnóstico definitivo.

Abstract Myelolipoma is a benign non-functional tumor. Most of them are asymptomatic and discovered incidentally, either through imaging studies or at autopsy. While it most commonly occurs in the adrenal gland, it has also been reported at extra-adrenal sites. We present the case of a 65-year-old woman with a primary mediastinal myelolipoma. Computer tomographic scan of the thorax showed an ovoid tumor with well-defined borders of 6.5 × 4.2 cm, located in the posterior mediastinum. A transthoracic biopsy of the lesion was made, and the microscopic observation revealed hematopoietic cells and mature adipose tissue. Although computed tomo graphy and magnetic resonance imaging are effective in diagnosing mediastinal myelolipoma, histopathological examination is essential for the definitive diagnosis.

[Primary mediastinal myelolipoma]. / Mielolipoma primario mediastinal.

Myelolipoma is a benign non-functional tumor. Most of them are asymptomatic and discovered incidentally, either through imaging studies or at autopsy. While it most commonly occurs in the adrenal gland, it has also been reported at extra-adrenal sites. We present the case of a 65-year-old woman with a primary mediastinal myelolipoma. Computer tomographic scan of the thorax showed an ovoid tumor with well-defined borders of 6.5 × 4.2 cm, located in the posterior mediastinum. A transthoracic biopsy of the lesion was made, and the microscopic observation revealed hematopoietic cells and mature adipose tissue. Although computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging are effective in diagnosing mediastinal myelolipoma, histopathological examination is essential for the definitive diagnosis.

El mielolipoma es un tumor benigno no funcional, la mayoría de ellos son asintomáticos y descubiertos de forma incidental a través de estudios de imagen o en estudios de autopsia. Aun cuando la mayoría de los casos se presenta en la glándula suprarrenal, también se han informado en sitios extra-adrenales. Presentamos el caso de una mujer de 65 años de edad con un mielolipoma primario mediastinal. La tomografía computarizada de tórax mostró un tumor ovoide de bordes bien definidos de 6.5 × 4.2 cm, localizado en el mediastino posterior. Se realizó biopsia transtorácica de la lesión y el estudio microscópico reveló elementos hematopoyéticos y tejido adiposo maduro. Aun cuando los estudios de imagen como la tomografía computarizada y la resonancia magnética son efectivos en el diagnóstico del mielolipoma primario mediastinal, la evaluación histopatológica es esencial para el diagnóstico definitivo.

Central Nervous System Tuberculosis in a Murine Model: Neurotropic Strains or a New Pathway of Infection?

Tuberculosis (TB) of the central nervous system (CNS) is a lethal and incapacitating disease. Several studies have been performed to understand the mechanism of bacterial arrival to CNS, however, it remains unclear. Although the interaction of the host, the pathogen, and the environment trigger the course of the disease, in TB the characteristics of these factors seem to be more relevant in the genesis of the clinical features of each patient. We previously tested three mycobacterial clinical isolates with distinctive genotypes obtained from the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with meningeal TB and showed that these strains disseminated extensively to the brain after intratracheal inoculation and pulmonary infection in BALB/c mice. In this present study, BALB/c mice were infected through the intranasal route. One of these strains reaches the olfactory bulb at the early stage of the infection and infects the brain before the lungs, but the histological study of the nasal mucosa did not show any alteration. This observation suggests that some mycobacteria strains can arrive directly at the brain, apparently toward the olfactory nerve after infecting the nasal mucosa, and guides us to study in more detail during mycobacteria infection the nasal mucosa, the associated connective tissue, and nervous structures of the cribriform plate, which connect the nasal cavity with the olfactory bulb.

Silent speech of vowels in persons of different cognitive styles / Habla silenciosa de las vocales en personas de diferente estilo cognitivo

Abstract Introduction: This research measures the differences in silent speech of the vowels / a / - / u / in Spanish, in students with different cognitive styles in the Field Dependence - Independence (FDI) dimension. Method: Fifty-one (51) adults participated in the study. Electroencephalographic (EEG) signals were taken from 14 electrodes placed on the scalp in the language region located in the left hemisphere. Previously, the embedded figures test (EFT) was applied in order to classify them into dependent, intermediate and field independent persons. To analyse the EEG data, the signals were decomposed into intrinsic mode functions (IMF) and a mixed repeated measures analysis was performed. Results: It was found that the Power Spectral Density (PSD) in the vowels is independent of the cognitive style and its magnitude depends on the position of the electrodes. Conclusions: The results suggest that there are no significant differences in PSDs in the silent speech of vowels /a/-/u/ in persons of different cognitive styles. Significant differences were found in the PSDs according to the position of the 14 electrodes used. In our configuration, the silent speech of vowels can be studied using electrodes placed in premotor, motor and Wernicke areas.

Resumen Introducción: La investigación mide las diferencias en el habla silenciosa de las vocales /a/-/u/ en español, en estudiantes de diferente estilo cognitivo en la dimensión Dependencia - Independencia de campo (DIC). Método: En el estudio participaron 51 adultos. Se tomaron señales electroencefalográficas (EEG), a partir de 14 electrodos dispuestos sobre el cuero cabelludo de la región del lenguaje ubicada en el hemisferio izquierdo. Previamente les fue aplicado el test de figuras enmascaradas EFT con el fin de clasificarlos en personas dependientes, intermedios e independientes de campo. Para analizar los datos del EEG se descompusieron las señales en funciones de modo intrínseco (IMF) y se realizó un análisis mixto de medidas repetidas. Resultados: Se halló que la densidad espectral de potencia (PSD) en las vocales es independiente del estilo cognitivo y su magnitud depende de la posición de los electrodos. Conclusión: Los resultados sugieren que no existen diferencias significativas en los PSD en el habla silenciosa de las vocales /a/-/u/ en las personas de diferente estilo cognitivo. Se hallaron diferencias significativas en los PSD de acuerdo con la posición de los 14 electrodos utilizados. En nuestra configuración, el habla silenciosa de las vocales puede ser estudiada mediante electrodos situados en las áreas premotora, motora y de Wernicke.

Esophagic atresia type and its association with heart malformations in a Northern Mexico hospital.

OBJECTIVE: To know the cardiac malformations frequency associated with esophageal atresia and its type in patients of the Children's Specialties Hospital of Chihuahua as well as related sociodemographic characteristics. METHOD: The epidemiology, clinic and evolution of patients with esophageal atresia diagnosis who were admitted to this hospital for a period of two years were studied. Variables such as sex, gestational age, birth weight, Apgar score, atresia type, associated congenital malformations, hospital complications and parental related aspects were analyzed. RESULTS: Twelve patients were studied, 50% of them were male, most of them were products of term pregnancies with adequate birth weight. There were mestizo ethnicity prevalence, young mothers children with a medium socio-economic level, without geographical predominance. 82% of the cases corresponded to type III esophageal atresia, the most frequent congenital malformations associated were cardiac in 83% of which 90% corresponded to atrial septum defects. CONCLUSIONS: Esophageal atresia is a relatively common congenital malformation of multifactorial etiology. A complete approach to patients with this pathology is necessary to identify a concomitant illness and provide adequate treatment.

OBJETIVO: Conocer la frecuencia de malformaciones cardiacas asociadas en pacientes con atresia de esófago y su tipo en el Hospital Infantil de Especialidades de Chihuahua, así como las características sociodemográficas relacionadas. MÉTODO: Se estudiaron la epidemiología, la clínica y la evolución de los pacientes con diagnóstico de atresia esofágica que ingresaron a dicho nosocomio durante un periodo de 2 años. Se analizaron variables como sexo, edad gestacional, peso al nacer, Apgar, tipo de atresia, malformaciones congénitas asociadas, complicaciones durante la estancia hospitalaria y aspectos relacionados con los padres. RESULTADOS: Se estudiaron 12 pacientes, de los cuales el 50% eran de sexo masculino, y la mayoría de ellos fueron producto a término con peso adecuado al nacimiento. Predominio de etnia mestiza, hijos de madres jóvenes con nivel socioeconómico medio, sin predominio geográfico. El 82% de los casos correspondían a atresia esofágica tipo III, y las malformaciones congénitas más frecuentes asociadas fueron las cardiacas en el 83% de los casos, de las cuales el 90% correspondían a defectos del tabique auricular. CONCLUSIONES: La atresia esofágica es una malformación congénita relativamente común y de etiología multifactorial. Es necesario realizar un abordaje completo de los pacientes con esta patología para poder identificar otra afección y brindar el tratamiento adecuado.

Reconnection Sites in Redo Ablation after Cryoballoon Pulmonary Vein Isolation in Patients with Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation. / Locais de Reconexão na Técnica de Reablação após Isolamento das Veias Pulmonares com Criobalão em Pacientes com Fibrilação Atrial Paroxística.

BACKGROUND: In paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF), pulmonary vein isolation using cryoballoon (CB-PVI) has similar efficacy as radiofrequency ablation (RF-PVI) has. In redo ablation procedures following RF-PVI, PV reconnection is high, whereas in patients with redo following CB-PVI, information is scarce. OBJECTIVE: To determine the sites of PV reconnection in patients who underwent redo ablation after initial CB-PVI. METHODS: Patients who underwent an AF redo procedure, following an initial CB-PVI for PAF were included. LA electroanatomic mapping was used. A reconnection site was defined as the presence of a voltage of 0.3mV or greater in the PV and unidirectional or bidirectional conduction in the PV during sinus rhythm. Reconnections sites were identified using a clock-face view description and were ablated with radiofrequency afterwards. RESULTS: Out of the 165 patients who underwent initial PVI, 27 required redo ablations, of which 18 (66.6%) were males, with a mean age of 55+12.3 years. The time of recurrence was 8.9+6.4 months. PV reconnection was found in 21 (77.8%) patients. There was a total of 132 conduction gaps, six per patient, 3.6 per PV. A significant number of gaps were in the anterosuperior region of the left superior PV (LSPV), and in the septal and inferior regions of the right superior PV (RSPV). CONCLUSIONS: The upper PVs had the most reconnection sites, mostly at the anterior region of the LSPV and the septal region of the RSPV. The reason behind this may be due to greater atrial wall thickness, and difficulty in achieving adequate cryoballoon contact.

FUNDAMENTO: Na fibrilação atrial paroxística (FAP), o isolamento das veias pulmonares com criobalão (IVP-CB) tem eficácia semelhante à da ablação por radiofrequência (IVP-RF). Em procedimentos de reablação após IVP-RF, a reconexão das VPs é alta, ao passo que em pacientes com reablação após IVP-CB, as informações são escassas. OBJETIVO: Determinar os locais de reconexão das VPs em pacientes que foram submetidos à reablação após IVP-CB inicial. MÉTODOS: Pacientes que foram submetidos a um procedimento de reablação de fibrilação atrial, após um IVP-CB inicial para FAP foram incluídos. O mapeamento eletroanatômico do AE foi utilizado. Um local de reconexão foi definido com a presença de uma voltagem de 0,3mV ou maior nas VPs e condução unidirecional ou bidirecional nas VPs durante o ritmo sinusal. Os locais de reconexão foram identificados por meio de corte paraesternal longitudinal e posteriormente ablacionados com radiofrequência. RESULTADOS: Dos 165 pacientes submetidos ao IVP inicial, 27 necessitaram reablações, dos quais 18 (66,6%) eram do sexo masculino, com média de idade de 55+12,3 anos. O tempo de recorrência foi de 8,9+6,4 meses. A reconexão das VPs foi encontrada em 21 (77,8%) pacientes. Houve um total de 132 lacunas de condução, seis por paciente, 3,6 por VP. Um número significativo de lacunas ocorreu na região ântero-superior da VP superior esquerda (VPSE) e nas regiões septal e inferior da VP superior direita (VPSD). CONCLUSÕES: As VPs superiores apresentaram os locais de maior reconexão, principalmente na região anterior da VPSE e na região septal da VPSD. A razão por trás disso pode ser devido à maior espessura da parede atrial e à dificuldade em alcançar o contato de criobalão adequado.

Locais de Reconexão na Técnica de Reablação após Isolamento das Veias Pulmonares com Criobalão em Pacientes com Fibrilação Atrial Paroxística / Reconnection Sites in Redo Ablation after Cryoballoon Pulmonary Vein Isolation in Patients with Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation

Resumo Fundamento Na fibrilação atrial paroxística (FAP), o isolamento das veias pulmonares com criobalão (IVP-CB) tem eficácia semelhante à da ablação por radiofrequência (IVP-RF). Em procedimentos de reablação após IVP-RF, a reconexão das VPs é alta, ao passo que em pacientes com reablação após IVP-CB, as informações são escassas. Objetivo Determinar os locais de reconexão das VPs em pacientes que foram submetidos à reablação após IVP-CB inicial. Métodos Pacientes que foram submetidos a um procedimento de reablação de fibrilação atrial, após um IVP-CB inicial para FAP foram incluídos. O mapeamento eletroanatômico do AE foi utilizado. Um local de reconexão foi definido com a presença de uma voltagem de 0,3mV ou maior nas VPs e condução unidirecional ou bidirecional nas VPs durante o ritmo sinusal. Os locais de reconexão foram identificados por meio de corte paraesternal longitudinal e posteriormente ablacionados com radiofrequência. Resultados Dos 165 pacientes submetidos ao IVP inicial, 27 necessitaram reablações, dos quais 18 (66,6%) eram do sexo masculino, com média de idade de 55+12,3 anos. O tempo de recorrência foi de 8,9+6,4 meses. A reconexão das VPs foi encontrada em 21 (77,8%) pacientes. Houve um total de 132 lacunas de condução, seis por paciente, 3,6 por VP. Um número significativo de lacunas ocorreu na região ântero-superior da VP superior esquerda (VPSE) e nas regiões septal e inferior da VP superior direita (VPSD). Conclusões As VPs superiores apresentaram os locais de maior reconexão, principalmente na região anterior da VPSE e na região septal da VPSD. A razão por trás disso pode ser devido à maior espessura da parede atrial e à dificuldade em alcançar o contato de criobalão adequado.

Abstract Background In paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF), pulmonary vein isolation using cryoballoon (CB-PVI) has similar efficacy as radiofrequency ablation (RF-PVI) has. In redo ablation procedures following RF-PVI, PV reconnection is high, whereas in patients with redo following CB-PVI, information is scarce. Objective To determine the sites of PV reconnection in patients who underwent redo ablation after initial CB-PVI. Methods Patients who underwent an AF redo procedure, following an initial CB-PVI for PAF were included. LA electroanatomic mapping was used. A reconnection site was defined as the presence of a voltage of 0.3mV or greater in the PV and unidirectional or bidirectional conduction in the PV during sinus rhythm. Reconnections sites were identified using a clock-face view description and were ablated with radiofrequency afterwards. Results Out of the 165 patients who underwent initial PVI, 27 required redo ablations, of which 18 (66.6%) were males, with a mean age of 55+12.3 years. The time of recurrence was 8.9+6.4 months. PV reconnection was found in 21 (77.8%) patients. There was a total of 132 conduction gaps, six per patient, 3.6 per PV. A significant number of gaps were in the anterosuperior region of the left superior PV (LSPV), and in the septal and inferior regions of the right superior PV (RSPV). Conclusions The upper PVs had the most reconnection sites, mostly at the anterior region of the LSPV and the septal region of the RSPV. The reason behind this may be due to greater atrial wall thickness, and difficulty in achieving adequate cryoballoon contact.

Autoeficacia y logro de aprendizaje en estudiantes con diferente estilo cognitivo en un ambiente m-learning / Self-efficacy and Learning Achievement in Students with Different Cognitive Style in an M-learning Environment / Autoeficácia de aprendizagem em estudantes com diferente estilo cognitivo num ambiente m-learning

Resumen Objetivo. Explorar los efectos de un andamiaje motivacional sobre el logro académico y la autoeficacia, tanto académica como online, en estudiantes con diferente estilo cognitivo en la dimensión Dependencia-Independencia de Campo (DIC), cuando aprenden contenidos matemáticos en un ambiente m-learning. Método. Participaron 56 estudiantes de educación secundaria de un colegio femenino público de la ciudad de Villavicencio, Colombia. La investigación siguió un diseño cuasi-experimental. Los participantes fueron distribuidos de forma aleatoria en dos grupos: (a) un grupo de estudiantes interactuó con un ambiente m-learning, el cual incluyó dentro de su estructura un andamiaje motivacional; y (b) otro grupo interactuó con un ambiente m-learning sin andamiaje. El estilo cognitivo de las estudiantes se determinó a través de pruebas y se aplicaron dos post-test de autoeficacia. Resultados. El andamiaje favoreció tanto el logro académico como la autoeficacia académica y online de las estudiantes con diferente estilo cognitivo. Conclusión. Los datos evidenciaron que las estudiantes, en la dimensión DIC, lograron aprendizajes equivalentes debido al efecto del andamiaje motivacional que fue incluido en el ambiente m-learning. También fue posible establecer que tanto la autoeficacia académica como la autoeficacia online de los aprendices dependientes de campo favorecen el logro académico.

Abstract Objective. To explore the effects of a motivational scaffolding on academic achievement, self-efficacy, both academic and online, in students with different cognitive style in the Field Dependence-Independence (FDI) dimension, when mathematical content is delivered in an m-learning environment. Method. Fifty-six secondary school students from a public women's school in the city of Villavicencio, Colombia participated. The research followed a cuasi-experimental design in which the participants were randomly distributed in two groups: (a) a group of students interacts with an m-learning environment, which includes within its structure a motivational scaffolding and; (b) another group interacts with an m-learning environment without scaffolding. The cognitive style of the students was determined through tests and two self-efficacy post-tests were applied. Results. The scaffolding favored both academic achievement and academic self-efficacy as well as the online students with different cognitive style. Conclusion. The data shows that students in the FDI dimension, achieved equivalent learning due to the effect of the motivational scaffolding that was included in the m-learning environment. It is also possible to establish that both academic self-efficacy and online self-efficacy of field dependent accessories favors academic achievement.

Resumo Escopo. Explorar os efeitos de um andaime motivacional sobre o logro académico e a autoeficácia tanto académica como online, em estudantes com diferente estilo cognitivo na dimensão Dependência-Independência de Campo (DIC), quando aprendem conteúdos matemáticos num ambiente m-learning. Metodologia. Participaram 56 estudantes de educação secundária de uma escola feminina pública da cidade de Villavicencio, Colômbia. A pesquisa seguiu um desenho quase- experimental. Os participantes foram distribuídos de forma aleatória em dois grupos: (a) um grupo de estudantes interagiu com um ambiente m-learning o qual incluiu dentro de sua estrutura um andaime motivacional; e b) um outro grupo interagiu com um ambiente m-learning sem andaime. O estilo cognitivo das estudantes foi determinado através de provas e foram aplicados dois post-test de autoeficácia. Resultados. O andaime favoreceu tanto o logro académico como a autoeficácia académica e online das estudantes com diferente estilo cognitivo. Conclusão. Os dados evidenciaram que as estudantes, na dimensão DIC, lograram aprendizagens equivalentes devido ao efeito do andaime motivacional que foi incluído no ambiente m-learning. Também foi possível estabelecer que tanto a autoeficácia académica como a autoeficácia online dos aprendizes dependentes de campo favorecem o logro académico.

BEAM-Modified Conditioning Therapy with Cisplatin+Dexamethasone Instead of Carmustine Prior to Autologous Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation (HSCT) in Patients with Hodgkin and Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma.

BACKGROUND High-dose chemotherapy followed by autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplant has proven useful in relapsed or refractory cases of Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. BEAM (carmustine, etoposide, cytarabine, melphalan) is frequently used as a conditioning regimen; however, the high cost and limited availability of BCNU hinders its use in Mexico. MATERIAL AND METHODS Between January 2013 and February 2019, refractory or relapsing HL and NHL patients were treated with an autologous HSCT conditioned with cisplatin+dexamethasone as substitution for BCNU in BEAM. RESULTS Four HL patients and 6 NHL patients were included; 60% were male, the average age was 34.5±15.2 years, the median follow-up was 19.1 months, and 70% had a complete response after transplant. OS at 12 months was 63% for NHL and 100% for HL. Time to hematological recovery was 17.6±2.8 days; all patients developed grade III/IV neutropenia and thrombocytopenia, and 8 patients had transplant-related infections. CONCLUSIONS This retrospective study based on real-world data introduces the option of substituting carmustine with cisplatin+dexamethasone, with a similar response, expected lower cost, and better accessibility in developing nations.

Efecto diferencial de un andamiaje metacognitivo en un ambiente e-learning sobre la carga cognitiva, el logro de aprendizaje y la habilidad metacognitiva / Differential effect of a metacognitive scaffolding in a e-Learning environment over cognitive load, learning achievement and metacognitive consciousness

Resumen El presente estudio analiza los efectos generados por un andamiaje metacognitivo y el estilo cognitivo (dependiente/independiente de campo - DIC) en la carga cognitiva, la conciencia metacognitiva y el logro de aprendizaje cuando los estudiantes interactúan con un entorno de e-learning. Participaron 67 estudiantes de pregrado de la ciudad de Bogotá (Colombia), divididos en dos grupos. Uno interactuó con un entorno de aprendizaje con un andamiaje metacognitivo y el otro, sin él. Se utilizó la prueba EFT para establecer el estilo cognitivo de los aprendices y con la prueba MAI se determinó la conciencia metacognitiva. Se realizó un MANCOVA para analizar los datos. Los resultados sugieren diferencias entre la carga cognitiva intrínseca y extrínseca de los estudiantes dependientes de campo debido a la interacción entre el andamiaje metacognitivo y su estilo cognitivo. Los estudiantes que interactuaron con el andamiaje metacognitivo mostraron un mayor logro de aprendizaje y una mejor capacidad de monitoreo de su proceso de aprendizaje.

Abstract The present study analyzes the effects generated by a metacognitive scaffolding and the cognitive style (Field Dependent/Independent-FDI) in the cognitive load, the metacognitive awareness and the achievement of learning when the students interact with an environment of e-Learning. 67 undergraduate students from the city of Bogotá (Colombia) participated, divided into two groups. One interacted with a learning environment with a metacognitive scaffolding and the other, without it. The EFT test was used to determine the cognitive style of the ap prentices and the MAI test established the metacognitive awareness. Data were analyzed with a MANCOVA analysis. Results suggest differences between the intrinsic and extrinsic cognitive load in field dependent students due to the interaction between the metacognitive scaffolding and their cognitive style. Students who interacted with the metacognitive scaffolding showed a greater learning achievement and a better ability to monitoring their learning process.

Etiology and clinico-hematological profile of pancytopenia: experience of a Mexican Tertiary Care Center and review of the literature.

BACKGROUND: Pancytopenia is a frequent entity in clinical practice as a feature of a myriad of conditions, ranging from benign to malignant diseases. Since the cause of pancytopenia depends on environmental factors, it is important to know the common etiologies of pancytopenia, however, few studies address this. OBJECTIVES: To identify the etiology of pancytopenia in our population and compare them with what is reported elsewhere. METHODS: We conducted an observational study of patients with pancytopenia in a Mexican Tertiary Care Center. Clinical, hematological and bone marrow studies were performed in all patients. RESULTS: Of 109 cases included, the mean age at diagnosis was 49.4 years, with a slightly higher female incidence (53.2%). The most common causes of pancytopenia were: MDS (20.2%), megaloblastic anemia (18.3%) and AML (12.8%). DISCUSSION: We found a complex picture of pancytopenia in Mexico and compared it with what is reported elsewhere in the literature. CONCLUSION: The sociocultural context in which the patients develop helps narrowing the possible etiology of pancytopenia, and therefore hasten the diagnostic process. Of all the studies available, bone marrow aspiration seems the most useful.

The pro-inflammatory cytokines IFNγ/TNFα increase chromogranin A-positive neuroendocrine cells in the colonic epithelium.

The gastrointestinal tract is the largest hormone-producing organ in the body due to a specialized cell population called enteroendocrine cells (EECs). The number of EECs increases in the mucosa of inflammatory bowel disease patients; however, the mechanisms responsible for these changes remain unknown. Here, we show that the pro-inflammatory cytokines interferon γ (IFNγ) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) or dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis increase the number of EECs producing chromogranin A (CgA) in the colonic mucosa of C57BL/6J mice. CgA-positive cells were non-proliferating cells enriched with inactive phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) and autophagy markers. Moreover, inhibition of Akt and autophagy prevented the increase in CgA-positive cells after IFNγ/TNFα treatment. Similarly, we observed that CgA-positive cells in the colonic mucosa of patients with colitis expressed Akt and autophagy markers. These findings suggest that Akt signaling and autophagy control differentiation of the intestinal EEC lineage during inflammation.

Recurrent purple urine bag syndrome presenting with full spectrum of disease severity: case report and review of literature.

Purple urine bag syndrome (PUBS) is a unique phenomenon characterized by purple discoloration of the urinary catheter bag and tubing following urinary catheterization lasting for hours to days. The purple discoloration is a mixture of indirubin dissolved in plastic with indigo on its surface. PUBS is most commonly associated with urinary tract infection (UTI) caused by bacteria with indoxyl phosphatase/sulfatase activity. It occurs predominantly in chronically catheterized, constipated elderly female patients. It usually appears to be asymptomatic and harmless, but rarely it can present as a severe illness. We report on a 29-year-old female with urinary ileal diversion presenting with multiple episodes of PUBS each with an asymptomatic state of varying severity, symptomatic UTI and severe sepsis requiring intensive care. To our knowledge, this is the first report where a single young patient had recurrent PUBS which presented with a full spectrum of disease severity at different occasions.

Logro de aprendzzaje en ambientes computacionales: autoeficacia, metas y estilo cognitivo / Achievement of learning in computer environments: Self-efficacy, goals and cognitive style

Este estudio examinó el efecto de un ambiente computacional que incorpora un módulo para activar la eficacia académica sobre la fijación de metas, la autoeficacia y el logro de aprendizaje en estudiantes de primaria, quienes aprenden a solucionar problemas con números fraccionarios de forma individual y en parejas. Se exploró la interacción de estas variables con el estilo cognitivo en la dimensión dependencia-independencia de campo (DIC). Participaron 50 estudiantes de quinto año de una institución pública. Se utilizó la prueba EFT para medir el estilo cognitivo. El registro de las metas formuladas por el estudiante y el logro de aprendizaje obtenido de las evaluaciones fueron generados en el ambiente computacional. La autoeficacia se midió utilizando la prueba MSLQ. Respecto al establecimiento de las metas de aprendizaje, el análisis MANCOVA mostró que los estudiantes trabajando en parejas se propusieron metas más altas. Se evidenció que los estudiantes independientes de campo se formulan metas más exigentes que sus compañeros dependientes de campo; sin embargo, en el logro de aprendizaje no se registraron diferencias significativas entre los estudiantes de diferente estilo cognitivo. En cuanto a la autoeficacia, no se registraron diferencias significativas entre los estudiantes que interactuaron de forma individual y en parejas.

This study examined the effect of a computing environment that in-corporates a module to enable the academic efficacy on goal setting, self-efficacy and learning achievement of elementary students learning to solve problems with fractional numbers, individually and in pairs. The interaction between these variables and the cognitive style, in the field dependence-independence dimension, was explored. 50 fifth graders of a public institution participated in this research. The EFT (Embedded Figures Test) was used to measure cognitive style. Academic achieving was assessed with the computing environment. Similarly, the goals formulated by the student were recorded in the software. Self-efficacy was measured using the MSLQ test. For the treatment of the data, a MANCOVA was performed. Results showed, higher goal setting for students working in pairs, compared to those working individually. Moreover, field independent students set more demanding goals for themselves than their field dependent peers; no significant differences were found for learning achievement between students from different cognitive styles. Regarding efficacy, there were no significant differences between students who interacted individually and in pairs. This way, it is possible to conclude that efficiency modules on the achievement of individual learning; however, self-efficacy was favored equally in individual work and in pairs.

[Rectal mucosal prolapse syndrome: study of cases. Hospital Daniel A Carrion, Lima, Peru, 2010-2013]. / Síndrome de prolapso de mucosa rectal: estudio de casos. Hospital Daniel A Carrión,Lima, Perú. 2010-2013.

OBJECTIVE: to describe the clinical, endoscopic, and histological characteristics of rectal mucosal prolapse syndrome, formerly known as Solitary rectal ulcer, in patients from a general hospital. MATERIAL AND METHODS: All patient diagnosed as rectal mucosal prolapse syndrome during 2010-2013 was selected; the medical history war reviewed and the histological slides were reevaluated by two pathologists. RESULTS: 17 cases of rectal mucosal prolapse syndrome were selected, the majority were males under 50 years, the most common clinical findings were rectal bleeding (82%) and constipation (65%), the endocopic findings were heterogeneous,: erythema (41%), ulcers (35%) and elevated lesions (29%). All cases presented fibromuscularhyperplasia in lamina propia and crypt distortion in the microscopic evaluation. CONCLUSION: In our study of rectal mucosal prolapse syndrome. The most common clinical findings were rectal bleeding and constipation. Erythematous mucosa was the most common endoscopic finding.

El estilo cognitivo y la fijación de metas de aprendizaje en ambientes computacionales / Cognitive Style and Learning Goals Setting in Computational Environments / O estilo cognitivo e a fixaçÃo de metas de aprendizagem em ambientes computacionais

Objetivo. Explorar la influencia que ejerce el estilo cognitivo en la dimensión dependencia - independencia de campo sobre la fijación, ajuste y precisión de metas de aprendizaje. De igual manera, explorar dicha influencia en el logro de aprendizaje esperado en estudiantes de secundaria, durante su interacción en la resolución de problemas de triángulos rectángulos a través de un ambiente hipermedial denominado "Softri". Método. En la investigación participaron 85 estudiantes del grado décimo de un colegio oficial de Bogotá. Se utilizó el EFT para medir el estilo cognitivo. El logro académico se obtuvo a través de evaluaciones realizadas en el escenario computacional. De igual forma, las metas seleccionadas por los sujetos eran registradas por el software "Softri". Para el tratamiento de los datos se realizó un análisis Anova, el cual permite establecer la existencia de diferencias significativas en cuanto a las medias del logro de aprendizaje y la formulación de metas entre los diferentes grupos de estudiantes de acuerdo con su estilo cognitivo. Resultados. Se mostró que los estudiantes independientes de campo se fijan metas más altas, siendo más precisos con respecto al logro de aprendizajes esperados. Conclusión. Es posible establecer que los estudiantes independientes de campo poseen altas creencias de control sobre su propio proceso de aprendizaje. Probablemente, poseen un locus de control interno alto. También es viable pensar que estos sujetos, poseen altos niveles de autoeficacia académica atendiendo a que se formulan metas más exigentes. Estas conductas pueden estar asociadas a una mayor capacidad de autorregulación del aprendizaje.

Objective. To explore the influence of cognitive style, in the field dependence - independence dimension, on the setting, fixing and accuracy of learning goals, and at the same time to determine this influence on high school students' expected learning achievement during their interaction with a hypermedia environment -called "Softri"- designed for solving problems related to rectangular triangles. Method. 85 tenth grade students from a state school in Bogotá, Colombia, took part in the study. The EFT (Embedded Figures Test) was used to measure cognitive style. Academic achievement was indicated by evaluations administered by the computational environment, and the goals selected by the students were registered by the software "Softri". An Anova analysis was carried out to establish the presence of significant differences between academic achievement and goal setting for different groups of students, according to their cognitive style. Results. The results showed that independent field students set higher goals and are more accurate with respect to their expected learning achievements. Conclusion. It is possible to establish that independent field students have higher beliefs of control over their own learning process. They probably have higher internal locus of control. It is also possible for these students to have higher levels of academic self-efficacy since they set more demanding goals. These behaviors may be associated to a greater capacity for self-regulated learning.

Escopo. Explorar a influência que exerce o estilo cognitivo na dimensÃo dependência - independência de campo sobre a fixaçÃo, ajuste e precisÃo de metas de aprendizagem. Igualmente, explorar dita influencia no logro de aprendizagem esperado em estudantes de secundaria, durante sua interaçÃo na resoluçÃo de problemas de triângulos retângulos através de um ambiente hipermídia denominado "Softri". Metodologia. Na pesquisa participaram 85 estudiantes do segundo ano de ensino médio de uma escola oficial de Bogotá. Foi utilizado o EFT para medir o estilo cognitivo. O logro acadêmico foi obtido através de avaliações feitas no cenário computacional. Do mesmo jeito, as metas selecionadas pelos sujeitos foram registradas pelo software "Softri". Para o tratamento dos dados foi feita uma análise Anova, a qual permite estabelecer a existência de diferencias significativas em quanto às medidas do logro de aprendizagem e a formulaçÃo de metas entre os diferentes grupos de estudantes de acordo com seu estilo cognitivo. Resultados. Foi mostrado que os estudantes independentes de campo fixam metas mais altas, sendo mais precisos com respeito ao logro de aprendizagem esperado. ConclusÃo. é possível estabelecer que os estudantes independentes de campo têm altas crenças de controle sobre seu próprio processo de aprendizagem. Provavelmente, têm um locus de controle interno alto. Também é viável pensar que estes sujeitos têm altos níveis de autoeficácia acadêmica atendendo a que formulam metas mais exigentes. Estas condutas podem ser associadas a uma maior capacidade de autorregulaçÃo da aprendizagem.

Síndrome de prolapso de mucosa rectal: estudio de casos. Hospital Daniel A Carrión,Lima, Perú. 2010-2013 / Rectal mucosal prolapse syndrome: study of cases. Hospital Daniel A Carrion, Lima, Peru, 2010-2013

Objetivo: Describir el espectro clínico endoscópico e histológico de síndrome de prolapso de mucosa rectal, antes llamado ulcera rectal solitaria, en pacientes de un hospital general. Material y métodos: Se recolectaron los casos diagnosticados como síndrome de prolapso de mucosa rectal durante los años 2010-2013. Las historias clínicas fueron revisadas y las láminas fueron reevaluadas por 2 patólogos. Resultados: Se seleccionaron 17 casos de prolapso de mucosa rectal, la mayoría en varones menores de 50 años, los hallazgos clínicos más frecuentes fueron rectorragia (82%) y constipación (65%), con hallazgos endoscópicos muy variables que incluyó eritema (41%), ulceras (35%) y lesiones elevadas (29%). Todos los casos presentaron hiperplasia fibromuscular en lámina propia y distorsión de criptas en la evaluación histológica Conclusión: En nuestro estudio de síndrome de prolapso de mucosa rectal la rectorragia y la constipación fueron los hallazgos clínicos más frecuentes. El eritema mucoso fue la presentación endoscópica más frecuente.

Objective: to describe the clinical, endoscopic, and histological characteristics of rectal mucosal prolapse syndrome, formerly known as Solitary rectal ulcer, in patients from a general hospital. Material and methods: All patient diagnosed as rectal mucosal prolapse syndrome during 2010-2013 was selected; the medical history war reviewed and the histological slides were reevaluated by two pathologists. Results: 17 cases of rectal mucosal prolapse syndrome were selected, the majority were males under 50 years, the most common clinical findings were rectal bleeding (82%) and constipation (65%), the endocopic findings were heterogeneous,: erythema (41%), ulcers (35%) and elevated lesions (29%). All cases presented fibromuscular hyperplasia in lamina propia and crypt distortion in the microscopic evaluation. Conclusion: In our study of rectal mucosal prolapse syndrome. The most common clinical findings were rectal bleeding and constipation. Erythematous mucosa was the most common endoscopic finding.

Diferencias individuales en el desarrollo de la autoeficacia y el logro académico: el efecto de un andamiaje computacional / Individual differences in the development of self-efficacy and academic achievement: the effect of a computational structure / Diferenças individuais no desenvolvimento da auto - eficácia e o sucesso acadêmico: o efeito de uma estrutura computacional

La presente investigación examina la relación existente entre autoeficacia, logro académico y estilo cognitivo de estudiantes de secundaria durante la interacción con un ambiente hipermedial para el aprendizaje de transformaciones geométricas en el plano bajo tres condiciones contrastadas: a) la presencia o ausencia de un andamiaje autorregulador en el software; b) el aprendizaje individual o en parejas y c) el estilo cognitivo en la dimensión de independencia-dependencia de campo. Participaron en el estudio 140 estudiantes de cuatro cursos del grado décimo de la institución educativa integrado de Soacha - Cundinamarca. La investigación tiene un diseño factorial 2x2x3, con grupos previamente conformados. Se realizó un análisis MANCOVA, el cual mostró efectos significativos sobre la autoeficacia y el logro académico, por la presencia del andamiaje y el trabajo en parejas.

This research examines the relationship between self-efficacy, cognitive style and academic achievement of high school students during the interaction with a hypermedia environment to learn geometric transformations in the plane under three contrasting conditions: a) presence or absence of a self-regulatory structure in the software, b) learning individually or in pairs, and c) cognitive style in the dimension of field independence/dependence. Participants were 140 tenth grade students from four class groups of a high school at Soacha, Cundinamarca - Colombia. The research used a 2x2x3 factorial design, with pre-formed groups. A MANCOVA analysis was performed which showed significant effects on self-efficacy and academic achievement due to the presence of a self-regulatory structure and work in pairs.

A presente pesquisa examina a relação existente entre auto - eficácia, sucesso acadêmico e estilo cognitivo de estudantes de secundária durante a interação com um ambiente hipermedial para a aprendizagem de transformações geométricas sob três condições contrastadas: a) a presença ou ausência de uma estrutura autorreguladora no software; b) a aprendizagem individual ou em duplas e c) o estilo cognitivo na dimensão de independência-dependência de campo. Participaram no estudo 140 estudantes de quatro cursos do segundo ano do ensino médio da instituição educativa integrada de Soacha - Cundinamarca. A pesquisa tem um desenho fatorial 2x2x3, com grupos previamente formados. Realizou-se uma análise MANCOVA que mostrou efeitos significativos sobre a auto-eficácia e o sucesso acadêmico, pela presença da estrutura e o trabalho em duplas.