Caracterización de las fracturas supracondíleas del húmero en niños que requirieron manejo quirúrgico en un hospital de Santander, Colombia / Characterization of Supracondylar Fractures of the Humerus in Children who Required Surgical Management at a Hospital in Santander, Colombia / Caracterização das fraturas supracondilianas do úmero em crianças que precisaram de tratamento cirúrgico em um hospital de Santander, Colômbia

Introducción. El objetivo del estudio fue describir las características sociodemográficas, tratamiento y complicaciones pre y posquirúrgicas de las fracturas supracondíleas del húmero distal en niños que requirieron manejo quirúrgico en un hospital de Santander, Colombia. Metodología. Se trata de un estudio observacional, descriptivo, de corte transversal con 58 pacientes que cumplieron los siguientes criterios de inclusión: edad entre 3 a 14 años, fracturas supracondíleas de manejo quirúrgico; como criterios de exclusión se tomó: antecedente de enfermedad ósea o neurológica previa y fracturas de más de 7 días de evolución. Para las variables continuas se usó medidas de tendencia central y dispersión, las categóricas en porcentajes y frecuencias absolutas. Resultados. La edad media de presentación fue de 6.2 años, el principal mecanismo de trauma fue caídas de altura con un 96.5%. El 65.5% provenía de zonas urbanas. El 13.8% se asoció con fracturas de antebrazo, y el 3.4% de epitróclea. La fijación se realizó en un 75% con técnica cruzada y un 17.2% se asoció con lesión iatrogénica del nervio ulnar. Discusión. En el estudio no se informaron lesiones vasculares; sin embargo, se documentó una alta prevalencia de lesión neurológica con la fijación medial, similar a lo descrito en la literatura (1.4%-17.7%); algunos autores describen técnicas que disminuyen estas lesiones hasta en un 0%. Conclusión. Las características sociodemográficas de nuestra población coinciden con la estadística publicada mundialmente; la principal complicación fue la lesión iatrogénica nervio ulnar, que se puede disminuir con un uso racional del pin medial y con el empleo de técnicas que busquen rechazar directamente el nervio. Palabras clave: Fracturas del Húmero; Fijación Interna de Fracturas; Clavos Ortopédicos; Codo; Niño; Nervio Cubital.

Introduction. The objective of this study was to describe sociodemographic characteristic, treatment, and pre- and post-surgical complications of supracondylar fractures of the distal humerus in children who required surgical management at a hospital in Santander, Colombia. Methodology. This was an observational, descriptive, and cross-sectional study involving 58 patients who met inclusion criteria: age between 3 and 14 years old, supracondylar fractures with surgical management; exclusion criteria include previous bone or neurological illness and fractures with more than 7 days of evolution. Central tendency and dispersion measures were used for continuous variables, and categorical variables in percentages and absolute frequencies. Results. The average age at presentation was 6.2 years old, the main mechanism of trauma was fall from height (96.5%). 65.5% came from urban zones. The 13.8% were associated with forearm fractures, and 3.4% with epitrochlear fractures. Pinning was performed at 75% with crossed technique and 17.2% were associated with iatrogenic ulnar nerve injury. Discussion. Study didn't inform vascular injuries. However, a high prevalence of neurological injury with medial pinning was documented, similar to that describe in the literature (1.4%-17.7%); some author described techniques that reduce these lesions by 0%. Conclusion. The sociodemographic characteristics of our population match with worldwide published statistics; the main complication was iatrogenic ulnar nerve injury, which can be reduced with the rational use of medial pin and with the application of techniques that seek to directly spare the nerve. Keywords: Humeral Fractures; Fracture Fixation, Internal; Bone Nails; Elbow; Child; Ulnar Nerve.

Introdução. O objetivo do estudo foi descrever as características sociodemográficas, o tratamento e as complicações pré e pós-cirúrgicas das fraturas supracondilianas do úmero distal em crianças que precisaram de tratamento cirúrgico em um hospital de Santander, Colômbia. Metodologia. Trata-se de um estudo observacional, descritivo e transversal com 58 pacientes que atenderam aos seguintes critérios de inclusão: idade entre 3 e 14 anos, fraturas supracondilianas tratadas cirurgicamente. Os critérios de exclusão foram: histórico de doença óssea ou neurológica prévia e fraturas com duração superior a 7 dias de evolução. Para variáveis contínuas foram utilizadas medidas de tendência central e dispersão, as categóricas em percentuais e frequências absolutas. Resultados. A média de idade de apresentação foi de 6.2 anos, o principal mecanismo de trauma foi a queda de altura com 96.5%. 65.5% vieram de áreas urbanas. 13.8% estavam associados a fraturas de antebraço e 3.4% a epitróclea. A fixação foi realizada em 75% com técnica cruzada e 17.2% esteve associada à lesão iatrogênica do nervo ulnar. Discussão. Nenhuma lesão vascular foi relatada no estudo. No entanto, foi documentada alta prevalência de lesão neurológica com fixação medial, semelhante à descrita na literatura (1.4%-17.7%). Alguns autores descrevem técnicas que reduzem essas lesões em até 0%. Conclusão. As características sociodemográficas da nossa população coincidem com as estatísticas publicadas mundialmente. A principal complicação foi a lesão iatrogênica do nervo ulnar, que pode ser reduzida com o uso racional do pino medial e com o uso de técnicas que buscam rejeitar diretamente o nervo. Palavras-chave: Fraturas do Úmero; Fixação Interna de Fraturas; Pinos Ortopédicos; Cotovelo; Criança; Nervo Ulnar

Presión arterial en recién nacidos sanos de término y pretérmino tardío en la Ciudad de México / Blood pressure in healthy term and late preterm newborns in Mexico City

Resumen Objetivo: Describir medidas de presión arterial sistólica (PAS), diastólica (PAD) y media (PAM) en recién nacidos sanos de término y pretérmino tardío para establecer parámetros de normalidad. Método: Estudio transversal realizado en el cunero fisiológico del Hospital Español, Ciudad de México. Se incluyeron 551 pacientes recién nacidos sanos. Las tomas de PA fueron realizadas dentro de las primeras 48 horas de vida con método oscilométrico. Posterior a la evaluación de normalidad, se realizó un análisis descriptivo de la población y cálculo de percentiles (25, 50 y 75) específicos para cada semana de gestación. Todos los análisis fueron realizados en STATA v14.2. Resultados: Los recién nacidos de sexo masculino tuvieron un valor medio de PAS de 64.6 mmHg en la semana 35 de gestación, este valor aumentó a 69.8 mmHg en la semana 40. El valor de la PAD fue de 42.6 mmHg en la semana 35 de gestación, disminuyendo a 40.8 mmHg para la semana 40. Los valores medios de PAS en los recién nacidos de sexo femenino fueron de 65.5 mmHg en la semana 35, teniendo un incremento a 73.5 mmHg en la semana 40. El valor de la PAD en la semana 35 de gestación fue 38 mmHg, incrementando a 41.3 mmHg en la semana 40. Conclusiones: Los valores de PA en recién nacidos sanos se modifican con la edad gestacional y el sexo. Estos resultados pueden servir como referencia para otros médicos ubicados en países o ciudades con alturas similares a la Ciudad de México.

Abstract Objective: Describe the measurements of systolic, diastolic and mean blood pressure in healthy term and late preterm newborns to establish normal values. Methods: Cross-sectional study carried out in the nursery of the Hospital Español, located in Mexico City. A sample of 551 healthy newborns were included in the study. Blood pressure (BP) measurements were taken within the first 48 hours of life with the oscillometric method. After the evaluation of normality, a descriptive analysis of the population and calculation of percentiles (25, 50 and 75) specific for each week of gestation was performed. All analyzes were performed in STATA v14.2. Results: Male newborns had a mean SBP value of 64.6 mmHg at week 35 of gestation, this value increased to 69.8 mmHg at week 40; the systolic blood pressure (SBP) value was 42.6 mmHg at week 35 of gestation, which decreased to 40.8 mmHg at week 40. The mean SBP values in female newborns were 65.5 mmHg at week 35, increasing to 73.5 mmHg at week 40; the diastolic blood pressure (DBP) value at week 35 of gestation was 38 mmHg, increasing to 41.3 mmHg at week 40. Conclusions: The BP values in healthy newborns are modified by the gestational age and sex of the patients. These results can serve as a reference for other physicians located in countries or cities with a similar altitude than the one in Mexico City.

Blood pressure in healthy term and late preterm newborns in Mexico City.

OBJECTIVE: Describe the measurements of systolic, diastolic and mean blood pressure in healthy term and late preterm newborns to establish normal values. METHODS: Cross-sectional study carried out in the nursery of the Hospital Español, located in Mexico City. A sample of 551 healthy newborns were included in the study. Blood pressure (BP) measurements were taken within the first 48 hours of life with the oscillometric method. After the evaluation of normality, a descriptive analysis of the population and calculation of percentiles (25, 50 and 75) specific for each week of gestation was performed. All analyzes were performed in STATA v14.2. RESULTS: Male newborns had a mean SBP value of 64.6 mmHg at week 35 of gestation, this value increased to 69.8 mmHg at week 40; the systolic blood pressure (SBP) value was 42.6 mmHg at week 35 of gestation, which decreased to 40.8 mmHg at week 40. The mean SBP values in female newborns were 65.5 mmHg at week 35, increasing to 73.5 mmHg at week 40; the diastolic blood pressure (DBP) value at week 35 of gestation was 38 mmHg, increasing to 41.3 mmHg at week 40. CONCLUSIONS: The BP values in healthy newborns are modified by the gestational age and sex of the patients. These results can serve as a reference for other physicians located in countries or cities with a similar altitude than the one in Mexico City.

OBJETIVO: Describir medidas de presión arterial sistólica (PAS), diastólica (PAD) y media (PAM) en recién nacidos sanos de término y pretérmino tardío para establecer parámetros de normalidad. MÉTODO: Estudio transversal realizado en el cunero fisiológico del Hospital Español, Ciudad de México. Se incluyeron 551 pacientes recién nacidos sanos. Las tomas de PA fueron realizadas dentro de las primeras 48 horas de vida con método oscilométrico. Posterior a la evaluación de normalidad, se realizó un análisis descriptivo de la población y cálculo de percentiles (25, 50 y 75) específicos para cada semana de gestación. Todos los análisis fueron realizados en STATA v14.2. RESULTADOS: Los recién nacidos de sexo masculino tuvieron un valor medio de PAS de 64.6 mmHg en la semana 35 de gestación, este valor aumentó a 69.8 mmHg en la semana 40. El valor de la PAD fue de 42.6 mmHg en la semana 35 de gestación, disminuyendo a 40.8 mmHg para la semana 40. Los valores medios de PAS en los recién nacidos de sexo femenino fueron de 65.5 mmHg en la semana 35, teniendo un incremento a 73.5 mmHg en la semana 40. El valor de la PAD en la semana 35 de gestación fue 38 mmHg, incrementando a 41.3 mmHg en la semana 40. CONCLUSIONES: Los valores de PA en recién nacidos sanos se modifican con la edad gestacional y el sexo. Estos resultados pueden servir como referencia para otros médicos ubicados en países o ciudades con alturas similares a la Ciudad de México.

Fluoride presence in drinking water along the southeastern part of El Bajío Guanajuatense, Guanajuato, Mexico: sources and health effects.

Drinking water with a high natural concentration of fluoride (F-) has serious consequences for the health of the rural population in the state of Guanajuato, Mexico, where the water contains levels of F- that are not allowed by national and international regulations (1.5 mg/L). This health problem is very common in multiple states throughout Mexico where drinking water is generally extracted from aquifers that are hosted in fractured volcanic rocks of the Tertiary. These aquifers show similar geological characteristics: deep basins that formed as a result of felsic eruptive events and the extensional deformation of the Basin and Range and are now filled with unconsolidated sediments. In this study, we assessed the occurrence of F in volcanic rocks collected at 11 sampling sites along the Sierra de Codornices in Guanajuato (ranging between 0.01299 and 0.146 wt%, average 0.039 wt%, and SD = 0.039 wt%; n = 10), a region where both rural and urban communities consume drinking water with a high F- content (up to 7.1 (mg/L). The F content is dispersed in volcanic rocks, and the highest levels are present in felsic rocks. The statistical and hydrogeochemical results of a sampling campaign of 32 wells in the Juventino Rosas (JR) and Villagran (Vill) municipalities in 2019 suggest that F- mobilization in groundwater is the product of silicate weathering and the dissolution of volcanic glass, alkaline desorption in the surfaces of F-containing minerals, and possibly ion exchange of minerals and clays or deep fluids enriched with F-, in addition to the precipitation of carbonates that decrease the Ca2+ concentration in groundwater. All of these processes can be accelerated by groundwater geothermal characteristics within the study area. The hydrogeochemical, fluoride exposure risk, and fluoride pollution index (FPI) results, as well as the epidemiological survey, indicate that teenagers and older adults from Praderas de la Venta are at risk of exposure to F- due to the high concentrations ingested over a long period, the toxicity of the element, and its ability to accumulate in the bones. Extended exposure to elevated levels increases the risk. This work allows us to observe how the populations of JR and Vill can be exposed to high F- contents in drinking water due to the geological characteristics of the region.

Altering osteoclast numbers using CTSK models in utero affects mice offspring craniofacial morphology.

BACKGROUND: Bone remodelling during development and growth is important for craniofacial integrity of offspring. The aim of this study was to investigate the changes in offspring adult skull morphology when the osteoclasts number was altered in utero, using three-dimensional (3D) geometric morphometric analysis (GMA). MATERIALS AND METHODS: We altered osteoclasts number in utero via two approaches. First, we generated heterozygous CtskCre ;DTAfl/+ (diphtheria toxin A) mice. Second, we altered Ctsk expression in vivo by injecting pregnant wild-type dams at embryonic day (E) 12.5 with in vivo siRNA specific for Ctsk. Mice were collected at 6 weeks and analysed using geometric morphometric analysis via computed tomography, histomorphometry and gene expression analysis. RESULTS: Altering osteoclasts number in utero affected the offspring adult skull morphology. Decreased Ctsk and osteoclast numbers were associated with a decrease in cranial vault height and an increase in mandibular body length. Changes in size and shape were observed with an increased number of osteoclasts in CtskCre ;DTAfl/+ mice, including an increase in cranial vault height, as well as a shortening of mandibular body length and ramus height. CONCLUSION: The findings of this study suggest that modulation of osteoclast numbers during pre- and post-natal development may be a previously unknown factor in the aetiology of skeletal malocclusions. An improved understanding of the factors affecting bone homeostasis during development and growth may help in the development of future therapies that would target the early intervention of skeletal malocclusion.

Type 1 diabetes care in mexico: an analysis of the renaced-dt1 national registry

Background: Information regarding diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of patients with type 1 diabetes (PWT1D) in Mexico is limited. We developed an on-line platform Registro Nacional de Pacientes con Diabetes Tipo 1 (RENACED-DT1). Objective: The objective of the study was to describe the characteristics and healthcare of PWT1D registered in RENACED-DT1. Methods: Analyses of 965 PWT1D from July 2014 to January 2018 in different endocrinology clinics around Mexico. Results: Sixty-one percent were female with median age of 21 years, age at diagnosis 11 years, and disease duration at inclusion 8.2 years. Treatment regimen was basal-bolus in 61% and insulin-pumps in 21% (mainly in the private sector); 33.3% with self-monitoring of blood-glucose (SMBG) ≥4 times/day. Mean HbA1c at last follow-up was 8.7 ± 2.1% (72±23 mmol/mol), 18% had HbA1c < 7% (53 mmol/mol), and 35% > 9% (75 mmol/mol). SMBG ≥ 4 times/day was associated with HbA1c < 7%. Time since diagnosis > 10 years, female sex, BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2, SMBG < 4 times/day, and any hypoglycemia were associated with microvascular complications (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Percentage of patients achieving HbA1c < 7% is low; increased blood glucose monitoring is associated with better glycemic control. The achievement of optimal glycemic control must be increased to reduce the incidence of chronic complications and improve quality of life in PWT1D.

Type 1 Diabetes Care in Mexico: An Analysis of the RENACED-DT1 National Registry.

BACKGROUND: Information regarding diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of patients with type 1 diabetes (PWT1D) in Mexico is limited. We developed an on-line platform Registro Nacional de Pacientes con Diabetes Tipo 1 (RENACED-DT1). OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to describe the characteristics and healthcare of PWT1D registered in RENACED-DT1. METHODS: Analyses of 965 PWT1D from July 2014 to January 2018 in different endocrinology clinics around Mexico. RESULTS: Sixty-one percent were female with median age of 21 years, age at diagnosis 11 years, and disease duration at inclusion 8.2 years. Treatment regimen was basal-bolus in 61% and insulin-pumps in 21% (mainly in the private sector); 33.3% with self-monitoring of blood-glucose (SMBG) ≥4 times/day. Mean HbA1c at last follow-up was 8.7 ± 2.1% (72±23 mmol/mol), 18% had HbA1c < 7% (53 mmol/mol), and 35% > 9% (75 mmol/mol). SMBG ≥ 4 times/day was associated with HbA1c < 7%. Time since diagnosis > 10 years, female sex, BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2, SMBG < 4 times/day, and any hypoglycemia were associated with microvascular complications (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Percentage of patients achieving HbA1c < 7% is low; increased blood glucose monitoring is associated with better glycemic control. The achievement of optimal glycemic control must be increased to reduce the incidence of chronic complications and improve quality of life in PWT1D.

MAternal Mental Health in the WORKplace (MAMH@WORK): A Protocol for Promoting Perinatal Maternal Mental Health and Wellbeing.

Women are exposed to increased burden of mental disorders during the perinatal period: 13-19% experience postpartum depression. Perinatal psychological suffering affects early mother-child relationship, impacting child's emotional and cognitive development. Return-to-work brings additional vulnerability given the required balance between parenting and job demands. The MAternal Mental Health in the WORKplace (MAMH@WORK) project aims to develop and evaluate the effectiveness of a brief and sustainable intervention, promoting (a) maternal mental health throughout pregnancy and first 12 months after delivery, and (b) quality of mother-child interactions, child emotional self-regulation, and cognitive self-control, while (c) reducing perinatal absenteeism and presenteeism. MAMH@WORK is a three-arm randomized controlled trial. A short-term cognitive-behavioral therapy-based (CBT-based) psychoeducation plus biofeedback intervention will be implemented by psychiatrists and psychologists, following a standardized procedure manual developed after consensus (Delphi method). Participants (n = 225, primiparous, singleton pregnant women at 28-30 weeks gestational age, aged 18-40 years, employed) will be randomly allocated to arms: CBT-based psychoeducation intervention (including mindfulness); psychoeducation plus biofeedback intervention; and control. Assessments will take place before and after delivery. Main outcomes (and main tools): mental health literacy (MHLS), psychological wellbeing (HADS, EPDS, KBS, CD-RISC, BRIEF COPE), quality of mother-child interaction, child-mother attachment, child emotional self-regulation and cognitive self-control (including PBQ, Strange Situation Procedure, QDIBRB, SGS-II, CARE-Index), job engagement (UWES), and presenteeism. Intention-to-treat and per-protocol analyses will be conducted; Cohen's d coefficient, Cramer's V and odds ratio will be used to assess the effect size of the intervention. MAMH@WORK is expected to contribute to mental health promotion during the perinatal period and beyond. Its results have the potential to inform health policies regarding work-life balance and maternal mental health and wellbeing promotion in the workplace.

Comparison between surgical techniques in gallstone ileus and outcomes.

INTRODUCTION: Gallstone ileus is a rare cause of mechanical bowel obstruction, generally found in elderly patients who often have other significant medical conditions. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to determine the prevalence of gallstone ileus and the number of postsurgical complications and outcomes depending on what type of surgical management is performed. METHOD: Cohort, retrospective, observational, and comparative study was conducted, which included 31 patients undergoing surgery for gallstone ileus. Three groups were integrated according to the type of surgical procedure: Group 1: enterotomy and stone extraction alone,. Group 2: enterotomy and cholecystectomy with fistula closure, and Group 3: bowel resection alone. RESULTS: A total of 31 patients were analyzed. Gallstone ileus represented the 1.44% of all cases of bowel obstruction. Complication rates were similar between three groups. Mortality rate was lower in Group A, especially when compared to Group B, with a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Surgery is the pillar in treatment of gallstone ileus. Enterotomy with stone extraction alone appears to be associated with a lower mortality rate and better outcomes when compared to more extensive techniques.

ANTECEDENTES: El íleo biliar es una causa rara de obstrucción intestinal mecánica, que se presenta generalmente en pacientes ancianos que a menudo tienen otras afecciones médicas importantes. OBJETIVO: Determinar la prevalencia del íleo biliar, el número de complicaciones y los resultados según el tipo de tratamiento quirúrgico que se realice. MÉTODO: Estudio de cohorte, retrospectivo, observacional y comparativo, que incluyó 31 pacientes sometidos a cirugía por íleo biliar. Se integraron tres grupos según el tipo de procedimiento quirúrgico: grupo 1, enterotomía y extracción de cálculos únicamente; grupo 2, enterotomía y colecistectomía con cierre de fístula; y grupo 3, resección intestinal únicamente. RESULTADOS: Se analizaron 31 pacientes. El íleo biliar representó el 1.44% de todos los casos de obstrucción intestinal. Las tasas de complicaciones fueron similares en los tres grupos. La tasa de mortalidad fue menor en el grupo 1, en especial cuando se comparó con el grupo 2, con una diferencia estadísticamente significativa (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONES: La cirugía es el pilar en el tratamiento del íleo biliar. La enterotomía con extracción de cálculos parece asociarse con una menor tasa de mortalidad y mejores resultados en comparación con técnicas más extensas.

Wilkie's syndrome as a cause of bowel obstruction in adults: A case report.

BACKGROUND: The superior mesenteric artery (SMA) syndrome, also known as Wilkie's syndrome, is one of the rarest causes of small bowel obstruction. CLINICAL CASE: A 36-year-old female patient, with a medical history of diabetes mellitus type 2, arrived at the emergency department with upper intestinal obstruction; a study protocol is made, integrating the diagnosis of Wilkie's syndrome. We performed a laparoscopic duodenojejunostomy, the patient did well in the post-operative period. CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic duodenojejunostomy is a practical option to treat Wilkie's syndrome. It provides definitive treatment with the advantages and benefits of minimally invasive surgery.

ANTECEDENTES: El síndrome de la arteria mesentérica superior o síndrome de Wilkie es una de las causas más raras de obstrucción del intestino Delgado. CASO CLÍNICO: Mujer de 36 años, con antecedente de diabetes mellitus tipo 2, que llegó al servicio de urgencias con un cuadro de oclusión intestinal alta. Se realizó protocolo de estudio, integrando el diagnóstico de síndrome de Wilkie. Se realizó anastomosis duodenoyeyunal laparoscópica y la paciente cursó con adecuada evolución posquirúrgica. CONCLUSIONES: La anastomosis duodenoyeyunal laparoscópica es una opción práctica en el tratamiento del síndrome de Wilkie, con las ventajas y beneficios de la cirugía de mínima invasión.

Damage Identification in Structural Health Monitoring: A Brief Review from its Implementation to the Use of Data-Driven Applications.

The damage identification process provides relevant information about the current state of a structure under inspection, and it can be approached from two different points of view. The first approach uses data-driven algorithms, which are usually associated with the collection of data using sensors. Data are subsequently processed and analyzed. The second approach uses models to analyze information about the structure. In the latter case, the overall performance of the approach is associated with the accuracy of the model and the information that is used to define it. Although both approaches are widely used, data-driven algorithms are preferred in most cases because they afford the ability to analyze data acquired from sensors and to provide a real-time solution for decision making; however, these approaches involve high-performance processors due to the high computational cost. As a contribution to the researchers working with data-driven algorithms and applications, this work presents a brief review of data-driven algorithms for damage identification in structural health-monitoring applications. This review covers damage detection, localization, classification, extension, and prognosis, as well as the development of smart structures. The literature is systematically reviewed according to the natural steps of a structural health-monitoring system. This review also includes information on the types of sensors used as well as on the development of data-driven algorithms for damage identification.

Detection and molecular characterization of respiratory viruses that cause acute respiratory infection in the adult population.

INTRODUCTION: Acute respiratory infections are one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality in older adults and patients with chronic diseases. Among the responsible etiological agents are human respiratory viruses, such as: respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza virus and metapneumovirus. OBJECTIVE: To carry out a differential diagnostic study of respiratory viruses circulating and co-circulating in an adult population. METHODS: A pilot study was conducted in patients older than 18 years, who presented signs and symptoms suggestive of acute respiratory infection and whose clinical picture did not exceed 15 days of evolution; end-point polymerase chain reaction assays were performed with the use of specific oligonucleotides for molecular diagnosis. RESULTS: 72 specimens of patients with an age of 51.33 ± 19.33 years, with a predominance of females (4.5:1); original inhabitants of Mexico City; only 22 were positive for respiratory viruses, being mostly metapneumovirus infections. CONCLUSIONS: The knowledge of the circulating viral strains in the population will allow to determine changes that can declare an epidemiological alert leading to the best decision making for the benefit of the patients.

[Detección y caracterización molecular de virus respiratorios causantes de infección respiratoria aguda en población adulta].

INTRODUCTION: Acute respiratory infections are one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality in older adults and patients with chronic diseases. Among the responsible etiological agents are human respiratory viruses, such as: respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza virus and metapneumovirus. OBJECTIVE: To carry out a differential diagnostic study of respiratory viruses circulating and co-circulating in an adult population. METHODS: A pilot study was conducted in patients older than 18 years, who presented signs and symptoms suggestive of acute respiratory infection and whose clinical picture did not exceed 15 days of evolution; end-point polymerase chain reaction assays were performed with the use of specific oligonucleotides for molecular diagnosis. RESULTS: 72 specimens of patients with an age of 51.33 ± 19.33 years, with a predominance of females (4.5:1); original inhabitants of Mexico City; only 22 were positive for respiratory viruses, being mostly metapneumovirus infections. CONCLUSIONS: The knowledge of the circulating viral strains in the population will allow to determine changes that can declare an epidemiological alert leading to the best decision making for the benefit of the patients.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Las infecciones respiratorias agudas son una de las principales causas de morbimortalidad en adultos mayores y pacientes con enfermedades crónicas. Dentro de los agentes etiológicos responsables se encuentran los virus respiratorios humanos, tales como: virus sincitial respiratorio, virus parainfluenza y metapneumovirus. OBJETIVO: Realizar un estudio de diagnóstico diferencial de virus respiratorios que circulan y cocirculan en una población adulta. MÉTODO: Se realizó un estudio tipo piloto en pacientes mayores de 18 años, que presentaron signos y síntomas sugestivos de infección respiratoria aguda y cuyo cuadro clínico no sobrepasara los 15 días de evolución; se realizaron ensayos de reacción en cadena de la polimerasa de punto final con el uso de oligonucleótidos específicos para el diagnóstico molecular. RESULTADOS: Se tipificaron 72 especímenes de pacientes con una edad de 51.33 ± 19.33 años, con predominio del sexo femenino (4.5:1); originarios en su totalidad de la Ciudad de México; solo 22 fueron positivos para virus respiratorios, siendo en su mayoría infecciones por metapneumovirus. CONCLUSIONES: El conocimiento de las cepas virales circulantes en la población permitirá determinar cambios que puedan declarar una alerta epidemiológica llevando a la mejor toma de decisiones en beneficio de los pacientes.

Altering calcium and phosphorus levels in utero affects adult mouse mandibular morphology.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of our study was to determine morphological changes and bone mineral density (BMD) differences in the adult mandible of offspring exposed to high calcium, low phosphorus diets in utero until weaning age. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Time-mated FVB wild-type mice were fed normal or experimental diet during gestation and until weaning of offspring. Experimental diet contained 3-fold increase in calcium and 3-fold decrease in phosphorus compared to normal diet. Adult mandibles of offspring exposed to experimental diet were sacrificed and heads scanned using micro-computed tomography. Three-dimensional 3D geometric morphometric analysis GMA was utilized to detect morphological changes to the mandible including the condyle. RESULTS: Experimental females showed the greatest morphological differences including shortened mandibular ramus width and height, shortened mandibular body length and height, a wider but shortened condylar neck and a wider condylar head in the lateral-medial direction. Experimental male mandibles trended towards increased mandibular body height and length, opposite the changes observed in experimental female mandibles, whereas condyles were similar to that observed in experimental females. Bone mineral density (BMD) was lowered in experimental females. CONCLUSION: Increased calcium and decreased phosphorus levels led to a retrognathic mandible associated with lowered BMD in experimental females, whereas experimental showed partly opposite effects. Further studies are required to understand the mechanism underlying diet- and gender-specific differences in mandibular morphology.

Detección y caracterización molecular de virus respiratorios causantes de infección respiratoria aguda en población adulta / Detection and molecular characterization of respiratory viruses that cause acute respiratory infection in the adult population

Resumen Introducción: Las infecciones respiratorias agudas son una de las principales causas de morbimortalidad en adultos mayores y pacientes con enfermedades crónicas. Dentro de los agentes etiológicos responsables se encuentran los virus respiratorios humanos, tales como: virus sincitial respiratorio, virus parainfluenza y metapneumovirus. Objetivo: Realizar un estudio de diagnóstico diferencial de virus respiratorios que circulan y cocirculan en una población adulta. Método: Se realizó un estudio tipo piloto en pacientes mayores de 18 años, que presentaron signos y síntomas sugestivos de infección respiratoria aguda y cuyo cuadro clínico no sobrepasara los 15 días de evolución; se realizaron ensayos de reacción en cadena de la polimerasa de punto final con el uso de oligonucleótidos específicos para el diagnóstico molecular. Resultados: Se tipificaron 72 especímenes de pacientes con una edad de 51.33 ± 19.33 años, con predominio del sexo femenino (4.5:1); originarios en su totalidad de la Ciudad de México; solo 22 fueron positivos para virus respiratorios, siendo en su mayoría infecciones por metapneumovirus. Conclusiones: El conocimiento de las cepas virales circulantes en la población permitirá determinar cambios que puedan declarar una alerta epidemiológica llevando a la mejor toma de decisiones en beneficio de los pacientes.

Abstract Introduction: Acute respiratory infections are one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality in older adults and patients with chronic diseases. Among the responsible etiological agents are human respiratory viruses, such as: respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza virus and metapneumovirus. Objective: To carry out a differential diagnostic study of respiratory viruses circulating and co-circulating in an adult population. Methods: A pilot study was conducted in patients older than 18 years, who presented signs and symptoms suggestive of acute respiratory infection and whose clinical picture did not exceed 15 days of evolution; end-point polymerase chain reaction assays were performed with the use of specific oligonucleotides for molecular diagnosis. Results: 72 specimens of patients with an age of 51.33 ± 19.33 years, with a predominance of females (4.5:1); original inhabitants of Mexico City; only 22 were positive for respiratory viruses, being mostly metapneumovirus infections. Conclusions: The knowledge of the circulating viral strains in the population will allow to determine changes that can declare an epidemiological alert leading to the best decision making for the benefit of the patients.

Calidad de vida en adultos mayores en Cartagena, Colombia / Quality of life in the senior population of Cartagena, Colombia

RESUMEN Objetivo Determinar factores asociados a la calidad de vida de los adultos mayores en Cartagena, 2015. Método Estudio transversal, con una población de 107 604 adultos mayores y se estimó una muestra de 660 personas. Se adelantó un muestreo bietapico. Se tomó como referente la teoría de calidad de vida relacionada con salud y para medir los conceptos planteados por esta teoría se emplearon los test de Pfeiffer, encuesta socio-demográfica, escala de depresión de Yesavage, cuestionario de salud auto percibida, escala de Barthel, Lawton y Brody, Índice Multicultural de Calidad de Vida, cuestionario Duke- UNC-11. Se usó la estadística descriptiva y un modelo de regresión logística multivariada. Se consideraron los aspectos éticos de estudios con humanos. Resultados Participaron 657 personas, edad promedio de 71 años, predominó el sexo femenino (55,7 %), tener pareja estable (62,6 %), escolaridad primaria (49,6 %), ocupación hogar (52,8%), residir en estratos 2 y 3 (66,7 %) y vivir con 4 personas, promedio, en el hogar. Se observó alta prevalencia de apoyo social adecuado (89,5 %), no presentar síntomas depresivos con significancia clínica (86.9 %), independencia para realizar actividades básicas (86,3 %) e instrumentales de la vida diaria (60,8 %), percibir su salud como buena (51,4 %), percibir la calidad de vida relacionada con salud como excelente (87,4 %). Las patologías más frecuentes fueron las cardiovasculares (26,1 %). Conclusiones La calidad de vida se asoció positivamente a percibir apoyo social adecuado y a la independencia para realizar actividades instrumentales de la vida diaria y neg(AU)

ABSTRACT Objective To determine factors associated with the quality of life of the elderly in Cartagena in 2015. Method Cross-sectional study on a population of 107 604 senior adults, with a sample of 660 people. Two-stage sampling was carried out using the Pfeiffer test, socio-demographic survey, Yesavage depression scale, self-perceived health questionnaire, Barthel Lawton and Brody scale, Multicultural Quality of Life Index, and Duke Questionnaire. Descriptive statistics and a multivariate logistic regression model were used. The ethical aspects of human studies were considered. Results 657 people participated, with an average age of 71 years, predominantly female (55.7 %), with a stable partner (62.6 %), primary schooling (49.6 %), household occupation (52.8 %), residing in strata 2 and 3 (66.7 %), and living with an average of 4 people in the same household. Findings include high prevalence of adequate social support (89.5 %), no depressive symptoms of clinical significance (86.9 %), independence to perform basic activities (86.3 %) and instrumental activities of daily living (60.8%). Additionally, their health was perceived as good (51.4 %), and the quality of life related to health as excellent (87.4 %). The most frequent pathologies were cardiovascular (26.1 %). Conclusions Quality of life was positively associated to the perception of adequate social support and independence to perform instrumental activities of daily living, and negatively to working or having a pension.(AU)

[Quality of life in the senior population of Cartagena, Colombia]. / Calidad de vida en adultos mayores en Cartagena, Colombia.

OBJECTIVE: To determine factors associated with the quality of life of the elderly in Cartagena in 2015. METHOD: Cross-sectional study on a population of 107 604 senior adults, with a sample of 660 people. Two-stage sampling was carried out using the Pfeiffer test, socio-demographic survey, Yesavage depression scale, self-perceived health questionnaire, Barthel Lawton and Brody scale, Multicultural Quality of Life Index, and Duke Questionnaire. Descriptive statistics and a multivariate logistic regression model were used. The ethical aspects of human studies were considered. RESULTS: 657 people participated, with an average age of 71 years, predominantly female (55.7 %), with a stable partner (62.6 %), primary schooling (49.6 %), household occupation (52.8 %), residing in strata 2 and 3 (66.7 %), and living with an average of 4 people in the same household. Findings include high prevalence of adequate social support (89.5 %), no depressive symptoms of clinical significance (86.9 %), independence to perform basic activities (86.3 %) and instrumental activities of daily living (60.8%). Additionally, their health was perceived as good (51.4 %), and the quality of life related to health as excellent (87.4 %). The most frequent pathologies were cardiovascular (26.1 %). CONCLUSIONS: Quality of life was positively associated to the perception of adequate social support and independence to perform instrumental activities of daily living, and negatively to working or having a pension.

OBJETIVO: Determinar factores asociados a la calidad de vida de los adultos mayores en Cartagena, 2015. MÉTODO: Estudio transversal, con una población de 107 604 adultos mayores y se estimó una muestra de 660 personas. Se adelantó un muestreo bietapico. Se tomó como referente la teoría de calidad de vida relacionada con salud y para medir los conceptos planteados por esta teoría se emplearon los test de Pfeiffer, encuesta socio-demográfica, escala de depresión de Yesavage, cuestionario de salud auto percibida, escala de Barthel, Lawton y Brody, Índice Multicultural de Calidad de Vida, cuestionario Duke- UNC-11. Se usó la estadística descriptiva y un modelo de regresión logística multivariada. Se consideraron los aspectos éticos de estudios con humanos. RESULTADOS: Participaron 657 personas, edad promedio de 71 años, predominó el sexo femenino (55,7 %), tener pareja estable (62,6 %), escolaridad primaria (49,6 %), ocupación hogar (52,8%), residir en estratos 2 y 3 (66,7 %) y vivir con 4 personas, promedio, en el hogar. Se observó alta prevalencia de apoyo social adecuado (89,5 %), no presentar síntomas depresivos con significancia clínica (86.9 %), independencia para realizar actividades básicas (86,3 %) e instrumentales de la vida diaria (60,8 %), percibir su salud como buena (51,4 %), percibir la calidad de vida relacionada con salud como excelente (87,4 %). Las patologías más frecuentes fueron las cardiovasculares (26,1 %). CONCLUSIONES: La calidad de vida se asoció positivamente a percibir apoyo social adecuado y a la independencia para realizar actividades instrumentales de la vida diaria y negativamente al hecho de trabajar o tener pensión.

Importancia de los reportes de caso en anestesiología / Importance of case reports in anaesthesia

A case (from the Latin casus) is defined as something that occurs (occurrence), an event or happening. According to the dictionary of the Royal Spanish Academy, to report is the action of conveying, communicating or giving notice. Although the case could be assimilated to the individual or patient, the term refers in fact to the disease or the clinical condition at hand. Case reports present clinical observations in a form that is particular to healthcare-related sciences. More specifically, they are a formal summary of a patient and his/her disease, including the presence or absence of signs and symptoms, diagnostic tests, treatment and outcomes.