Pharmacological Proposal Approach to Managing Chronic Pain Associated with COVID-19.

BACKGROUND: Post-COVID syndrome is widespread and chronic pain associated with this syndrome is increasingly being seen in pain clinics. Understanding and managing Chronic Post-COVID Pain (CPCoP) is essential in improving the quality of life of patients. Relevant sections: Identify the types of pain associated with post-COVID syndrome and look for ways to treat them. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Based on our experience, we have identified five groups within CPCoP: (1) chronic pain post-hospitalization in intensive care or long hospitalizations, (2) pain associated with rehabilitation, (3) exacerbation of existing chronic pain pre-COVID-19 infection, (4) central and peripheral neuropathic pain post-COVID-19 infection, (5) chronic pain post vaccination. To fight against misinformation, we created an information capsule for doctors, nurses, and other health workers at a conference via the ECHO* program, delivered 2-3 times a year. CONCLUSIONS: In pandemic and post-pandemic periods, it is important to determine the sequelae that a disease can leave in the general population, and to understand and treat them. The model proposed may serve as an inspiration to other pain centers to treat the increasing number of patients with CPCoP.

A Latin American consensus meeting on the essentials of mixed pain.

OBJECTIVES: The term "mixed pain" has been established when a mixture of different pain components (e.g. nociceptive, neuropathic, and nociplastic) are present. It has gained more and more acceptance amongst pain experts worldwide, but many questions around the concept of mixed pain are still unsolved. The sensation of pain is very personal. Cultural, social, personal experiences, idiomatic, and taxonomic differences should be taken into account during pain assessment. Therefore, a Latin American consensus committee was formed to further elaborate the essentials of mixed pain, focusing on the specific characteristics of the Latin American population. METHODS: The current approach was based on a systematic literature search and review carried out in Medline. Eight topics about the definition, diagnosis, and treatment of mixed pain were discussed and voted for by a Latin American consensus committee and recommendations were expressed. RESULTS: At the end of the meeting a total of 14 voting sheets were collected. The full consensus was obtained for 21 of 25 recommendations (15 strong agreement and 6 unanimous agreement) formulated for the above described 8 topics (7 of the 8 topics had for all questions at least a strong agreement - 1 topic had no agreement for all 4 questions). CONCLUSION: In a subject as complex as mixed pain, a consensus has been reached among Latin American specialists on points related to the definition and essence of this pain, its diagnosis and treatment. Recommendations for diagnosis and treatment of mixed pain in Latin America were raised.

Monitoring Pharmacological Treatment in Patients With Chronic Noncancer Pain.

Chronic pain has been not recognized as a chronic illness, and its far-reaching impacts are often ignored. Chronic noncancer pain (CNCP) is a chronic disease and health care professionals need recommendations on how to monitor treatments, patients and long-term side effects of the different medications used to control CNCP. CNCP patients make up a vulnerable population due to the various associated pathologies and the challenging socio-economic conditions experienced by many of these patients. CNCP is more common among older adults, females, cancer survivors, indigenous peoples, veterans, and populations affected by social inequities and discrimination. These social determinants can lead to a complex interplay between chronic pain, mental illness, and substance use disorders. Given these realities, long-term pharmacological and side effect surveillance is more complex. Follow-up of patients with CNCP is a challenge for physicians, and thus it is important to provide recommendations on how to monitor treatments and long-term side effects of the different medications used to control CNCP.

Opioid Induced Hyperalgesia, a Research Phenomenon or a Clinical Reality? Results of a Canadian Survey.

BACKGROUND: Very little is known regarding the prevalence of opioid induced hyperalgesia (OIH) in day to day medical practice. The aim of this study was to evaluate the physician's perception of the prevalence of OIH within their practice, and to assess the level of physician's knowledge with respect to the identification and treatment of this problem. METHODS: An electronic questionnaire was distributed to physicians who work in anesthesiology, chronic pain, and/or palliative care in Canada. RESULTS: Of the 462 responses received, most were from male (69%) anesthesiologists (89.6%), in the age range of 36 to 64 years old (79.8%). In this study, the suspected prevalence of OIH using the average number of patients treated per year with opioids was 0.002% per patient per physician practice year for acute pain, and 0.01% per patient per physician practice year for chronic pain. Most physicians (70.2%) did not use clinical tests to help make a diagnosis of OIH. The treatment modalities most frequently used were the addition of an NMDA antagonist, combined with lowering the opioid doses and using opioid rotation. CONCLUSIONS: The perceived prevalence of OIH in clinical practice is a relatively rare phenomenon. Furthermore, more than half of physicians did not use a clinical test to confirm the diagnosis of OIH. The two main treatment modalities used were NMDA antagonists and opioid rotation. The criteria for the diagnosis of OIH still need to be accurately defined.

Attitudes Toward Opioids and Risk of Misuse/Abuse in Patients with Chronic Noncancer Pain Receiving Long-term Opioid Therapy.

Objectives: To determine the attitudes of patients toward long-term opioid therapy (LtOT) and the potential risk of misuse/abuse in patients with chronic noncancer pain (CNCP). Design: Prospective, descriptive epidemiological study. Setting: Multidisciplinary tertiary care pain center within the Montreal University Health Center. Subjects: Patients who had had at least one visit at least one year prior to the invitation. Methods: We used four questionnaires: demographic questionnaire, the Drug Attitude Inventory Modified (DAI-M), the Opioid Risk Tool (ORT), and the Screening Tool for Addiction Risk (STAR). All questionnaires were administered in their validated French version. Results: Three hundred seventy patients completed questionnaires. The response rate was 79.26%. Of those who responded, 61.62% women and 38.38% men, the mean age was 57 years. The patients had been treated with LtOT for an average of 6.31 years, and the median dose per day in morphine equivalents was 48.21 mg. The DAI-M showed that 32.16% had a positive attitude toward opioids, 39.73% had a negative attitude, and 22.16% had a neutral attitude. The ORT questionnaire demonstrated that 86.2% of the patients were at low risk of abuse/misuse, 13.2% were at moderate risk, and only 0.54% were at high risk. The STAR questionnaire showed that 4.2% had a low risk of abuse/misuse. Conclusions: Despite public opinion, patients treated with LtOT for CNCP and followed in a tertiary care pain center are at low risk for opioid misuse/abuse. We need to refine the way of prescribing opioids, should be selective with our patients, and should relive their pain adequately.

A Case Report of Refractory Notalgia Paresthetica Treated with Lidocaine Infusions.

BACKGROUND Notalgia paresthetica is a neuropathic condition that manifests as a chronic itch in the thoraco-dorsal region. It is often resistant to treatment, and specific guidelines for its management are lacking. As such, we present a treatment approach with intravenous lidocaine infusions. CASE REPORT The case involves a 50-year-old woman with spinal cord injury caused by an epidural abscess. The patient developed notalgia paresthetica and sublesional neuropathic pain following its drainage. In the course of her pain management, she was treated with intravenous lidocaine which resulted in profound relief of notalgia paresthetica. CONCLUSIONS Intravenous lidocaine was effective in relieving neuropathic itch in the patient case presented.

Low-dose intravenous ketamine for postcardiac surgery pain: Effect on opioid consumption and the incidence of chronic pain.

BACKGROUND: Recent meta-analyses have concluded that low-dose intravenous ketamine infusions (LDKIs) during the postoperative period may help to decrease acute and chronic postoperative pain after major surgery. AIMS: This study aims to evaluate the level of pain at least 3 months after surgery for patients treated with a postoperative LDKI versus patients who were not treated with a postoperative LDKI. METHODS: Administrative and Ethics Board approval were obtained for this study. We performed a retrospective chart review for all patients receiving LDKI, and equal number of age-, sex-, and surgery-matched patients who did not receive LDKI. Low-dose ketamine was prepared using 100 mg of ketamine in 100 ml of normal saline and run between 50 and 200 mcg/kg/h. RESULTS: We reviewed 115 patients with LDKI and 115 without LDKI. The average age was 63.1 years, 73% of the patients were men and sex was evenly distributed between LDKI and non-LDKI. The average duration of the ketamine infusions was 26.8 h with the average dose being 169.9 mg. At an average of 9 months after surgery, 42% of the ketamine group and 38% of the nonketamine group stated that they had had pain on discharge. Of these patients, 30% of the ketamine group and 26% of the nonketamine group still had pain at the time of the phone call. Women in both groups had more acute and chronic pain than men. CONCLUSION: These results show that LDKI does not promote a decrease in long-term postoperative pain.

A case report of complex auricular neuralgia treated with the great auricular nerve and facet blocks.

BACKGROUND: The great auricular nerve is a cutaneous branch of the cervical plexus originating from the C2 and C3 spinal nerves. It innervates the skin over the external ear, the angle of the mandible and the parotid gland. It communicates with the ansa cervicalis. Great auricular neuralgia is rarely diagnosed in clinical practice and can be refractory. We present a new approach using ultrasound-guided nerve blocks. CASE: We present a case of a 41-year-old female with paroxysmal ear pain accompanied by dysautonomia, tingling in the tongue, dysphagia, dysarthria and abdominal symptoms. No significant findings were found on cervical and brain imaging. The patient responded partially to a great auricular nerve block. A combined approach using this block with facet block of C2 and C3 induced a more pronounced and prolonged benefit. CONCLUSION: Great auricular neuralgia is not often encountered in practice and can be accompanied by symptoms originating from the ansa cervicalis network. A combined approach of nerve blocks can be considered in refractory cases.

"CAPS" Cardiac Acute Pain Services-A Nationwide Survey From Canada.

OBJECTIVES: Acute Pain Services (APS) are well-established worldwide; however, their availability and use in cardiac surgery units are less widespread and, even where present, may be provided less consistently. The authors undertook this survey to assess the current organization of Cardiac Acute Pain Services (CAPS) in Canada. DESIGN: This was a prospectively administered survey. SETTING: This study included all centers in Canada that conducted adult cardiac surgery. PARTICIPANTS: The participants were anesthesiologists. INTERVENTION: A 20-item questionnaire covered the demographics, functioning and APS structure. RESULTS: The authors achieved a response rate of 100% with completed questionnaires from all 31 centers. Ten centers (32.3%) stated that they had a dedicated CAPS, 9 centers (29%) stated that they did not have an APS, and 12 centers (38.7%) had APS but no CAPS. At the time of the survey for the 10 centers with CAPS, 3 of the CAPS had a physician-run model, 4 had a combined physician and nurse service, and 1 used a combination of protocols, intensivists, and nurse practitioners. Nine centers had an anesthesiologist assigned to daily acute pain rounds. Only in 2 of 10 centers with CAPS were more than 50% of their cardiac surgery patients receiving care. In general, postoperative pain management was a protocol-driven activity. CONCLUSIONS: CAPS are varied in both structure and functioning. Further work is required both at the institutional and the national levels to improve the postoperative care and the pain-related outcomes of patients undergoing cardiac surgery.

Ultrasound-Guided Trigger Point Injection for Serratus Anterior Muscle Pain Syndrome: Description of Technique and Case Series.

Chronic chest pain is a challenge, and serratus anterior muscle pain syndrome (SAMPS) is often overlooked. We have developed an ultrasound-guided technique for infiltrating local anesthetics and steroids in patients with SAMPS. In 8 patients, the duration of chronic pain was approximately 19 months. Three months after treatment, all patients had experienced a significant reduction in pain. Infiltration for SAMPS confirms the diagnosis and provides adequate pain relief.

Patient attitudes and beliefs regarding pain medication after cardiac surgery: barriers to adequate pain management.

Several studies have outlined the impact of patient's beliefs on their level of pain relief after surgery and have underlined that misconceptions are barriers to effective pain relief. The aim of this survey was to evaluate the beliefs of the patients to help create a specifically adapted pain education program. After ethics approval, all patients scheduled to undergo cardiac surgery of any kind were approached and asked to complete a voluntary, non-nominative questionnaire that included the Barriers Questionnaire and the Screening Tool for Addiction Risk (STAR) Questionnaire. All completed questionnaires were collected from the charts every evening or the morning before surgery. Of 564 patients scheduled for surgery, 379 patients (67.5%) returned questionnaires. The average age was 60.3 years, and 66.0% were male. Results of the Barriers Questionnaire showed that 31% of patients were in strong agreement that "it is easy to become addicted to pain medication," 20% agreed that "good patients do not speak of their pain," and 36% believe that "pain medication should be saved in case pain worsens." Little or no gains have been made in decreasing misconceptions related to the treatment of pain. This study underlines the considerable need for and absolute necessity to provide pain education to patients undergoing cardiac surgery.

Anatomy of the Pain Centre waiting list at the Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM).

BACKGROUND: Waiting list management at chronic pain clinics has become a serious problem throughout Canada. We analyzed the waiting list at the Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM) Pain Centre. METHODS: The present study is an observational, prospective study. We used a specifically designed survey questionnaire. Survey findings were analyzed with descriptive statistical methods. RESULTS: A total of 270 patients were contacted; only 146 were included. Of these, 93 were women and 53 men. The average age was 55.9 years. Fifty-two percent of the patients were referred by a medical specialist; 34% by family physicians; 3% for emergency; and 11% unknown. The mean for pain score was 6.7/10. Seventy-three percent were taking pain killers with an average improvement on their pain score of 52%. Ten percent of respondents were not taking any type of analgesic medication, while 17% were taking over-the-counter drugs. Fifty-three percent of the patients had been suffering from chronic pain for 5 years or less, while 10% had been suffering and awaiting specialized pain treatment for more than 20 years. CONCLUSION: Our data suggests that accessibility to specialized health care is not the sole obstacle to the timely and effective management of chronic pain. Seventy-three percent of the patients were taking some form of pharmaceutical treatment for pain and reported an average improvement rate of 52% on their pain score under medication. Such inconsistency may be attributable to patients' lack of compliance with their treatment. The World Health Organization Working Group recommended in chronic patients a novel approach to health care, based on patient therapeutic education. Our results show that patients need to acquire self-management skills regarding their chronic conditions.

Conceptos básicos del uso de opioides: en el tratamiento del dolor oncológico / Basic concept of the use opioids in the treatment of the oncologic pain

Revisión de los conceptos relacionados al uso de los opioides: resistencia, tolerancia y dependencia física en el paciente oncológico. La falta de conocimiento de estos conceptos conlleva a creencias erróneas, mitos, así como, a una inadecuada dosificación. Al aclarar conceptos se brinda confianza al médico, personal paramédico y al pacientes, para un adecuado tratamiento del dolor. Luego, se exponen los principios básicos sobre la prescripción de opioides según la Organización Mundial de la Salud, escalera analgésica y su modificación con un esquema de cuatro niveles y uno flotante. Se presenta al lector dosificaciones (inicio y mantenimiento), tablas equianalgésicas en caso de intolerancia o ineficacia, los eventos adversos más comunes con el uso de opioides, al igual que su manejo. Se propone un esquema terapéutico útil en nuestro medio. Como conclusión, se debe tener claro que el paciente oncológico presentará dolor en algún momento y que existen estratégias eficaces y segura para su tratamiento