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1.
Rev. Univ. Ind. Santander, Salud ; 54(1): e316, Enero 2, 2022. graf
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: biblio-1407015

RESUMO

Resumen Introducción: El mercurio circula por el aire; persiste en suelos, sedimentos y agua, y causa efectos en la salud humana. Las mujeres en edad fértil y los neonatos son la población más vulnerable. Objetivo: Analizar las evidencias sobre la carga de enfermedad ocasionada por la exposición a mercurio, así como el impacto económico sobre el sistema de salud. Metodología: Revisión de alcance de la literatura, de las bases de datos PUBMED y EPISTEMONIKOS, búsqueda manual de documentos técnicos de entidades oficiales de diferentes continentes. Resultados: Se identificaron 311 registros en bases de datos y 4 en búsqueda manual en entidades oficiales; 19 artículos fueron incluidos. Discusión: Predomina la afectación del desarrollo neurológico y cognitivo en niños de madres expuestas y lactantes. Los costos se midieron por la pérdida del coeficiente intelectual. Conclusión: Efectos en salud por la exposición a metilmercurio se traducen en gastos para la sociedad y los sistemas de salud.


Abstract Introduction: Mercury circulates through the air, persists in soils, sediments and water, and can affect human health. Women of childbearing age and newborns are the most vulnerable population. Objective: To analyze the evidence on the burden of disease caused by mercury exposure, as well as the economic impact on the health system. Methodology: Review of the literature, PUBMED and EPISTEMONIKOS databases, manual search of technical documents of official entities from different continents. Results: A total of 311 records were identified in databases and four in manual searches from official entities; 19 articles were included. Discussion: Neurological and cognitive development in children of exposed mothers and infants are more predominant. Costs were measured by IQ loss. Conclusion: Health effects of methylmercury exposure translate into costs for society and health systems.


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Custos de Cuidados de Saúde , Disfunção Cognitiva , Carga Global da Doença , Deficiência Intelectual , Mercúrio
2.
Rev. Fac. Med. (Bogotá) ; 67(4): 581-586, Oct.-Dec. 2019. tab
Artigo em Inglês | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1091982

RESUMO

Abstract Introduction: Coal worker's pneumoconiosis is caused by the inhalation of coal dust and its accumulation in the lungs after several years of exposure. Objective: To determine the prevalence of pneumoconiosis in underground mining workers exposed to coal dust in Cundinamarca, Colombia, and its association with their spirometry results and respiratory symptoms. Materials and methods: Cross-sectional study conducted on 215 workers who were administered a questionnaire on respiratory symptoms. For each worker a chest radiograph was taken according to the criteria of the International Labor Organization. Information on the workers' socio-demographic characteristics, smoking habits, and spirometry results was included. Results: The average age was 45.5 ± 9.4 years and the average length of employment was 21.7±10.0 years. Expectoration was the symptom most frequently reported (73.5%). Regarding spirometry results, a normal pattern was observed in 89.8% of the sample, while obstructive and restrictive patterns were found in 5.1% and 3.7% of the subjects, and 0.5% had a peripheral airways dysfunction pattern. The prevalence of pneumoconiosis was 42.33%. FEV1/FVC ratio (81.75 vs. 83.74, p=0.045) and FF25-75% (84.96 vs. 91.95, p<0.001) mean values were significantly lower in workers with pneumoconiosis. Conclusion: Pneumoconiosis was highly prevalent in the study population and its diagnosis was associated with spirometry results (FEV1/FVC and FEF25.75%); bearing in mind that currently there are not effective treatments for this disease, it is necessary to implement control and prevention strategies aimed at reducing occupational exposure to coal dust and, this way, prevent its occurrence.


Resumen Introducción. La neumoconiosis de los mineros de carbón resulta de la inhalación de polvo del carbón y se desarrolla después de varios años de exposición. Objetivo. Determinar la prevalencia de neumoconiosis y su relación con los resultados de espirometría y los síntomas respiratorios en trabajadores expuestos a polvo de carbón en Cundinamarca, Colombia. Materiales y métodos. Estudio de corte transversal realizado en 215 trabajadores a quienes se les aplicó un cuestionario sobre síntomas respiratorios y se les realizó radiografía de tórax según los criterios de la Organización Internacional del Trabajo. Se incluyó la información relativa a sus características sociodemográficas, hábitos de tabaquismo y resultados de espirometría. Resultados. El promedio de edad fue 45.5±9.4 años y el de experiencia laboral fue de 21.7±10.0 años. El síntoma más frecuente fue la expectoración (73.5%). En la espirometría, se observó patrón normal en el 89.8% de la población, obstructivo en el 5.1%, restrictivo en el 3.7% y de alteración de vías aéreas periféricas en el 0.5%. La prevalencia de neumoconiosis fue de 42.3%. Los valores promedio de FEV1/CVF (81.75 vs. 83.74, p=0.045) y FF25-75% (84.96 vs. 91.95, p<0.001) fueron menores significativamente en los mineros con neumoconiosis. Conclusión. La prevalencia de neumoconiosis fue muy alta en la población estudiada y su ocurrencia estuvo asociada a los resultados de la espirometría (FEV1/CFV y FEF25-75%); teniendo en cuenta que no hay tratamientos eficaces para esta enfermedad, es necesario implementar estrategias de control y prevención diseñadas para reducir la exposición laboral al polvo de carbón y, de esta forma, prevenir su aparición.

3.
Biomédica (Bogotá) ; 38(4): 467-478, oct.-dic. 2018. tab
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: biblio-983956

RESUMO

Introducción. La neumoconiosis de mineros del carbón es una enfermedad crónica e irreversible que se considera un problema de salud pública. Objetivo. Estimar la prevalencia de neumoconiosis y sus factores asociados en mineros de carbón de Boyacá, Cundinamarca y Norte de Santander. Materiales y métodos. Se hizo un estudio de corte transversal en 476 mineros. Se les hizo valoración médica, se tomaron radiografías de tórax siguiendo los criterios de la Organización Internacional del Trabajo, así como espirometrías, y se identificaron los polimorfismos de la glutatión S-transferasa y de las enzimas de reparación. Las asociaciones entre las condiciones ocupacionales y de la empresa con la neumoconiosis, se estudiaron usando modelos de regresión de Cox. Resultados. En 31 empresas se hicieron 479 monitorizaciones ambientales y se evaluaron 476 trabajadores cuyo tiempo de trabajo fluctuaba entre 10 y 57 años. La prevalencia de la neumoconiosis fue de 33,8 % (IC95% 27,0-41,3). En el modelo de regresión multivariado de Cox, con tiempo de riesgo constante para la neumoconiosis, esta se asoció significativamente con el trabajo en empresas medianas (razón de prevalencias, RP=2,00; IC95% 0,995- 2,690; p=0,052), con un nivel alto de exposición al polvo de carbón según el índice de exposición (RP=2,055; IC95% 1,043-4,048; p=0,038), y una antigüedad de 25 años o más (para 25,0 a 29,9 años: RP=2,199; IC95% 1,449-3,338; p=0,001). Conclusiones. La prevalencia de la neumoconiosis fue muy alta y se asoció a la exposición a altos niveles de polvo de carbón, a una exposición laboral mayor o igual a 25 años y al trabajo en empresas medianas.


Introduction: Coal workers' pneumoconiosis is a chronic and irreversible disease representing a public health problem. Objective: To estimate the prevalence of pneumoconiosis and its associated factors among underground coal miners in the Colombian departments of Boyacá, Cundinamarca and Norte de Santander. Materials and methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study of 476 miners to measure the prevalence of pneumoconiosis and its associated factors such as coal dust and silica levels, as well as the occupational conditions. The medical assessment and a chest x-ray were performed according to the International Labor Organization criteria, along with spirometry and the identification of glutathione S-transferase and repair enzyme polymorphisms. The associations were explored using Cox regression models. Results: We performed a total of 479 environmental monitoring sessions in 31 companies and we evaluated 476 workers with 10 to 57 years of mining work experience. The prevalence of pneumoconiosis was 33.8% (95% CI: 27.0 - 41.3%). In the Cox multivariate regression model with a constant risk time, pneumoconiosis was significantly associated with working in medium-sized companies (PR=2.00, 95% CI: 0.995 - 2.690; p=0.052), the level of severe exposure to coal dust (PR=2.055, 95% CI: 1.043 - 4.048; p=0.038), and working in underground mining for 25 years or more (for those with 25.0-29.9 years: PR=2.199, 95% CI: 1.449 - 3.338; p=0.001). Conclusions: The prevalence of pneumoconiosis was very high and was found to be associated with severe exposure to coal dust, work exposure for 25 years or more and working in medium-sized enterprises.


Assuntos
Pneumoconiose , Minas de Carvão , Sílica Livre , Exposição Ocupacional , Prevenção de Doenças , Genotoxicidade
4.
Biomedica ; 38(4): 467-478, 2018 12 01.
Artigo em Inglês, Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30653860

RESUMO

Introduction: Coal workers' pneumoconiosis is a chronic and irreversible disease representing a public health problem. Objective: To estimate the prevalence of pneumoconiosis and its associated factors among underground coal miners in the Colombian departments of Boyacá, Cundinamarca and Norte de Santander. Materials and methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study of 476 miners to measure the prevalence of pneumoconiosis and its associated factors such as coal dust and silica levels, as well as the occupational conditions. The medical assessment and a chest x-ray were performed according to the International Labor Organization criteria, along with spirometry and the identification of glutathione S-transferase and repair enzyme polymorphisms.The associations were explored using Cox regression models. Results: We performed a total of 479 environmental monitoring sessions in 31 companies and we evaluated 476 workers with 10 to 57 years of mining work experience. The prevalence of pneumoconiosis was 33.8% (95% CI: 27.0 - 41.3%). In the Cox multivariate regression model with a constant risk time, pneumoconiosis was significantly associated with working in medium-sized companies (PR=2.00, 95% CI: 0.995 - 2.690; p=0.052), the level of severe exposure to coal dust (PR=2.055, 95% CI: 1.043 - 4.048; p=0.038), and working in underground mining for 25 years or more (for those with 25.0-29.9 years: PR=2.199, 95% CI: 1.449 - 3.338; p=0.001). Conclusions: The prevalence of pneumoconiosis was very high and was found to be associated with severe exposure to coal dust, work exposure for 25 years or more and working in medium-sized enterprises


Introducción. La neumoconiosis de mineros del carbón es una enfermedad crónica e irreversible que se considera un problema de salud pública. Objetivo. Estimar la prevalencia de neumoconiosis y sus factores asociados en mineros de carbón de Boyacá, Cundinamarca y Norte de Santander. Materiales y métodos. Se hizo un estudio de corte transversal en 476 mineros. Se les hizo valoración médica, se tomaron radiografías de tórax siguiendo los criterios de la Organización Internacional del Trabajo, así como espirometrías, y se identificaron los polimorfismos de la glutatión S-transferasa y de las enzimas de reparación. Las asociaciones entre las condiciones ocupacionales y de la empresa con la neumoconiosis, se estudiaron usando modelos de regresión de Cox. Resultados. En 31 empresas se hicieron 479 monitorizaciones ambientales y se evaluaron 476 trabajadores cuyo tiempo de trabajo fluctuaba entre 10 y 57 años. La prevalencia de la neumoconiosis fue de 33,8 % (IC95% 27,0-41,3). En el modelo de regresión multivariado de Cox, con tiempo de riesgo constante para la neumoconiosis, esta se asoció significativamente con el trabajo en empresas medianas (razón de prevalencias, RP=2,00; IC95% 0,995- 2,690; p=0,052), con un nivel alto de exposición al polvo de carbón según el índice de exposición (RP=2,055; IC95% 1,043-4,048; p=0,038), y una antigüedad de 25 años o más (para 25,0 a 29,9 años: RP=2,199; IC95% 1,449-3,338; p=0,001). Conclusiones. La prevalencia de la neumoconiosis fue muy alta y se asoció a la exposición a altos niveles de polvo de carbón, a una exposición laboral mayor o igual a 25 años y al trabajo en empresas medianas.


Assuntos
Poeira , Mineração , Exposição Ocupacional/estatística & dados numéricos , Pneumoconiose/epidemiologia , Adulto , Minas de Carvão , Colômbia/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prevalência , Silicose/epidemiologia , Adulto Jovem
5.
Rev. Univ. Ind. Santander, Salud ; 49(1): 85-92, Marzo 20, 2017. tab, graf
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: biblio-897092

RESUMO

RESUMEN Introducción: El impacto en la salud que ocasiona el uso de plaguicidas en los agricultores se debe principalmente a las prácticas inadecuadas en el manejo de los mismos. Objetivo: Identificar los posibles efectos adversos en la salud y el ambiente asociados al uso y manejo de plaguicidas en el cultivo de papa. Metodología: estudio descriptivo transversal en el municipio de Totoró, departamento de Cauca (Colombia), con una muestra de 125 trabajadores. A cada individuo seleccionado se le aplicó encuesta y recolectó una muestra de 10 ml de sangre para determinar la actividad de la enzima acetilcolinesterasa tanto en plasma como en eritrocitos por la técnica de Michel. Resultados: El 74,4% (n=93) de los trabajadores empleaban plaguicidas en su trabajo y el 49,6% (n=62) los usaban en el hogar. La mayor frecuencia de uso de plaguicidas tanto en el trabajo como en el hogar está dado por los organofosforados. En relación con la determinación de la actividad de la enzima acetilcolinesterasa, el 8,0% (n=10) de los individuos presentaron inhibición de la acetilcolinesterasa eritrocitaria. Conclusiones: El mayor porcentaje de los plaguicidas empleados en el trabajo pertenecen a la categoría toxicológica III, medianamente tóxicos, seguido por la categoría I (extremadamente tóxicos). El plaguicida más frecuentemente utilizado en el trabajo fue el Manzate de categoría toxicológica III, mientras que en casa fue el Furadan (categoría toxicológica I). La inhibición de la AChE fue mínima aunque se informó del uso de plaguicidas organofosforados, carbamatos y ditiocarbamatos, entre otros.


ABSTRACT Introduction: The health impact caused by the use of pesticides on farmers is mainly due to poor practices in managing them. Objective: To identify possible adverse effects on health and the environment associated with the use and management of pesticides in potato crops. Metodology: cross sectional study in the municipality of Totoro, Cauca department (Colombia), with a sample of 125 workers. Each selected individual survey was applied and collected a sample of 10 ml of blood to determine the activity of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase both plasma and erythrocytes by Michel technique. Results: 74.4% (n = 93) of workers employed pesticides in their work and 49.6% (n = 62) used them at home. The highest frequency of pesticide use both at work and at home is given by organophosphates. Regarding the determination of the activity of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, 8.0% (n = 10) of individuals they presented erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase inhibition. Conclusion: The highest percentage of the pesticides used at work belong to the toxicity category III, moderately toxic, followed by the category I (extremely toxic). The pesticide used most often at work was Manzate of toxicity category III, while at home was the Furadan (toxicological category I). AChE inhibition was minimal but the reported the use of organophosphates, carbamates and dithiocarbamates, among others.


Assuntos
Humanos , Inseticidas Organofosforados , Carbamatos , Biomarcadores , Exposição Ocupacional , Agricultura
6.
Rev. salud pública ; 18(4): 1-1, jul.-ago. 2016. ilus, tab
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-794089

RESUMO

Objetivo Caracterizar la forma en que los agricultores se exponen a los plaguicidas y se presenta la intoxicación. Materiales y Métodos Estudio multi-métodos y multinivel (individuo y comunidad), que incluyó métodos etnográficos, encuesta y medición de plaguicidas en agua y muestras humanas. Resultados Se describió el proceso productivo y se conocieron los principales factores de riesgo. Los plaguicidas son considerados el mayor peligro en el trabajo y en sus viviendas. Los trabajadores tienen precarias condiciones laborales y no están protegidos por el sistema de riesgos laborales. En las muestras de agua se encontraron azinfos-metil, endosulfán, b-BHC, bromofos-metil, bromofos-etil y 2,4-DDT. En la encuesta participaron 381 trabajadores de los cuales 12,9, 68 y 5,5 % tuvieron intoxicaciones leves, moderadas y severas, respectivamente. Los casos severos tenían menores niveles de escolaridad, menor nivel de afiliación al régimen contributivo del sistema de seguridad social y un mayor número tenía enfermedad cardiovascular, diabetes, herpes u otras infecciones virales. Conclusión Existen precarias condiciones laborales que favorecen la exposición a plaguicidas caracterizadas por la exclusión del sistema de riesgos laborales, pobreza y baja educación. Es urgente la inclusión de estos trabajadores al sistema de riesgos laborales y la mejora de las condiciones de vida. De esa manera se podrán disminuir las prácticas inseguras en el manejo de plaguicidas.(AU)


Objective Large quantities of pesticides are used in rice crops. The aim of this study is to characterize how farmers are exposed to pesticides and subsequent poisoning. Materials and Methods A multilevel (individual and community) multi-method study, which included ethnographic and survey methods, as well as measurement of pesticides in water and human samples, was performed. Results The production process is described and the main risk factors are presented. Pesticides are considered the greatest danger at work and at their homes. Workers have poor working conditions and are not protected by the system of occupational risks. Azinphos-methyl, endosulfan, β-BHC, bromophos-methyl, bromophos-ethyl and 2,4- DDT were found in water samples. The survey included 381 workers with mild (12.86 %), moderate (67.98 %) and severe (5.51 %) poisonings respectively. Severe cases presented lower levels of education, lower levels of health care access to the contributory regimen of the Colombian social security system and higher incidence of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, herpes or other viral infections. Conclusion There are precarious working conditions that favor exposure to pesticides correlated to the exclusion of farmers from the occupational risk system, to poverty and to poor education. It is urgent to include these workers to the system of occupational risk system and to improve their living conditions, thus reducing unsafe practices when handling pesticides.(AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Praguicidas/toxicidade , Saúde Ambiental , Saúde da População Rural , Colômbia , Pesquisa Qualitativa , Antropologia Cultural
7.
Rev Salud Publica (Bogota) ; 18(4): 617-629, 2016 Aug.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28453066

RESUMO

Objective Large quantities of pesticides are used in rice crops. The aim of this study is to characterize how farmers are exposed to pesticides and subsequent poisoning. Materials and Methods A multilevel (individual and community) multi-method study, which included ethnographic and survey methods, as well as measurement of pesticides in water and human samples, was performed. Results The production process is described and the main risk factors are presented. Pesticides are considered the greatest danger at work and at their homes. Workers have poor working conditions and are not protected by the system of occupational risks. Azinphos-methyl, endosulfan, ß-BHC, bromophos-methyl, bromophos-ethyl and 2,4- DDT were found in water samples. The survey included 381 workers with mild (12.86 %), moderate (67.98 %) and severe (5.51 %) poisonings respectively. Severe cases presented lower levels of education, lower levels of health care access to the contributory regimen of the Colombian social security system and higher incidence of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, herpes or other viral infections. Conclusion There are precarious working conditions that favor exposure to pesticides correlated to the exclusion of farmers from the occupational risk system, to poverty and to poor education. It is urgent to include these workers to the system of occupational risk system and to improve their living conditions, thus reducing unsafe practices when handling pesticides.


Assuntos
Doenças dos Trabalhadores Agrícolas/induzido quimicamente , Produtos Agrícolas , Exposição Ocupacional/efeitos adversos , Oryza , Praguicidas/intoxicação , Agricultura , Colômbia , Fazendeiros , Humanos , Praguicidas/análise , Praguicidas/sangue , Pesquisa Qualitativa , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análise , Poluentes Químicos da Água/intoxicação
9.
Biomedica ; 35 Spec: 66-76, 2015 Aug.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26535743

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: Painters of automobiles are exposed to pure and mixed solvents that have been associated with neurological effects and carcinogenic mutations. OBJECTIVE: To characterize the health and work conditions of individuals who are occupationally exposed to organic solvents used in sheet metal and auto body shops in Bogota. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Descriptive, cross-sectional study that characterizes the health and work conditions of individuals exposed to organic solvents in sheet metal and auto body shops in Bogota. A group exposed to the solvents was compared to an unexposed group. Air concentrations of benzene, toluene and xylene (BTX) were determined, individual questionnaires were administered and phenylmercapturic, hippuric and ortho- and para-methylhippuric acids were measured in urine. The results of the measurements and the questionnaires were correlated to determine the exposure panorama. RESULTS: For the three BTX metabolites, statistically significant differences (p<0.001) were found between the population exposed to the solvents and the unexposed population. For the exposed population, positive correlations were found between toluene in air and hippuric acid in urine (rho=0.82) and between xylene in air and o-methylhippuric acid in urine (rho=0.76). Hippuric acid values exceeded permissible levels in 11 workers and p-methylhippuric acid exceeded permissible levels in 8 workers. None of the phenylmercapturic values exceeded the limit. CONCLUSION: Auto painters are exposed to high levels of organic solvents at the workplace and do not have adequate industrial health and safety conditions to perform their jobs.


Assuntos
Poluentes Ocupacionais do Ar/efeitos adversos , Exposição Ocupacional/efeitos adversos , Solventes/efeitos adversos , Compostos Orgânicos Voláteis/efeitos adversos , Adulto , Idoso , Colômbia , Estudos Transversais , Humanos , Indústrias , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Veículos Automotores , Saúde da População Urbana , Adulto Jovem
10.
Biomédica (Bogotá) ; 35(spe): 66-76, ago. 2015. graf, tab
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-762719

RESUMO

Introducción. Los pintores de vehículos automotores están expuestos a solventes puros o mezclas, los cuales se han asociado con efectos neurológicos, mutagénicos y cancerígenos. Objetivo. Caracterizar las condiciones de salud y de trabajo de individuos expuestos a solventes orgánicos empleados en talleres de lámina y pintura de carros de Bogotá. Materiales y métodos. Se hizo un estudio transversal descriptivo en el que se caracterizaron las condiciones de salud y de trabajo de individuos expuestos a solventes orgánicos en talleres de lámina y pintura en Bogotá. Se comparó un grupo de trabajadores expuestos a solventes orgánicos con un grupo no expuesto. Se determinaron las concentraciones de benceno, tolueno y xileno en el aire, se hizo una encuesta individual y se midieron los ácidos fenil-mercaptúrico, hipúrico, orto y para-metilhipúrico en orina. Los resultados de las mediciones y de la encuesta se correlacionaron para establecer el panorama de exposición. Resultados. Hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre la población expuesta y la no expuesta a solventes (p<0,001) en cuanto a los tres metabolitos de benceno, tolueno y xileno. Se encontraron correlaciones positivas entre el tolueno en el aire y el ácido hipúrico en la orina de los individuos expuestos (ro=0,82), y entre el xileno en el aire y el ácido o-metilhipúrico (ro=0,76). Los valores del ácido hipúrico estuvieron por encima de los límites permisibles en 11 trabajadores y, los de ácido p-metilhipúrico, en ocho de ellos. No se registraron valores de ácido fenil-mercaptúrico por fuera del límite permitido. Conclusión. Los pintores de carros están expuestos a niveles altos de solventes orgánicos en sus sitios de trabajo, y no tienen condiciones adecuadas de higiene y seguridad industrial para realizar sus labores.


Introduction: Painters of automobiles are exposed to pure and mixed solvents that have been associated with neurological effects and carcinogenic mutations. Objective: To characterize the health and work conditions of individuals who are occupationally exposed to organic solvents used in sheet metal and auto body shops in Bogota. Materials and methods: Descriptive, cross-sectional study that characterizes the health and work conditions of individuals exposed to organic solvents in sheet metal and auto body shops in Bogota. A group exposed to the solvents was compared to an unexposed group. Air concentrations of benzene, toluene and xylene (BTX) were determined, individual questionnaires were administered and phenylmercapturic, hippuric and ortho- and para-methylhippuric acids were measured in urine. The results of the measurements and the questionnaires were correlated to determine the exposure panorama. Results: For the three BTX metabolites, statistically significant differences (p<0.001) were found between the population exposed to the solvents and the unexposed population. For the exposed population, positive correlations were found between toluene in air and hippuric acid in urine (rho=0.82) and between xylene in air and o-methylhippuric acid in urine (rho=0.76). Hippuric acid values exceeded permissible levels in 11 workers and p-methylhippuric acid exceeded permissible levels in 8 workers. None of the phenylmercapturic values exceeded the limit. Conclusion: Auto painters are exposed to high levels of organic solvents at the workplace and do not have adequate industrial health and safety conditions to perform their jobs.


Assuntos
Adulto , Idoso , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto Jovem , Poluentes Ocupacionais do Ar/efeitos adversos , Exposição Ocupacional/efeitos adversos , Solventes/efeitos adversos , Compostos Orgânicos Voláteis/efeitos adversos , Colômbia , Estudos Transversais , Indústrias , Veículos Automotores , Saúde da População Urbana
11.
Rev. Univ. Ind. Santander, Salud ; 46(3): 227-235, Diciembre 18, 2014. tab
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: lil-742703

RESUMO

Introducción: En Colombia se supone no se usan organoclorados debido a la ratificación de la Convención de Estocolmo y el Convenio de Rotterdam, que prohíben el uso de este tipo de sustancias. Objetivo: Evaluar la exposición a plaguicidas organoclorados empleados en salud publica en la población trabajadora del programa de control de vectores en Colombia en 2013. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal en el grupo de trabajadores del programa de control de enfermedades transmitidas por vectores. A todos los participantes se aplicó un cuestionario estandarizado para recolectar variables sociodemográficas, ocupacionales, clínicas y toxicológicas. Se determinaron los niveles de 13 organoclorados en suero mediante cromatografía de gases en el Instituto Nacional de Salud de Colombia. Resultados: El reporte de manipulación de insecticidas organoclorados fue del 39,1%. El 100% de los trabajadores que usaron organoclorados refirieron el uso DDT. El 7,5% refirieron el uso de Aldrin. El 100% de los trabajadores refirió ausencia de elementos de protección individual durante la manipulación de clorados. Los organoclorados con niveles más altos fueron 4,4- DDT y α -HCH. Los síntomas de mayor presentación fueron: cefalea 28,7%, mareo 29,9%, disminución de fuerza en miembros superiores 17,2% y síntomas neuropsiquiátricos 24%. Se encontró una asociación entre la exposición laboral a DDT y síntomas neuropsiquiátricos. Conclusiones: El promedio de DDT en sangre de los trabajadores en Colombia son superiores a los reportados en la literatura. Los hallazgos de síntomas neuropsiquiátricos y la exposición laboral a organoclorados concuerdan con los reportes de la literatura.


Introduction: It is assumed that in Colombia organochlorides are not used due to the ratification of the Stockholm Convention and the Rotterdam Convention, forbidding the use of those substances. Objective: To evaluate exposure to organochloride pesticides used in the working population of the vector control program in Colombia, 2013. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was performed in the group of workers from the vector-borne disease management program. To all participants were applied a standardized questionnaire to collect sociodemographic, occupational, clinical and toxicological variables. Thirteen organochloride levels in serum were measured by gas chromatography at the National Institute of Health of Colombia. Results: The report show using of organochloride insecticides in the 39.1%. One hundred percent of the workers who used organochlorides reported use of DDT. 7,5% reported use of aldrin. One hundred percent or the workers referred the absence of elements of personal protection when implementing chlorinated compounds. Organochlorides with higher levels were 4,4- DDT y α -HCH. The most common symptoms were: headache 28.7%, dizziness 29.9%, decreased strength in upper limbs 17.2% and neuropsychiatric symptoms 24%. An association between occupational exposure to DDT and neuropsychiatric symptoms were found. Conclusions: The average of DDT in blood of workers in Colombia is higher than those reported in the literature. Findings of neuropsychiatric symptoms and occupational exposure to organochloride are consistent with literature reports.

12.
Rev. Univ. Ind. Santander, Salud ; 46(3): 237-247, Diciembre 18, 2014. tab
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: lil-742704

RESUMO

Introducción: la neumoconiosis de los mineros de carbón es una enfermedad pulmonar ocupacional asociada a factores individuales y condiciones laborales específicas. Se manifiesta progresiva e irreversiblemente, afectando la salud de los trabajadores y la productividad laboral. Objetivo: caracterizar las condiciones de salud respiratoria e identificar los factores de riesgo asociados al desarrollo de neumoconiosis en trabajadores que han laborado expuestos a polvo de carbón en minas de socavón en Boyacá, 2013. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal en trabajadores de minería de socavón expuestos a polvo de carbón en el departamento de Boyacá. Se llevó a cabo un registro completo de historia clínica ocupacional, examen físico completo, toma de radiografía de tórax, prueba de tuberculina y espirometría. Resultados: participaron 170 trabajadores masculinos. 75% de la población tenía antigüedad en el sector minero mayor a 12,5 años. Roncus, sibilancias y estertores predominaron en trabajadores con más de 20 años de antigüedad. Expectoración y tos se encontraron más frecuentemente en quienes realizaban la extracción mecanizada. El 15,9% de las radiografías de tórax fueron compatibles con neumoconiosis, 17,1% de las pruebas de tuberculina se encontraron positivas. 5,3% de las espirometrías mostraron alteraciones de vía aérea periférica y 2,4% mostraron patrón obstructivo. Discusión y conclusión: Los cambios radiológicos sugestivos de neumoconiosis fueron más frecuentes en trabajadores con antigüedad menor de 20 años. Los hallazgos espirométricos anormales predominaron en el grupo con antigüedad mayor a 20 años. Es necesario revisar protocolos de vigilancia epidemiológica y realizar seguimiento por medicina laboral.


Introduction: coal miners' pneumoconiosis is an occupational lung disease associated with individual factors and specific working conditions. It is manifested progressively and irreversibly, affecting the health of workers and labor productivity. Objective: To characterize the respiratory health conditions and identify risk factors associated with the development of pneumoconiosis in workers that have been exposed to coal dust in the underground mines at Boyacá, 2013. Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among mining workers exposed to coal dust in the department of Boyacá. It was conducted a complete record of occupational medical history, physical exam, taking chest radiography, tuberculin test and spirometry. Results: 170 male workers participated. 75% of the population had worked in the mining sector for more than12.5 years old. Rhonchi, wheezing and rattling predominated in workers over 20 years old. Expectoration and cough were most frequently found in those who made mechanized extraction. 15.9% of chest X rays were compatible with pneumoconiosis, 17.1% of tuberculin tests were found positive. 5.3% of spirometries showed peripheral airway abnormalities and 2.4% showed obstructive pattern. Discussion and conclusion: Radiological changes suggestive of pneumoconiosis were more frequent in workers under 20 years old. Abnormal spirometric findings predominated in the group with more than 20 years old. It is important to review surveillance protocols and perform monitoring through occupational medicine.

13.
Biomedica ; 32(1): 60-70, 2012.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23235788

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: Institutions that supply occupational health services must offer services that are reliable and of high quality across the spectrum of industrial hygiene and safety needs. OBJECTIVE: Services for occupational health were identified at several institutions, and the technical quality and reliability of these services were compared in different regions of Colombia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This descriptive study identified the services available for industrial hygiene and safety in 15 cities of Colombia. A survey was conducted in 192 institutions offering such services and a statistical analysis of these results was undertaken. This sample was taken from a nationwide list of institutions purportedly licensed for this activity. RESULTS: Thirty-two percent (61) of the evaluated institutions provided hygiene services, and 48% (93) provided safety services. The range of health services was provided on a subcontract basis both for professional personnel and the equipment. Six institutions in the area of industrial hygiene and 1 in the area of industrial security were supplying services with pending or suspended institutional licenses. CONCLUSION: Deficiencies in the quality, infrastructure and levels of automation were identified at institutions that supply services of hygiene and industrial security. The resulting recommendatios are that the Ministry of the Social Protection fortifies mechanisms for (1) the evaluation and control of the supplied services, and (2) verify that the institutional activity is in accordance with current and valid licensing.


Assuntos
Serviços de Saúde do Trabalhador/provisão & distribuição , Saúde Ocupacional/estatística & dados numéricos , Colômbia , Estudos Transversais , Pesquisas sobre Atenção à Saúde , Necessidades e Demandas de Serviços de Saúde , Humanos , Licenciamento , Saúde Ocupacional/normas , Serviços de Saúde do Trabalhador/legislação & jurisprudência , Saúde da População Urbana
14.
Biomédica (Bogotá) ; 32(1): 60-70, ene.-mar. 2012. graf, tab
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-639812

RESUMO

Introducción. Las instituciones prestadoras de servicios de prevención de riesgos laborales tienen la función de ofrecer servicios técnicos y confiables en salud ocupacional, seguridad e higiene industrial. Objetivo. Identificar la oferta de servicios existentes respecto a la prevención de riesgos laborales (parte de higiene y seguridad industrial), considerando sus características técnicas y de calidad, en diferentes regiones del país. Materiales y métodos. Corresponde a un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal (2009-2010) de cobertura nacional (15 ciudades) para identificar la oferta de servicios de higiene y seguridad industrial. Se obtuvo un listado nacional de instituciones con licencia para prestar este tipo de servicios, se seleccionó una muestra de 192 instituciones, se aplicó una encuesta y se hizo el análisis estadístico de la información. Resultados. Sesenta y una (31,77 %) de las instituciones evaluadas prestan servicios de higiene y, 93 (48,44 %), de seguridad industrial. El estudio evidenció una oferta de servicios de higiene basada en la subcontratación. Se encontró que 6 (6,52 %) instituciones en el área de higiene industrial y 1 (0,52 %) en el área de seguridad industrial, no contaban con licencia vigente para la prestación del servicio. Conclusión. Se identificaron deficiencias en la calidad, condiciones de infraestructura y tecnificación de las instituciones que ofrecen servicios de higiene y seguridad industrial. Es necesario que el Ministerio de la Protección Social fortalezca los mecanismos para la evaluación y control de los servicios ofrecidos y revise la forma en que hoy se expiden las licencias que autorizan la prestación de estos servicios.


Introduction. Institutions that supply occupational health services must offer services that are reliable and of high quality across the spectrum of industrial hygiene and safety needs. Objective. Services for occupational health were identified at several institutions, and the technical quality and reliability of these services were compared in different regions of Colombia. Materials and methods. This descriptive study identified the services available for industrial hygiene and safety in 15 cities of Colombia. A survey was conducted in 192 institutions offering such services and a statistical analysis of these results was undertaken. This sample was taken from a nationwide list of institutions purportedly licensed for this activity. Results. Thirty-two percent (61) of the evaluated institutions provided hygiene services, and 48% (93) provided safety services. The range of health services was provided on a subcontract basis both for professional personnel and the equipment. Six institutions in the area of industrial hygiene and 1 in the area of industrial security were supplying services with pending or suspended institutional licenses. Conclusion. Deficiencies in the quality, infrastructure and levels of automation were identified at institutions that supply services of hygiene and industrial security. The resulting recommendatios are that the Ministry of the Social Protection fortifies mechanisms for (1) the evaluation and control of the supplied services, and (2) verify that the institutional activity is in accordance with current and valid licensing.


Assuntos
Humanos , Serviços de Saúde do Trabalhador/provisão & distribuição , Saúde Ocupacional/estatística & dados numéricos , Colômbia , Estudos Transversais , Pesquisas sobre Atenção à Saúde , Necessidades e Demandas de Serviços de Saúde , Licenciamento , Serviços de Saúde do Trabalhador/legislação & jurisprudência , Saúde Ocupacional/normas , Saúde da População Urbana
15.
Int J Environ Health Res ; 20(6): 407-14, 2010 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21161802

RESUMO

A previous study suggested that banned organochlorine pesticides were being used to protect illegal crops from pests. The study herein explored the exposure of individuals living in a region with such crops. Samples from 99 individuals were collected during 2005 and 2006 and organochlorine pesticides were quantified using chromatography in serum samples. We detected heptachlor (72.73%), 4,4-DDE (19.19%), aldrin (15.15%), γ-chlordane (12.12%), dieldrin (11.11%), α-chlordane (10,10%), α-endosulfan (8.08%), endosulfan (6.06%), ß-endosulfan (5.05%), oxychlordane (3.03%), 4,4-DDT (3.03%), and 2,4-DDT (2.02%). Heptachlor had a skewed and negative distribution (median: 8.69 ng/l and maximum: 43.8 ng/l). A two-dimensional biplot suggested that mixtures present were endosulfan/4,4-DDT, aldrin/γ-chlordane, and oxychlordane/ß-endosulfan/dieldrin. We did not identify variables associated with exposure levels. These data suggest that banned organochlorine pesticides are used. This is an example of research in a war context, where the problems related with pesticides are complex, and their implications go beyond a toxicological or epidemiological viewpoint.


Assuntos
Agricultura , Inseticidas/toxicidade , Exposição Ocupacional , Adulto , Coca/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Colômbia , Produtos Agrícolas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Endossulfano/análise , Endossulfano/sangue , Endossulfano/toxicidade , Feminino , Humanos , Hidrocarbonetos Clorados/análise , Hidrocarbonetos Clorados/sangue , Hidrocarbonetos Clorados/toxicidade , Inseticidas/análise , Inseticidas/sangue , Masculino , Papaver/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Guerra
16.
Biomédica (Bogotá) ; 29(3): 456-475, sept. 2009.
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-544530

RESUMO

Introducción. El Programa de Erradicación de Cultivos Ilícitos con Glifosato se ejecuta dando cumplimiento a lo establecido en el Plan de Manejo Ambiental. Objetivo. Explorar los posibles efectos del glifosato y otros plaguicidas sobre la salud humana como resultado de las aspersiones aéreas. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo en 112 individuos procedentes de las áreas asperjadas de los departamentos de Huila, Tolima, Putumayo, Guaviare, Santander, Antioquia, Magdalena y La Guajira, durante 2005 y 2006. Se aplicó una encuesta y se recolectaron muestras de orina para la determinación de glifosato, y de sangre, para la determinación de acetilcolinesterasa y organoclorados. Se llevó a cabo un análisis simple y se exploraron las posibles asociaciones. Resultados. El 50,0% (56 individuos) de la población manifestó el uso de plaguicidas en su trabajo. El tiempo que llevaban utilizando los plaguicidas fue de 84,8 meses y refirieron aplicar plaguicidas 5,6 horas al día. El predominio de los plaguicidas usados fue extremadamente tóxico. De 39,6% de los individuos a quienes se les cuantificó glifosato, 64,3% reportaron su uso en actividades agrícolas. Se encontró una relación estadísticamente significativa entre el uso de glifosato terrestre (manual) y los niveles de este herbicida en orina (OR=2,54; IC95% 1,08-6,08). Conclusión. No hubo hallazgos concluyentes entre la exposición a glifosato empleado en la erradicación de cultivos ilícitos y los efectos en la salud, debido a que se halló exposición ocupacional concomitante por la misma sustancia y por otras de mayor toxicidad que el glifosato.


Introduction. The herbicide glyphosate is administered aerially by the Program to Eradicate Illicit Crops Program and is undertaken in rigorous compliance with the Environmental Management Plan. Objective. The effects of the glyphosate herbicide and other aerially applied insecticides were measured to determine possible impact on human health. Materials and methods. In 2005-2006, a survey was taken of 112 individuals living in herbicide-treated areas of the Colombian provinces of Huila, Tolima, Putumayo, Guaviare, Santander, Antioquia, Magdalena and La Guajira. Samples of blood were examined for presence of acetylcholinesterase and organochlorine insecticides; urine was analyzed for glyphosate and its metabolites. Results. Fifty percent (50%) of the individuals sampled acknowledged the use of control chemicals as part of their work. The mean exposure time to the chemicals was 84.4 months, with a mean daily exposure of 5.6 hours. The most commonly used pesticides were of category I--extremely hazardous. In individuals sampled for glyphosate (39.6% of the total), 64.3% indicated the use of this herbicide at ground level in agricultural work. A statistically significative relationship was found between the use of glyphosate at ground level, and the concentration levels of glyphosate in the urine samples (odds ratio=2.54, 95% CI: 1.08 to 6.8). Conclusion. These data did not show a relationship between the aerial sprayings of glyphosate for illicit crops eradication and an impact on human health, nor with occupational exposure to this and other chemicals (insecticides) with a high levels of toxicity.


Assuntos
Exposição Ambiental , Herbicidas/toxicidade , Exposição a Praguicidas , Praguicidas , Risco , Toxicidade
17.
Biomedica ; 29(3): 456-75, 2009 Sep.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20436997

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: The herbicide glyphosate is administered aerially by the Program to Eradicate Illicit Crops Program and is undertaken in rigorous compliance with the Environmental Management Plan. OBJECTIVE: The effects of the glyphosate herbicide and other aerially applied insecticides were measured to determine possible impact on human health. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In 2006-2006, a survey was taken of 112 individuals living in herbicide-treated areas of the Colombian provinces of Huila, Tolima, Putumayo, Guaviare, Santander, Antioquia, Magdalena and La Guajira. Samples of blood were examined for presence of acetylcholinesterase and organochlorine insecticides; urine was analyzed for glyphosate and its metabolites. RESULTS: Fifty percent (50%) of the individuals sampled acknowledged the use of control chemicals as part of their work. The mean exposure time to the chemicals was 84.4 months, with a mean daily exposure of 5.6 hours. The most commonly used pesticides were of category I--extremely hazardous. In individuals sampled for glyphosate (39.6% of the total), 64.3% indicated the use of this herbicide at ground level in agricultural work. A statistically significative relationship was found between the use of glyphosate at ground level, and the concentration levels of glyphosate in the urine samples (odds ratio=2.54, 95% CI: 1.08 to 6.8). CONCLUSION: These data did not show a relationship between the aerial sprayings of glyphosate for illicit crops eradication and an impact on human health, nor with occupational exposure to this and other chemicals (insecticides) with a high levels of toxicity.


Assuntos
Poluição do Ar/efeitos adversos , Exposição Ambiental/efeitos adversos , Glicina/análogos & derivados , Herbicidas/toxicidade , Inseticidas/toxicidade , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Colômbia , Produtos Agrícolas , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Glicina/toxicidade , Humanos , Drogas Ilícitas , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Controle Social Formal , Adulto Jovem , Glifosato
18.
Biomedica ; 28(1): 126-38, 2008 Mar.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18645668

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: Exposure to solvents is one of the highest potential risks for millions of workers in the world; they can generate substantial environmental pollution leading to outbreaks of public health problems. OBJECTIVE: Blood levels were determined for metabolites of benzene, toluene and xylene, and polymorphisms for enzymes CYP2E1, GSTM1, GSTT1 were characterized. Damage to DNA was assessed by the comet assay for exposure to organic solvents. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was undertaken in 90 employees from 5 different companies. A survey form was administered; blood was sampled to detect the genetic polymorphisms and to apply the comet assay (single cell gel electrophoresis) to detect DNA fragmentation. The concentrations of phenol, ortho and meta methylhippuric acids were measured in urine. Statistical analyses explored the possible associations. RESULTS: The percentage of workers directly exposed to solvents was 34.4%. In this group, the evidence indicated concentrations higher than the permitted limits: 3.3% for phenol, 6.6% for hippuric acid, 3.3% for ortho-methylhippuric acid and 36.7% for metamethylhippuric acid. In the Comet assay, the length of the comets tail was greater than average (19.5 ìm) in exposed subjects, and the percentage of cells with mild damage (19.0%) (p=0.0007) was higher. The percentage of exposed individuals with absent genotypes for enzymes GSTT1 and GSTM1 was 46.7% and 56.8% respectively. CONCLUSION: Exposure biomarkers have become fundamental tools for the evaluation of risk associated with exposure to toxic agents.


Assuntos
Benzeno , Dano ao DNA , Exposição Ocupacional , Tolueno , Xilenos , Adulto , Benzeno/metabolismo , Benzeno/toxicidade , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Ensaio Cometa , Estudos Transversais , Citocromo P-450 CYP2E1/genética , Dieta , Feminino , Glutationa Transferase/genética , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Polimorfismo Genético , Roupa de Proteção , Fatores de Risco , Tolueno/sangue , Tolueno/toxicidade , Xilenos/sangue , Xilenos/toxicidade
19.
Biomédica (Bogotá) ; 28(1): 126-138, mar. 2008. tab, graf
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-503144

RESUMO

Introducción. La exposición a solventes es uno de los mayores riesgos potenciales para millones de trabajadores en el mundo; los solventes generan contaminación ambiental y desencadenan problemas de salud pública. Objetivo. Determinar los niveles de los metabolitos benceno, tolueno y xileno, los polimorfismos de las enzimas CYP2E1, GSTM1, GSTT1 y el daño del ADN mediante el ensayo del cometa. Materiales y métodos. Se llevó a cabo un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal para la determinación de polimorfismos genéticos y prueba del cometa en 90 trabajadores pertenecientes a cinco empresas. Se aplicó una encuesta, se tomaron muestras de sangre y de orina, se midieron las concentraciones de fenol, ácido hipúrico orto y meta-metilhipúrico. Se hizo el análisis estadístico y se exploraron posibles asociaciones. Resultados. El 34,4 por ciento eran trabajadores con exposición directa a solventes. En este grupo se evidenciaron concentraciones superiores a los límites permisibles en 3,3 por ciento para fenol, en 6,6 por ciento para ácido hipúrico, en 3,3 por ciento para ácido orto-metilhipúrico y en 36,7 por ciento para ácido meta-metilhipúrico, mayor longitud promedio de la cola del cometa (19,5 µm) y un incremento del porcentaje de células con daño medio (19,0 por ciento) (p=0,0007). El porcentaje de individuos expuestos con genotipos ausentes para las enzimas GSTT1 y GSTM1 fue de 46,7 por ciento y de 56,8 por ciento, respectivamente. Conclusión. El uso de biomarcadores de exposición, efecto y susceptibilidad, se ha convertido en una herramienta fundamental para la evaluación del riesgo asociado con la exposición a agentes tóxicos.


Assuntos
Dano ao DNA , Exposição Ocupacional , Solventes/toxicidade , Saúde Pública
20.
Biomédica (Bogotá) ; 27(3): 400-409, sept. 2007. tab, graf
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-475362

RESUMO

Introducción. En 2005 el Sistema de Vigilancia en Salud Pública encontró que el departamento del Putumayo es la región con mayor incidencia de intoxicaciones por plaguicidas en Colombia. Objetivo. Establecer la exposición a plaguicidas organofosforados y carbamatos en la población agrícola mediante la determinación de los niveles de acetilcolinesterasa en el departamento de Putumayo, utilizando el método de Michel. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un estudio transversal en 204 trabajadores ocupacionalmente expuestos, en cuatro municipios del departamento de Putumayo. Se aplicó una encuesta para recolectar información y se tomó una muestra de sangre para la determinación de la acetilcolinesterasa. Se llevó a cabo el análisis simple de las variables y se exploraron posibles asociaciones. Un grupo de trabajadores fueron capacitados con la metodología SARAR (una estrategia educacional participativa que significa: S: seguridad, A: asociación, R: reacción, A: actualización y R: responsabilidad) sobre el uso y el manejo de plaguicidas. Resultados. Se estableció que el tiempo promedio de exposición fue de nueve años. El 75,2 por ciento manifestó emplear plaguicidas extremadamente tóxicos y el 13,0 por ciento altamente tóxicos. En promedio refirieron aplicar plaguicidas 7,3 horas al día. El 9,8 por ciento usaban plaguicidas organoclorados. En cuanto a la actividad de la enzima acetilcolinesterasa, 17,6 por ciento presentaban inhibición. Conclusión. Este trabajo permitió tener una dimensión real del problema de los plaguicidas en el Putumayo y utilizarla para hacer una intervención educativa sobre los trabajadores y sus familias, con la metodología SARAR.


Introduction. In 2005, the Sistema de Vigilancia en Salud Pública, the governmental agency responsible for monitoring public health, found that Putumayo Province has the highest incidence of poisoning by pesticides in Colombia. Objective. Exposure to organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides and carbamates was established in the agricultural population of Putumayo by determining acetylcholinesterase levels. Materials and methods. A cross-sectional survey was made in 204 occupationally exposed workers in four municipalities of Putumayo. A questionnaire was administered to collect subject information; a blood sample was taken for acetylcholinesterase determination by Michel’s method. A straightforward analysis of the variables and possible associations were explored. A group of workers was enabled with SARAR (a participative educational strategy that means: S: safety, A: association, R: reaction, A: actualization and R: responsability)methodology for use and handling of pesticides. Results. The average time of exposure was nine years. Seventy-five percent declared using extremely toxic pesticides and 13% highly toxic. On average, they applied pesticides 7.3 hours/day. Nearly 10% used organochloride pesticides. Furthermore, 17.6% demonstrated inhibition of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase. Conclusion. A realistic scale of the pesticide use problem in humans was obtained; and the data effectively recommend an educatiional intervention for the workers and their families with SARAR methodology.


Assuntos
Acetilcolinesterase , Exposição Ocupacional/prevenção & controle , Compostos Organofosforados , Praguicidas/efeitos adversos
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