Collaborative Brazilian pediatric renal transplant registry (CoBrazPed-RTx): A report from 2004 to 2018.

The Brazilian collaborative registry for pediatric renal transplantation began in 2004 as a multicenter initiative aimed at analyzing, reporting, and disseminating the results of pediatric renal transplantation in Brazil. Data from all pediatric renal transplants performed from January 2004 to May 2018 at the 13 participating centers were analyzed. A total of 2744 pediatric renal transplants were performed in the thirteen participating centers. The median age at transplantation was 12.2 years, with the majority being male recipients (56%). The main underlying diseases were CAKUT (40.5%) and glomerulopathy (28%). 1981 (72%) of the grafts were from deceased donors (DD). Graft survival at one year (censored by death) was 94% in the live donor group (LD) and 91% in the DD group (log-rank test P < 0.01). The patient's survival at one and 5 years was 97% and 95% for the LD group and 96% and 93% for the DD group (log-rank test P = 0.02). The graft loss rate was 19% (n = 517), more frequently caused by vascular thrombosis (n = 102) and chronic graft nephropathy (n = 90). DD recipients had 1.6 (1.0-2.2) times greater chance of death and 1.5 (1.2-1.8) times greater chance of graft loss compared to LD recipients. The mortality rate was 5.4% (n = 148), mainly due to infection (n = 69) and cardiovascular disease (n = 28). The results of this collaborative pediatric renal transplant record are comparable to other international registries, although we still have a high infection rate as a cause of death.

Aspectos atuais no diagnóstico e abordagem da infecção do trato urinário / Current aspects in the diagnosis and approach to urinary tract infection

O objetivo deste artigo de revisão é apresentar as mais recentes diretrizes no manejo de infecção do trato urinário (ITU), salientando que há uma tendência atual a estudos de imagem menos agressivoseao uso mais restritivo da quimioprofilaxia. Tem surgido preocupação sobre a exposição desnecessária de radiação ionizante e o caráter invasivo de alguns procedimentos. Outro ponto discutido é a relação causal do refluxo vesicoureteral (RVU) e cicatrizes renais, o que tem sido o foco de vários estudos. Tem surgido preocupação sobre a exposição desnecessária dos pacientes à radiação ionizante e o caráter invasivo de alguns procedimentos. O risco de infecção também tem sido alvo de discussão. Com o aprimoramento da ultrassonografia pré-natal tem sido sugerida aabordagem top-down para investigação da ITU febril. Finalmente, aborda-se a associação do RVU e a disfunção do trato urinário inferior (DTUI) com a ITU.

The objective of this review article is to present the latest guidelines on the management of urinary tract infection (UTI) highlighting that there is a current trend towards less aggressive image studies and more restrictive use of chemoprophylaxis. The unnecessary exposure to ionizing radiation and the invasive nature of some procedures have raised concerns. Another point discussed is the causal relationship of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) and renal scarring, which have been the focus of several studies. The risk of infection has also been the subject of discussion. With the improvement of prenatal ultrasound, the top-down approach to investigate febrile UTI has been suggested. Finally, the association between VUR and lower urinary tract dysfunction (LTUD) and UTI is also assessed.

Interactions between cytokines, congenital anomalies of kidney and urinary tract and chronic kidney disease.

Fetal hydronephrosis is the most common anomaly detected on antenatal ultrasound, affecting 1-5% of pregnancies. Postnatal investigation has the major aim in detecting infants with severe urinary tract obstruction and clinically significant urinary tract anomalies among the heterogeneous universe of patients. Congenital uropathies are frequent causes of pediatric chronic kidney disease (CKD). Imaging techniques clearly contribute to this purpose; however, sometimes, these exams are invasive, very expensive, and not sufficient to precisely define the best approach as well as the prognosis. Recently, biomarkers have become a focus of clinical research as potentially useful diagnostic tools in pediatric urological diseases. In this regard, recent studies suggest a role for cytokines and chemokines in the pathophysiology of CAKUT and for the progression to CKD. Some authors proposed that the evaluation of these inflammatory mediators might help the management of postnatal uropathies and the detection of patients with high risk to developed chronic kidney disease. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to revise general aspects of cytokines and the link between cytokines, CAKUT, and CKD by including experimental and clinical evidence.

Clinical course of 735 children and adolescents with primary vesicoureteral reflux.

The purpose of this retrospective cohort study was to report the clinical course of children with primary vesicoureteral reflux (VUR). Between 1970 and 2004, 735 patients were diagnosed with VUR and were systematically followed in a single tertiary renal unit. Patients were followed up for a mean time of 76 months (6 months to 411 months). The events of interest were reflux resolution, renal damage, urinary tract infection (UTI), chronic kidney disease (CKD), and hypertension. Survival analysis was performed in order to evaluate reflux resolution and CKD. Renal damage was detected at admission in 319 patients (43.4%). Continuous low-dose antibiotic prophylaxis was administered to 624 patients (91.2%); 499 (73%) patients subsequently had no UTI or fewer than three episodes. The median time of persistence of reflux according to Kaplan-Meier analysis was 38 months for grade I/II [95% confidence interval (95% CI), 33-43], 98 months for grade III (95% CI, 78.5-105), and 156 months for grade IV/V (95% CI, 122-189). Twenty patients (3%) developed hypertension. It was estimated that the probability of CKD was 5% at 10 years after diagnosis of VUR; for children diagnosed after 1990 the probability of CKD was only 2%. Renal function impairment occurred in patients with severe bilateral reflux or in patients with contralateral renal hypoplasia. There has been an improvement of prognosis for patients diagnosed in the past 15 years.

Gender and vesico-ureteral reflux: a multivariate analysis.

The aim of this retrospective cohort study was to describe the characteristics of patients with primary vesico-ureteral reflux (VUR) with special attention to gender-specific differences. Between 1970 and 2004, 735 patients were diagnosed with VUR and were systematically followed in a single tertiary renal unit. The following variables were analyzed: race, age at diagnosis, clinical presentation, weight and height Z-score, unilateral/bilateral reflux, VUR grade, renal damage, severity of renal damage, constipation, and dysfunctional voiding. Comparison of proportion between genders was assessed by the chi-square test with Yates' correction. The logistic regression model was applied to identify independent variables associated with gender. A survival analysis was performed to evaluate VUR resolution. After adjustment, five variables remained independently associated with male gender at baseline: non-white race [Odds ratio (OR) = 1.98, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.33-2.95, P=0.001], moderate/severe grade of reflux (OR=2.16, 95% CI 1.45-3.22, P<0.001), severe renal damage (OR=1.60, 95% CI 1.04-2.52, P=0.04), age at diagnosis <24 months (OR=1.79, 95% CI 1.23-2.60, P=0.002), and antenatal clinical presentation (OR=3.56, 95% CI 1.91-6.63, P<0.001). Follow-up data were available for 684 patients (93%). Median follow-up time was 69 months (range 6 months to 411 months). Girls had a greater risk of urinary tract infection (UTI) during follow-up than boys (OR=1.68, 95% CI 1.18-2.38, P=0.003). There was no difference in progression to chronic renal insufficiency (CRI) between boys (3.8%) and girls (2.4%) during this period of follow-up (OR=1.58, 95% CI 0.59-4.15, P=0.44). Gender as an isolated variable is a poor predictor of clinical outcome in an unselected series of primary reflux. Although boys had a more severe pattern at baseline, girls had a greater risk of dysfunctional voiding and recurrent UTI during follow-up.

Avaliação antropométrica longitudinal de lactentes expostos verticalmente ao HIV / Longitudinal growth assessment of HIV exposed infants

Objetivo: O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliação antropométrica longitudinal no primeiro ano de vida de lactentes expostos verticalmente ao HIV. Curvas de crescimento são comparadas para avaliar se o comprometimento pôndero-estatural é evento precoce em crianças HIV-infectadas. Métodos: Lactentes HIV-expostos, nascidos a termo, admitidos até três meses de idade no Ambulatório de Aids Pediátrica da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, foram incluídos no estudo de janeiro/98 a junho/2000. O acompanhamento desses lactentes foi realizado com medidas seriadas de peso e altura, obtidas mensalmente nos primeiros seis meses de vida e, trimestralmente, no segundo semestre. Foram comparados entre infectados e sororrevertores índices de escore Z para peso-idade, altura-idade e peso-altura, tendo como referência curvas de crescimento da Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS). Resultados: Dos 119 lactentes expostos verticalmente ao HIV admitidos no estudo, 12 eram infectados e 107 sororrevertores, (taxa de transmissão: 10,1%, IC95%: 5.3 - 17). A média de consultas/paciente dos lactentes HIV-infectados e sororrevertores foi de 7,1 e 7,8 respectivamente. Ao nascimento não foi observada diferença no peso e na altura entre crianças HIV-infectadas e sororrevertoras. Nos índices peso-idade e altura-idade, ocorreu diferença a partir de três meses de idade entre os infectados, comparados aos sororrevertores. A média de escores Z de peso-altura foi semelhante entre os dois grupos durante o período do estudo. Conclusão: Lactentes HIV-infectados apresentam déficit pôndero-estatural precoce, sendo a alteração do crescimento um indicador clínico sensível da infecção pelo vírus.

This study aimed to assess the growth of HIV-exposed infants during the first 12 months of life and to determine whether growth impairment was an early indicator of HIV infection in Brazilian children. Methods: HIV-exposed term infants admitted at the Pediatric AIDS Referral Center of Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais with less than three months of age were included, between January/98 to June/00 and followed with monthly weight and height evaluations, until 6 months of age, and every 3 months thereafter. Weight-for-age (WA), height-for-age (HA) and weight-for-height (WH) Z scores were calculated using World Health Organization growth reference data, for infected and seroreverter infants. Results: 119 infants were enrolled, 12 infected and 107 seroreverters (transmission: 10.7%; CI 5% = 5.3-17). The mean number of clinical visits was 7.1 and 7.8 for infected and serorreverters, respectively. Infants from the two groups had similar length and Weight at birth. Compared to seroreverters, infected infants presented significantly lower WAZ and HAZ beginning at three months of age. WHZ was similar in the two groups. Conclusions: Growth impairment is an early event and a useful clinical marker of infection in HIV-exposed infants.