[Evaluation of the usefulness of three collections of bacteriophages for typing methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, isolated in Moscow hospitals]. / Sravnitel'naia éffektivnost' tipirovaniia tremia kollektsiiami bakteriofagov shtammov metitsillinrezistentnykh Staphylococcus aureus, vydelennykh v statsionarakh g. Moskvy.

The typing of S. aureus methicillin-resistant strains, isolated in different hospitals of Moscow; was carried out with the use of three collections of phages: the International Set of Phages; the set of phages of the International Center of S. aureus phage typing in London (L); and the experimental collection of phages of the Gamaleya Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology in Moscow (M). In this study made with the use of both the phages of the International Diagnostic Set and phages L in the standard typing dose of 1 TP about 6% of the cultures under study proved to be sensitive. When the typing dose was increased to 100 TP the phages of the international diagnostic set lyzed 75.5% of the cultures. The typed strains were found to belong to phage types 77 (71.7%), 77/84/85 (19.6%) and 94/96 (6.5%). At a concentration of 100 TP phages L lyzed 83.7% of the cultures, but the dominating phage types could not be determined due to a great variety of phage markers. In contrast to the two preceding collections, the third phage collection M was composed in such a way that in the study of the investigated culture the specificity of its restriction modification was primarily evaluated and only then the presence of antiphage immunity was determined. This latter collection was used in the evaluation of 93.1% of the cultures. By the specificity of their restriction specification system the majority of them were classified with two new groups, heretofore not described. Only this collection M made it possible to differentiate epidemic and sporadic strains and to evaluate the epidemic situation in all 6 hospitals.

[The Amben regulation of the intestinal microflora and macrophage functional activity in an experiment]. / Reguliatsiia ambenom kishechnoi mikroflory i funktsional'noi aktivnosti makrofagov v éksperimente.

The possibility of the correction of intestinal microflora disorders and the functional activity of macrophages in dysbiosis, caused by the intragastric administration of ampiox, with the use of amben (PAMBA), an inhibitor of proteolytic enzymes, was studied. Quantitative and qualitative changes in the main representatives of automicroflora, the functional activity of macrophages in the phagocytosis of 51Cr-labeled sheep red blood cells, the intensity of protein synthesis, the content of cathepsin D, acidic phosphatase and nitro blue tetrazolium activity were determined. The combined administration of ampiox and amben normalized quantitative and qualitative ratios of the main representatives of intestinal microflora, as well as the characteristics of macrophage functional activity, studied in this investigation. The administration of amben to intact animals was found to stimulate bifido- and lactoflora.

[The mechanism of the combined action of immunomodulators on phagocytic cells]. / K mekhanizmu kombinirovannogo vozdeistviia immunomoduliatorov na fagotsitarnye kletki.

The study revealed that the injection of different immunomodulators (salmosan, levamisole, BCG, prodigiosan) or such irritants as meat-peptone broth led to the formation of heterogeneous macrophage populations, differing in their phagocytic function, oxidation metabolism, secretion of protein products. The additional injection of immunomodulators led neither to further increase in the influx of cells into the abdominal cavity, nor to further activation of the phagocytic function in all cases, irrespective of background and additional preparations used in the experiment. The response was determined by the first stimulus. Each of these macrophage populations was seemingly in a characteristic state of self maintenance during a certain period when it was insensitive to the second stimulus, i.e. the existence of a certain refractory period was revealed. The effect produced by the additional injection was registered only at the expiration of the refractory period. Therefore, the data on the presence of a certain refractory period and its duration for each immunomodulator should be established and taken into consideration in working out the schedule of their combined use.

[Effect of regional (wound) revaccination with tetanus anatoxin on the functional activity of immunocompetent cells in the region]. / Vliianie regionarnoi (ranevoi) revaktsinatsii stolbniachnym anatoksinom na funktsional'nuiu aktivnost' immunokompetentnykh kletok regiona.

The study made with the use of complex methods established that the local (wound) application of tetanus toxoid rapidly made the manifestation of the lysosomal apparatus more pronounced, increased the oxidizing activity (determined in the nitro blue tetrazolium test) and phagocytic activity of the mononuclear phagocytizing system in the wound and in the regional lymph nodes. The wound application of tetanus toxoid significantly increased blast transformation of T lymphocytes in guinea pigs simultaneously with tetanus wound infection. The study confirmed the pathogenetic expediency of the proposed method for the stimulation of anti-tetanus immunity by the application of tetanus toxoid on the wound which specifically inhibited the primary stage of the infectious process.

[The functional activity of the macrophages in experimental intestinal dysbacteriosis in rats]. / Funktsional'naia aktivnost' makrofagov pri éksperimental'nykh disbakteriozakh kishechnika krys.

The study of the functional activity of macrophages in the peritoneal exudate and spleen of Sprague-Dawley rats was made under the conditions of dysbacteriosis caused by the administration of antibiotics (gentamicin and phenoxymethylpenicillin) and short-term food deprivation. The complex study of the key functions of macrophages, carried out on the same pool of cells, showed that under the conditions of antibiotic therapy the enhanced function of ingestion was accompanied by a decrease in all other investigated functional parameters of peritoneal macrophages: the intensity of protein synthesis, oxidation metabolism, the activity of lysosomal apparatus, 5'-nucleotide activity. In contrast to changes observed in macrophages after the administration of antibiotics, short-term food deprivation induced increased functional activity as shown by most tests used in this investigation (such as tests for the ingestion of sheep red blood cells, 51Cr, nitro blue tetrazolium, acridine orange, 5'-nucleotidase activity), but did not affect the intensity of protein synthesis in macrophages. The comparison of these results with the data obtained by the authors after the administration of an immunomodulating agent made it possible to regard short-term food deprivation, judging by its effect on the functional activity on macrophages, as an immunostimulating action.

[Modification of the radiosensitivity of bacteria by glutaraldehyde]. / Modifikatsiia radiochuvstvitel'nosti bakterii glutarovym al'degidom.

A study was made of the combined effect of ionizing radiation and various concentrations of glutaric aldehyde (0.00125, 0.0025, 0.5, and 1 per cent) on viability of bacteria differing in a cell wall structure, radiosensitivity, and activity of DNA repair system. The combined effect of the two factors was shown to produce an effect of superadditive enhancement of bacterial cell death. The synergism was more pronounced in highly radiosensitive bacteria.

[Mechanisms of the synergistic action of ionizing radiation and hydrogen peroxide on the viability of bacteria]. / Mekhanizmy sinergicheskogo deistviia ioniziruiushchego izlucheniia i perekisi vodoroda na zhizhnesposobnost' bakterii.

The combined effect of ionizing radiation and minor concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (0.1-0.01 M) has been studied on bacteria differing in the cell wall structure (Gy+, Gy-), radioresistance, and activity of DNA repair system. The H2O2 concentrations applied, which have a slight antibacterial action, enhance significantly the bactericidal effect of ionizing radiation producing a synergistic effect due to the decreased effectiveness of repair of DNA single-strand breaks.

[Catalase and superoxide dismutase activity in isogenous bacterial strains with different degrees of radioresistance]. / Aktivnost' katalazy i speroksiddismutazy u izogennykh shtammov bakterii s razlichnoi radioustoiçhivost'iu.

Superoxide dismutase and catalase activity has been studied in isogenous strains of various radioresistance bacteria. In mutants Micrococcus radiodurans having defects in the systems of DNA repair the superoxide dismutase activity is lower than in cells of wild type. The changes of catalase and superoxide dismutase activity have not been revealed in investigated strains Escherichia coli differing in radioresistance. It has been concluded that the survival of bacteria exposed to ionizing radiation is determined by the effectiveness of DNA repair systems realiability of which depends on the catalase and superoxide dismutase activity.

[Mechanisms of the bactericidal action of hydrogen peroxide]. / Mekhanizmy bakteritsidnogo deistviia perekisi vodoroda.

The comparative study of some aspects of the bactericidal action of H2O2 on Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacterium subtilis wild-type cells and their mutants with lesions in the systems of the reparation of DNA has been carried out. Hydrogen peroxide has been shown to cause disturbances in the structure and permeability of the cell wall, the cytoplasmic membrane, as well as to induce ribosomal lesions and the ruptures of bacterial DNA. The activity of the systems responsible for the reparation of lesions in the cell genome plays an important role in the resistance of bacteria to H2O2.