The valvular segment of the lower limbs venous system: anatomical, physiological and physiopathological aspects.

The valvular segment is a distinct venous structure, which, from a morphological point of view, is comprised of the following components: the valvular insertion, the valvular gorge entrance orifice, the valvular defile, the valvular gorge exit orifice, the valvular sinus. Endoscopic and echo Doppler examinations are used to identify the normal and the pathological morphology of the valvular segment, and the hemodynamic phenomena occurring at this level. Cusps' integrity and size as well as valvular dynamics are key elements directly involved in shaping the valvular segment in general, and the valvular sinus in particular. The valvular sinus shows an obvious hemodynamic determinism. Valvular segment pathology is the outcome either of a progressively long evolving process initialized by gravitational venous pressure overcharges, or of a rapidly evolving process such as the hemodynamic shock following intense physical efforts. Valvular defunctionalisation implies a different mechanism and a different type of cusp lesion.

Neuromuscular investigation in diabetic polyneuropathy.

The aim of this paper is to present to new method for assessment diabetic polyneuropathy, before the moment of first clinical sign. Our working presents the method of tensiomyography (TMG) for assess the muscle composition rapports with muscle fibers types I and II. This composition can help to have an image regards the neuromuscular potential of muscle during diabetic process. Tensiomyographic parameters included time contraction Tc, time delay Td, sustain time Ts, displacement Dm, and relax time Tr. All these parameters give information regards muscle fatigue in correlation with muscle composition. Muscle composition regards fibers type I or II is in relation with Tc, increase of these parameters means decrease of muscle fibers type I that means muscle fatigue. Also, values of Dm help us to assess the muscle tonus, elasticity and response to electrostimulus. We consider that this method helps the clinicians to have a prediction of a future polyneuropathy at diabetic patients.

Properties and medical applications of shape memory alloys.

One of the most known intelligent material is nitinol, which offers many functional advantages over conventional implantable alloys. Applications of SMA to the biomedical field have been successful because of their functional qualities, enhancing both the possibility and the execution of less invasive surgeries. The biocompatibility of these alloys is one of their most important features. Different applications exploit the shape memory effect (one-way or two-way) and the super elasticity, so that they can be employed in orthopedic and cardiovascular applications, as well as in the manufacture of new surgical tools. Therefore, one can say that smart materials, especially SMA, are becoming noticeable in the biomedical field. Super elastic NiTi has become a material of strategic importance as it allows to overcome a wide range of technical and design issues relating to the miniaturization of medical devices and the increasing trend for less invasive and therefore less traumatic procedures. This paper will consider just why the main properties of shape memory alloys hold so many opportunities for medical devices and will review a selection of current applications.

Hypothesis of microfractures by buckling theory of bone's trabeculas from vertebral bodies affected by osteoporosis.

Osteoporosis has become in recent years a public health problem considered a true "silent epidemic", by increasing the number of osteoporosis fractures in the world as a result of increased number of persons 3rd group of age by increasing life expectancy and reducing physical effort and the emergence of sedentary occupations, increasing incidence of obesity, diabetes, liver disease and kidney by applying widely corticosteroid therapy. Starting from the macroscopic and microscopic aspects of the bone spongy tissue affected by osteoporosis, from vertebral bodies, we try to explain the modality of damaging the bone micro-structure by buckling phenomenon, knowing that the bone tissue has at trabecular level, an elasticity degree and supports high levels of mechanical forces.