Should Newborns with Refractory Chylothorax Be Tried on Higher Dose of Octreotide?

Chylothorax is a rare but life-threatening condition in newborns, often requiring a prolonged hospital stay. To date, no unified guidance exists for best management approach. Octreotide, a somatostatin analogue, has been used to treat neonatal chylothorax due to its effect on the splanchnic circulation and lipid absorption. It is administered either subcutaneously or intravenously; for the latter, a dose range between 1 and 10 µg/kg/h is most commonly used. However, the optimal dose and way of administration remain unclear. Here, we report 2 newborn cases with large volume chylothorax (>500 mL/day), one with congenital chylothorax and one following a repair of a congenital diaphragmatic hernia (post-operative form). In both cases, a significant and sustained reduction in the volume of evacuated chyle was only seen once the dose of intravenous octreotide was increased to 20 µg/kg/h. We suggest that high-dose octreotide can be considered in seemingly refractory cases of neonatal chylothorax.

[Neonatal lupus erythematosus: case report and review of the literature]. / Neonatalis lupus erythematosus: irodalmi összefoglalás egy esetbemutatás kapcsán.

Neonatal lupus erythematosus (NLE) is a disease of the first few months of infancy. It is caused by anti-SSA and anti-SSB antibodies, which are products of maternal autoimmune disorders (SLE, Sjögren, rheumatoid arthritis) and can be passively transported across the placenta. The prevalence of NLE is low. The major clinical findings are cutaneous (typical annular erythematous plaques), cardiac, hepatic and hematologic alterations. Its most severe consequence is third-degree heart block, which is irreversible, requires pacemaker-implantation and responsible for the 20-30% mortality rate. Symptoms usually resolve spontaneously at age of 6-9 months in association with disappearance of maternal antibodies from the infant's serum. In our case the typical cutaneous manifestations covered virtually the whole body, were present at birth, however, no conduction defects developed. The fact that the mother's sickness was not known at birth made it difficult to establish the diagnosis. The significant thrombocytopaenia, progressive skin-changes and the elevated liver function tests necessitated systemic steroid treatment.

IL-4 and IL-13 form a negative feedback circuit with surfactant protein-D in the allergic airway response.

The innate immune molecule surfactant protein-D (SP-D) plays an important regulatory role in the allergic airway response. In this study, we demonstrate that mice sensitized and challenged with either Aspergillus fumigatus (Af) or OVA have increased SP-D levels in their lung. SP-D mRNA and protein levels in the lung also increased in response to either rIL-4 or rIL-13 treatment. Type II alveolar epithelial cell expression of IL-4Rs in mice sensitized and challenged with Af, and in vitro induction of SP-D mRNA and protein by IL-4 and IL-13, but not IFN-gamma, suggested a direct role of IL-4R-mediated events. The regulatory function of IL-4 and IL-13 was further supported in STAT-6-deficient mice as well as in IL-4/IL-13 double knockout mice that failed to increase SP-D production upon allergen challenge. Interestingly, addition of rSP-D significantly inhibited Af-driven Th2 cell activation in vitro whereas mice lacking SP-D had increased numbers of CD4(+) cells with elevated IL-13 and thymus- and activation-regulated chemokine levels in the lung and showed exaggerated production of IgE and IgG1 following allergic sensitization. We propose that allergen exposure induces elevation in SP-D protein levels in an IL-4/IL-13-dependent manner, which in turn, prevents further activation of sensitized T cells. This negative feedback regulatory circuit could be essential in protecting the airways from inflammatory damage after allergen inhalation.

[Exhaled breath condensate and its analysis--a new method in pulmonology]. / A kilégzett levegó kondenzálása és a kondenzátum elemzó vizsgálata. Uj módszer a tüdógyógyászatban.

In the middle of the nineties a new, non-invasive method for investigation of the lung aroused the interest of many researchers: the exhaled breath condensate. It shows the extent of the interest that in the last five years more than 80 original articles have been published in this theme. Many substances are found in the expired breath which are detectable in the liquid that we obtain by cooling (= condensing) the exhaled breath. The advantages of this method are that it is non-invasive, convenient, it could be performed with mechanically ventilated patients as well as with children. The most studied substance is the hydrogen-peroxide, which is the marker of oxidative stress, and its level in condensate is elevated in numerous inflammatory diseases. 8-isoprostane was also studied a lot, which is another marker of oxidative stress. Numerous substances could be even measured in condensate, so the decay-product of nitric-oxide (nitrite, nitrate, nitrotyrosine), further nitrosothiol, adenosine, ammonia, different ions, leukotrienes, cytokines; recently even other feature of condensate is examined, such as its pH. The different mediators could help us to know better the diseases, support the diagnosis, follow the treatment or the disease. In this study the authors attempt to present the most important knowledge till now.

Comparison of nasal and oral inhalation during exhaled breath condensate collection.

Analysis of exhaled breath condensate is a method for noninvasive assessment of the lung. Condensate can be collected with a nose clip (subjects inhale and exhale via the mouth) or without it (subjects inhale via the nose and exhale via the mouth), but the mode of inhalation may influence condensate volume and mediator levels. We compared condensate volume and adenosine, ammonia, and thromboxane B2 levels in young healthy volunteers (n = 25) in samples collected for 10 minutes from subjects with or without a nose clip. Patients with allergic rhinitis (n = 8) were also studied to assess the effect of upper airway inflammation on mediator levels. Adenosine, ammonia, and thromboxane B2 levels were determined by HPLC, spectrophotometry, and radioimmunoassay, respectively. Volume of condensate was significantly higher without nose clip than that with nose clip (mean +/- SD, 2321 +/- 736 microl and 1746 +/- 400 microl, respectively; p = 0.0001). We found no significant difference in any mediator levels between these two collection modes in healthy volunteers, but adenosine showed a tendency to differ between oral and nasal inhalation in patients with allergic rhinitis. Our data indicate that whereas a greater volume of condensate can be obtained when subjects inhale through their noses, the mode of inhalation does not influence mediator levels in young healthy volunteers, but may affect these levels in patients with allergic rhinitis.