Factors Associated with Early Sexual Activity in Adolescents Residing in an Urban Area of Northeastern Mexico Who Use WhatsApp or Facebook.

Early sexual activity has been associated with unplanned pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections. In recent decades, the prevalence of early sexual activity and social media use has increased. However, the relationship between these variables has been little studied. Consequently, we examined the relationships of some factors present in the family and personal environment with early sexual activity in adolescents who use and do not use the WhatsApp and Facebook platforms. Through a cross-sectional study, data from 1328 adolescents aged 13 to 19 years were analyzed. Data collection was carried out using a self-administered questionnaire. Of the total participants, 35.7% reported early sexual activity, and 37.7% reported using social networks such as WhatsApp and Facebook. The mean age of onset of sexual activity was 15.59 ± 1.56 years. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed significant associations of not studying (adjusted OR 4.70; CI 95% 1.31-16.78), consuming alcohol (adjusted OR 3.71; CI 95% 2.44-5.65) and having parents who consumed alcoholic beverages in the home (adjusted OR 1.48; 95% CI 1.03-2.12) with ESA. In the family and personal environment, some factors favored early sexual activity in young people who used the WhatsApp and Facebook applications. This information should be used by authorities in the health and education sectors to strengthen preventive programs targeting health risk habits and behaviors in adolescents.

[Physical inactivity in young people during home confinement due to COVID-19]. / Inactividad física en jóvenes durante el confinamiento en casa debido a la COVID-19.

Background: Physical inactivity is a highly prevalent condition in the world and has been associated with increased susceptibility to develop comorbidities and present with severe respiratory distress syndrome due to COVID-19. Objective: To identify the factors present in the family environment and the personal reasons associated with physical inactivity in young people during confinement at home due to COVID-19. Material and methods: A cross-sectional study analyzed data from 1,326 young people, ages 15 - 18. To collect information, a questionnaire was constructed using the Google Forms tool and distributed through the WhatsApp application and email to collect the information. Results: The prevalence of physical inactivity was 43.4%. Approximately 24.4% were overweight, and 8.8% were obese. Near 43.0% of young people reported living in an environment with a dysfunctional family. The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that suffering from obesity, does not have space at home, or devices to exercise and present a change in emotions, are related to the physical inactivity of young people during confinement at home due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Conclusions: It is important to promote a harmonious environment within the family and the personal development of a healthy lifestyle, during the period of application of the contingency plan due to the presence of a pandemic, in order to maintain a better healthy physical and mental state.

Introducción: la inactividad física es una condición altamente prevalente en el mundo y ha sido asociada con una mayor susceptibilidad para desarrollar comorbilidades y presentar síndrome de distrés respiratorio agudo por COVID-19. Objetivo: identificar los factores presentes en el entorno familiar y los motivos personales asociados a la inactividad física en jóvenes durante el confinamiento en casa debido a la COVID-19. Material y métodos: mediante un estudio transversal se analizaron los datos de 1326 jóvenes de 15 a 18 años. Para la recogida de la información se construyó un cuestionario mediante la herramienta de Google Forms y se distribuyó a través de la aplicación de WhatsApp y por correo electrónico. Resultados: la prevalencia de inactividad física fue del 43.4%. Aproximadamente, el 24.4% sufría de sobrepeso y el 8.8% de obesidad. El 42.8% de los jóvenes declaró vivir en el ambiente de una familia disfuncional. El análisis de regresión logística multivariado mostró que tener obesidad, no contar con espacio en casa, ni aparatos para realizar ejercicio y presentar un cambio en las emociones, se relaciona con la inactividad física de los jóvenes durante el confinamiento en casa. Conclusión: es importante promover un ambiente armónico en el seno familiar, así como el desarrollo personal de un estilo de vida saludable durante el periodo de aplicación del plan de contingencia debido a la presencia de una pandemia, con la finalidad de mantener un mejor estado físico y mental saludable.

Efecto de una intervención nutricional en el consumo de alimentos en escolares de educación básica de Reynosa, Tamaulipas, México / Effect of a nutritional intervention on food consumption in basic education schoolchildren in Reynosa, Tamaulipas, Mexico

Introducción: en los últimos años se ha incrementado el consumo de alimentos ultraprocesados en escolares y esto se ha relacionado con un aumento en la prevalencia de obesidad infantil. Objetivo: calcular el tamaño del efecto de una intervención nutricional en el consumo alimentario en escolares de educación básica de Reynosa, Tamaulipas, México. Materiales y métodos: estudio longitudinal, con una muestra de 309 escolares de 12 escuelas primarias públicas; se formaron dos grupos: intervención (GI) y control (GC) con seguimiento de un año. Se realizaron mediciones antropométricas. Para evaluar los alimentos incluidos en los refrigerios escolares se utilizó un registro de alimentos antes y después de la intervención y se caracterizaron como recomendables y no recomendables. Se calculó el tamaño del efecto (TE) utilizando el estadístico "g" de Hedges. Resultados: al final del estudio en ambos grupos se incrementó el consumo de agua, sin embargo, él TE fue grande en el GI (TE=0,84), mientras que en el GC fue moderado (TE=0,50). En el GI se encontró una reducción pequeña en el consumo de carnes procesadas (p=0,004; TE=0,28), cereales dulces (p=0,001; TE=0,36) y bebidas no lácteas endulzadas (p=0,001; TE=0,49); mientras que el GC mostró un incremento pequeño en el consumo de comida rápida y antojitos mexicanos (p=0,001; TE=0,46). Conclusiones: en el GI se observó una disminución y un TE pequeño en el consumo de carnes procesadas, cereales dulces y bebidas no lácteas endulzadas. Es necesario diseñar estrategias que promuevan el consumo de alimentos recomendables(AU)

Introduction: In recent years, the consumption of ultraprocessed foods in schoolchildren has increased and this has been linked to an increase in the prevalence of childhood obesity. Objective: To calculate the size of the effect of a nutritional intervention on food consumption in basic education schoolchildren in Reynosa, Tamaulipas, Mexico. Materials and methods: Longitudinal study, with a sample of 309 schoolchildren from 12 public elementary schools; two groups were formed: intervention (IG) and control (CG) with a follow-up of one year. Measurements of weight, height and waist circumference were made. To evaluate the foods included in school lunch, a food registry was used before and after the intervention and they were characterized as recommended and not recommended. The effect size (ES) was calculated using the Hedges'g statistic. Results: At the end of the study in both groups, water consumption increased, however the ES was big in the IG (ES=0.84); while in the CG it was moderate (ES=0.50). In the IG, a small reduction in the consumption of processed meats was observed (p=0.004; ES=0.28), sweet cereals (p=0.001; ES=0.36) and sweetened nondairy beverages decreased (p=0.001; ES=0.49); while the CG showed a small increase in the consumption of fast food and Mexican appetizers (p=0.001; ES=0.46). Conclusions: In the IG showed a TE small decrease in consumption of processed meats, sweet cereals, and sweetened non-dairy beverages. It is necessary to design strategies that promote the consumption of recommended foods(AU)

[Factors associated with tobacco use in patients with asthma during the confinement due to COVID-19 in an urban region with high numbers of SARS-CoV-2 infections]. / Factores asociados al tabaquismo en pacientes con asma durante el confinamiento por COVID-19 en una región urbana con cifras elevadas de infecciones por SARS-CoV-2.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence and risk factors associated with tobacco use during the period of confinement in light of the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: Through an analytical and cross-sectional study, the data of 2, 372 participants were analyzed. The information was collected through a self-administered questionnaire that was built with the Google Forms tool, which was distributed and applied via email and WhatsApp; the private messaging platform. The relationship between the independent variables and the outcome was determined by multivariate logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Out of the total population, 69.3 % were women, the median age was 20.11±2.01 years, the prevalence of asthma was 12.2 %, and the active tobacco use was 13.3 %. There was a higher number of patients with asthma who smoked (14.2 vs. 13.2 %) than of those who didn't have asthma. The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that factors like considering that COVID-19 does not exist and not being confined were related to tobacco use in patients with asthma during the implementation of the contingency plan that the COVID-19 pandemic represents. CONCLUSIONS: During confinement to home for COVID-19, the prevalence of tobacco use is higher in patients with asthma than in individuals without this ailment; the factors that favor the aforementioned are present in the family environment.

Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia y factores de riesgo asociados al tabaquismo durante el periodo de confinamiento ante la pandemia de COVID-19. Métodos: Mediante un estudio analítico y transversal se analizaron los datos de 2372 participantes. La recolección de la información se realizó con un cuestionario autoadministrado construido con la herramienta Google Forms, el cual se distribuyó y aplicó a través de correo electrónico y de la plataforma de mensajería privada WhatsApp. La relación entre las variables independientes y la resultante fue determinada a través de regresión logística multivariada. Resultados: De la población total, 69.3 % fue del sexo femenino, la edad media de 20.11 ± 2.01 años, la prevalencia de asma de 12.2 % y la de tabaquismo activo, de 13.3 %. Una mayor proporción de pacientes con asma fumaba (14.2 versus 13.2 %), en comparación con quienes no padecían asma. La regresión logística multivariante mostró que considerar que COVID-19 no existe y no cumplir con el confinamiento se relacionaron con el tabaquismo en pacientes con asma durante la aplicación del plan de contingencia que representa la pandemia de COVID-19. Conclusiones: Durante el confinamiento en casa por COVID-19, la prevalencia de tabaquismo es mayor en pacientes con asma comparados con los individuos sin esta enfermedad. Los factores que favorecen lo anterior están presentes en el entorno familiar.

Asociación de la violencia obstétrica, control prenatal y embarazo no planeado con la prematurez / Association of obstetric violence, prenatal control, and unplanned pregnancy with prematurity

Resumen La prematurez (PM) neonatal es un problema mayor de salud pública en el mundo, debido a su frecuencia de presentación y los años de vida potencialmente perdidos; además, es la principal causa de muerte en menores de cinco años. Entre las consecuencias negativas de la PM están las discapacidades del aprendizaje, visual y auditiva. Múltiples son los factores asociados a la PM; algunos pueden ser detectados y modificados de forma oportuna en las consultas prenatales y también, en las preconcepcionales. Por otro lado, la PM no es solamente responsabilidad del prestador de los servicios de salud, sino también del sistema de salud, el cual, debe otorgar los recursos mínimos necesarios para monitorear y mantener a la embarazada en un estado óptimo de salud para evitarla, y en caso de presentarse, debe contar con la infraestructura hospitalaria básica que permita la viabilidad del producto y evitar su muerte. Aunado a lo anterior, se debe de considerar la responsabilidad de la paciente y su pareja, debido a que en ellos recae la obligación de llevar un estilo de vida saludable y acudir a las consultas preconcepcionales y control prenatal.

Abstract Neonatal prematurity (MP) is a major public health problem in the world, due to its presentation frequency and the years of life potentially lost; In addition, it is the main cause of death in children under five years of age. Among the negative consequences of MP are learning, visual and hearing disabilities. There are multiple factors associated with MP; some can be detected and modified in a timely manner in prenatal consultations and in preconception. On the other hand, MP is not only responsibility of the health service provider, but also of the health system, which must grant the minimum resources necessary to monitor and maintain the pregnant woman in an optimal state of health to avoid it, and if it occurs, the hospital must have the basic infrastructure that allows the viability of the product and prevents its death. In addition, the responsibility of the patient and her partner must be considered since they are obliged to lead a healthy lifestyle and attend preconception consultations and prenatal care.

Risk factors of non-adherence to guidelines for the prevention of COVID-19 among young adults with asthma in a region with a high risk of a COVID-19 outbreak.

OBJECTIVE: SARS-CoV-2 disease 2019 (COVID-19) is highly contagious and spreads rapidly. The application of preventive measures has proven to be the best strategy to minimize the number of patients and the dissemination of and deaths from COVID-19. The objective of this study was to determine the risk factors that limit the adherence of asthmatic patients to measures that prevent COVID-19 among residents of a region with a high risk of a COVID-19 outbreak. METHODS: Through a cross-sectional study, data from 2,372 participants aged 16-24 years were analyzed. To collect their information, a questionnaire was constructed using the Google Forms tool. Due to the prevention measures in place for COVID-19, the home quarantine of many people, and the lack of socialization, the questionnaire was distributed through email (Internet) and WhatsApp. A logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the relationship between the variables. RESULTS: The prevalence of asthma was 12.2%, and non-adherence to the guidelines for the prevention of COVID-19 was 53.1%. Approximately 30.8% of asthma patients did not comply with the basic prevention measures for COVID-19. The results of the logistic regression analysis showed that being male, active smoking, and believing that COVID-19 is not a more severe disease for people suffering from asthma than others were associated with non-adherence to the basic protection measures established in the guidelines for the prevention of COVID-19. CONCLUSIONS: It is important for health professionals to advise asthma patients to comply with the basic measures of protection against COVID-19 and timely use medications for asthma control.

Family, personal, and social factors associated with the non-use of contraceptive methods during the first sexual experience in adolescent women.

Unplanned pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in adolescents continue to be major health problems around the world. They are associated with sex that occurs without contraceptive protection. We determined the relationship of family, personal, and social factors with the non-use of any contraceptive method during the first sexual experience in 1409 adolescent women. The most significant risk factors were being less than 15 years of age and lacking knowledge and awareness about contraceptive methods. In the family environment, the risk factors were living in an incomplete family and the existence of a poor relationship among the father, the mother, and the adolescents. Socialization with friends who became sexually active at an early age was also associated with having sex for the first time without protection. This information should be used in sexual and reproductive education programmes to prevent unplanned pregnancy and STIs in adolescent women.

[Asthma-associated oral and dental health repercussions in children aged 6 to 12 years]. / Repercusiones en la salud bucodental asociadas con el asma en niños de 6 a 12 años de edad.

BACKGROUND: Asthma, which is characterized by mouth breathing and by the use of drugs for its treatment, affects between 1 and 30% of children and adolescents. There are only few studies reporting its impact on the oral cavity. OBJECTIVE: To find out the most common asthma-associated repercussions in 6 to 12-year-old children. METHODS: Cross-sectional, comparative, analytical study carried out in 2 primary schools from Coclique, Veracruz, Mexico, in 6 to 12-year-old children. The International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) questionnaire for parents was used. RESULTS: In a population of 409 children, a prevalence of asthma of 6.84% (n = 28) was found, which was higher in males (15, 54%); boys aged 6, 7 and 11 years and girls aged 8, 9 and 10 years were most affected. Risk factors for oral manifestations were acidic pH (OR = 170), caries (OR = 4.29), anterior open bite (OR = 66.78), gingivitis (OR = 9.75), atypical swallowing (OR = 15.70) and high-arched palate (OR = 45.60). CONCLUSION: Children with chronic conditions such as asthma require an oral and dental preventive program as part of their interdisciplinary care.

Antecedentes: El asma, caracterizada por respiración bucal y el uso de fármacos para su tratamiento, afecta entre 1 y 30 % de los niños y adolescentes. Son pocos los estudios que reportan las repercusiones en la cavidad bucal. Objetivos: Conocer las repercusiones en la salud bucodental más asociadas con el asma en niños de 6 a 12 años de edad. Métodos: Estudio transversal, analítico y comparativo en 2 escuelas primarias de Cosoleacaque, Veracruz, México, en niños de 6 a 12 años. Se utilizó el cuestionario "Estudio internacional de alergia y asma en niños" (ISAAC) para padres. Resultados: En una población de 409 niños se encontró una prevalencia de asma de 6.84 % (n = 28), mayor en los hombres (54-15 %); los varones de 6, 7 y 11 años fueron los más afectados y las niñas de 8, 9 y 10 años. Las manifestaciones orales con factor de riesgo fueron pH ácido (OR = 170), caries (OR = 4.29), mordida abierta anterior (OR = 66.78), gingivitis (OR = 9.75), deglución atípica (OR =15.70) y paladar ojival (OR = 45.60). Conclusión: Los niños con enfermedades crónicas como el asma requieren un plan de prevención bucodental como por parte de su atención interdisciplinar.

[Clinical experience with omalizumab in patients with severe asthma. Real-world data]. / Experiencia clínica con omalizumab en pacientes con asma severa. Datos del mundo real.

BACKGROUND: Omalizumab is a monoclonal antibody that is prescribed in a stepwise addition regimen for the treatment of severe asthma. OBJECTIVE: To report the experience of patients with severe asthma who were given omalizumab in accordance with international guides, in a context of real-world data. METHODS: Open, analytical, cross-sectional, retrospective, observational clinical study with real-world data. GINA 2006 Asthma Control Scheme was used to evaluate patients, and a questionnaire was used to evaluate patient characteristics, effectiveness, safety, and tolerance to omalizumab. RESULTS: 48 patients were studied, 34 women and 14 men with an average age of 39 years. The average disease duration was 26 years. Average serum IgE was 522 IU. At the beginning of treatment, all patients had uncontrolled asthma; at the end, 69% asthma control was obtained, 19% was partially controlled and 12% unchanged. The changes were observed at seven months on average. CONCLUSION: Omalizumab is effective and safe for treating severe asthma when applied in accordance with international guidelines for the management of bronchial asthma.

Antecedentes: El omalizumab es un anticuerpo monoclonal que se prescribe en esquema de adición por pasos para el tratamiento del asma severa. Objetivos: Informar la experiencia en pacientes con asma severa a quienes se aplicó omalizumab conforme a las guías internaciones, en un contexto de datos de mundo real. Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo, clínico, observacional, abierto, analítico y transversal a partir de datos de la vida real. Se utilizó el esquema de Control del Asma de GINA 2006 para evaluar a los pacientes y con un cuestionario se calificaron las características del paciente, efectividad, seguridad y tolerancia al omalizumab. Resultados: Se estudiaron 48 pacientes, 34 mujeres y 14 hombres, con edad promedio de 39 años. La duración promedio de la enfermedad fue de 26 años. La concentración sérica promedio de la IgE fue de 522 UI. Al inicio del tratamiento, todos los pacientes estaban sin control del asma; al final, en 69% se obtuvo control del asma, 19% estaba parcialmente controlado y 12% sin modificaciones. Los cambios se observaron en promedio a los siete meses. Conclusión: El omalizumab es efectivo y seguro para tratar el asma severa cuando se aplica conforme las guías internacionales para el manejo del asma bronquial.

[Nutritional status of Mexican school age children, living in the frontier with United States]. / Evaluación nutricional de escolares en una ciudad fronteriza entre Estados Unidos y México.

BACKGROUND: Undernutrition and obesity coexist among Mexican children due to poverty, sedentariness and inadequate food intake. AIM: To assess the nutritional status of school age children in a Mexican city located in the frontier with United States. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Cross sectional assessment of children from 28 basic schools in 2005, 2008 and 2013. Using a cluster sampling methodology, 5 children per course were selected in each school, reaching a final sample 840 children aged 7 to 12 years old. Body mass index z scores were calculated. RESULTS: The pre valence of overweight and obesity among these children was 49, 54 and 45% in the assessments performed in 2005, 2008 and 2013 respectively. CONCLUSIONS: There is a trend towards a decrease in the frequency of obesity in these children from 2005 to 2013.

Evaluación nutricional de escolares en una ciudad fronteriza entre Estados Unidos y México / Nutritional status of Mexican school age children, living in the frontier with United States

Background: Undernutrition and obesity coexist among Mexican children due to poverty, sedentariness and inadequate food intake. Aim: To assess the nutritional status of school age children in a Mexican city located in the frontier with United States. Material and Methods: Cross sectional assessment of children from 28 basic schools in 2005, 2008 and 2013. Using a cluster sampling methodology, 5 children per course were selected in each school, reaching a final sample 840 children aged 7 to 12 years old. Body mass index z scores were calculated. Results: The pre valence of overweight and obesity among these children was 49, 54 and 45% in the assessments performed in 2005, 2008 and 2013 respectively. Conclusions: There is a trend towards a decrease in the frequency of obesity in these children from 2005 to 2013.

Unplanned pregnancy in adolescents: association with family structure, employed mother, and female friends with health-risk habits and behaviors.

Previous publications have suggested that living in a nonintact family household and socializing with girlfriends who smoke or who consume alcoholic beverages favor the development of health-risk habits and customs in adolescents. However, their relationship with unplanned pregnancy in adolescents has not been determined. We investigated the association between family structure, employed mother, and female friends with health-risk habits and behaviors with unplanned pregnancy in adolescents (n = 3,130). After adjusting for low maternal educational level and low family income, logistic regression analyses showed that having an employed mother and socializing with girlfriends who have health-risk habits or behaviors, rather than living in a nonintact family household, appear to be the most important health-risk factors for unplanned pregnancy in adolescents. It is important for health-care programs for adolescents to be revised and for their strategies be strengthened in order to reach the objectives for which they were created.

Association between family structure, maternal education level, and maternal employment with sedentary lifestyle in primary school-age children.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the association between family structure, maternal education level, and maternal employment with sedentary lifestyle in primary school-age children. METHOD: Data were obtained from 897 children aged 6 to 12 years. A questionnaire was used to collect information. Body mass index (BMI) was determined using the age- and gender-specific Centers for Disease Control and Prevention definition. Children were categorized as: normal weight (5(th) percentile≤BMI<85(th) percentile), at risk for overweight (85(th)≤BMI<95(th) percentile), overweight (≥ 95(th) percentile). For the analysis, overweight was defined as BMI at or above the 85(th) percentile for each gender. Adjusted odds ratios (adjusted ORs) for physical inactivity were determined using a logistic regression model. RESULTS: The prevalence of overweight was 40.7%, and of sedentary lifestyle, 57.2%. The percentage of non-intact families was 23.5%. Approximately 48.7% of the mothers had a non-acceptable educational level, and 38.8% of the mothers worked outside of the home. The logistic regression model showed that living in a non-intact family household (adjusted OR=1.67; 95% CI=1.04-2.66) is associated with sedentary lifestyle in overweight children. In the group of normal weight children, logistic regression analysis show that living in a non-intact family, having a mother with a non-acceptable education level, and having a mother who works outside of the home were not associated with sedentary lifestyle. CONCLUSION: Living in a non-intact family, more than low maternal educational level and having a working mother, appears to be associated with sedentary lifestyle in overweight primary school-age children.

Associação entre estrutura familiar, nível de escolaridade e emprego da mãe com estilo de vida sedentário em crianças em idade escolar primária / Association between family structure, maternal education level, and maternal employment with sedentary lifestyle in primary school-age children

OBJETIVO: Determinar a associação entre a estrutura familiar, o nível de escolaridade e emprego da mãe com o estilo de vida sedentário em crianças em idade escolar primária. MÉTODO: Foram obtidos os dados de 897 crianças com idade entre 6-12 anos. Foi utilizado um questionário para registrar as informações. O índice de massa corporal (IMC) foi determinado utilizando-se a definição específica para idade e sexo do Centro de Controle e Prevenção de Doenças. As crianças foram classificadas como: peso normal (5º-85º percentil), risco de sobrepeso (percentil > 85º e < 95º), sobrepeso (percentil > 95º). Para análise neste estudo, sobrepeso foi definido como IMC igual ou acima do 85º percentil para cada sexo. As razões de chance ajustadas (RCs ajustadas) foram determinadas para inatividade física utilizando o modelo de regressão logística. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de sobrepeso foi de 40,7%, e estilo de vida sedentário, 57,2%. O percentual de famílias de pais separados foi de 23,5%. Aproximadamente 48,7% das mães apresentaram um nível de escolaridade não aceitável, e 38,8% eram mães que trabalhavam fora de casa. Os resultados do modelo de regressão logística mostram que o fato de viver em um ambiente familiar com pais separados (RCs ajustadas = 1,67; IC 95% = 1,04-2,66) está associado ao estilo de vida sedentário em crianças com sobrepeso. No grupo de crianças com peso normal, a análise de regressão logística mostra que viver em uma família com pais separados, com a mãe apresentando nível de escolaridade não aceitável e/ou trabalhando fora de casa, não eram fatores associados a estilo de vida sedentário. CONCLUSÃO: Morar com uma família de pais separados, mais do que ter um baixo nível de escolaridade materno e uma mãe que trabalha fora, parece estar associado a um estilo de vida sedentário em crianças com sobrepeso em idade escolar primária.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the association between family structure, maternal education level, and maternal employment with sedentary lifestyle in primary school-age children. METHOD: Data were obtained from 897 children aged 6 to 12 years. A questionnaire was used to collect information. Body mass index (BMI) was determined using the age- and gender-specific Centers for Disease Control and Prevention definition. Children were categorized as: normal weight (5th percentile < BMI < 85th percentile), at risk for overweight (85th < BMI < 95th percentile), overweight (> 95th percentile). For the analysis, overweight was defined as BMI at or above the 85th percentile for each gender. Adjusted odds ratios (adjusted ORs) for physical inactivity were determined using a logistic regression model. RESULTS: The prevalence of overweight was 40.7%, and of sedentary lifestyle, 57.2%. The percentage of non-intact families was 23.5%. Approximately 48.7% of the mothers had a non-acceptable educational level, and 38.8% of the mothers worked outside of the home. The logistic regression model showed that living in a non-intact family household (adjusted OR = 1.67; 95% CI = 1.04-2.66) is associated with sedentary lifestyle in overweight children. In the group of normal weight children, logistic regression analysis show that living in a non-intact family, having a mother with a non-acceptable education level, and having a mother who works outside of the home were not associated with sedentary lifestyle. CONCLUSION: Living in a non-intact family, more than low maternal educational level and having a working mother, appears to be associated with sedentary lifestyle in overweight primary school-age children.

[Association between unplanned pregnancy and adolescence onset asthma]. / Asociación entre embarazo no planeado y asma de inicio en la adolescencia.

BACKGROUND: The association between asthma and pregnancy has been documented previously. The relationship between unplanned pregnancy and onset asthma in adolescence has not been studied. OBJECTIVE: To determine the association between unplanned pregnancy and adolescence onset asthma. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was done gathering information about asthma, unplanned pregnancy, family atopy and active or passive smoking in 3,130 adolescents aged 13-19 years. Asthma diagnosis was established through a selfquestionnaire based on the International Study of Asthma and Allergy in Childhood. Odds ratios for asthma were determined using logistic regression model and chi-squared test. RESULTS: Mean age of the participants was 16.37 ± 1.93 years. The prevalence of active smoking was 16.1%, of passive smoking 40% and of family atopy 9.8%. From the pregnant adolescents (785), 59.5% reported had planned not to have a child before pregnancy. Prevalence of wheezing during the year prior to the study was 9.3% and of wheezing during the pregnancy 2%. The prevalence of adolescence onset asthma was 5.4%. The age of initiation of asthma in the adolescence was 14.75 ± 1.60 years. The analysis showed that unplanned pregnancy has a slight risk for the development of asthma during adolescence. (Crude OR=1.03; CI 95% 1.02-1.05; p=0.000). CONCLUSION: Unplanned pregnancy, family atopy, active smoking and smoking friends are associated with the onset-asthma in the adolescence.

ANTECEDENTES: la asociación entre embarazo y asma se ha documentado previamente. La relación entre embarazo no planeado y asma de inicio en la adolescencia no se ha estudiado. OBJETIVO: determinar la asociación entre embarazo no planeado y asma de inicio en la adolescencia. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: estudio transversal en el que se recogió información de asma, embarazo no planeado, atopia familiar y tabaquismo activo o pasivo en 3,130 adolescentes de 13-19 años de edad. El asma se diagnosticó mediante un cuestionario autoadministrado basado en el utilizado en el Estudio Internacional de Asma y Alergia en Niños (ISAAC por sus siglas en inglés). Se determinó la razón de momios para asma mediante regresión logística y chi cuadrada. RESULTADOS: la edad media de las participantes fue 16.37 ± 1.93 años. La prevalencia del tabaquismo activo fue 16.1%, del pasivo 40% y la atopia familiar 9.8%. De las adolescentes embarazadas (785), 59.5% anotó que no había planeado tener un hijo antes del embarazo. La prevalencia de sibilancias durante el último año fue 9.3% y de sibilancias durante el embarazo 2%. La prevalencia de asma de inicio en la adolescencia fue 5.4%. La edad de inicio de asma en la adolescencia fue 14.75 ± 1.60 años. El análisis muestra que el embarazo no planeado tiene un ligero riesgo de padecer asma de inicio en la adolescencia (RM cruda=1.03; IC 95% 1.02-1.05). CONCLUSIONES: el embarazo no planeado, la atopia familiar, el tabaquismo activo y el tabaquismo de las amigas se asocian con el asma de inicio en la adolescencia.

Tabaquismo en adolescentes no escolarizados mexicanos con asma. Relación con estructura familiar, nivel de estudios, aprobación parental del tabaquismo, progenitores fumadores y amigos fumadores / Smoking in Non-Student Mexican Adolescents With Asthma. Relation With Family Structure, Educational Level, Parental Approval of Smoking, Parents Who Smoke, and Smoking friends

Introducción: La asociación de algunos factores del entorno familiar y social con el tabaquismo en adolescentes no escolarizados con asma no ha sido estudiada. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la asociación de estructura familiar, nivel de estudios, aprobación parental del tabaquismo, progenitores fumadores y amigos fumadores con el tabaquismo de los adolescentes no escolarizados con asma. Sujetos y métodos: En un estudio transversal, se obtuvieron datos mediante un cuestionario estructurado aplicado a 4.778 adolescentes no escolarizados, de edades comprendidas entre 13 y 18 años. El diagnóstico de asma se estableció con el empleo de un cuestionario basado en el cuestionario International Study of Asthma and Allergy in Childhood. El hábito tabáquico se determinó con la aplicación de un cuestionario autoadministrado. Se determinaron las odds ratios (OR) para el tabaquismo utilizando una regresión logística. Resultados: En la muestra global, la prevalencia del asma fue del 6,6% y la del tabaquismo activo del 34,2%. La edad de inicio de los síntomas de asma fue de 5,15±3,52 años, y la del tabaquismo activo fue de 13,65±2,07 años. El porcentaje de familias no intactas (40,1% frente a 32,7%) fue mayor en el grupo de adolescentes con asma. Los modelos de regresión logística ponen de manifiesto que la aprobación parental del tabaquismo (OR ajustada=5,57; intervalo de confianza del 95%=2,48-12,51) y los amigos fumadores (OR ajustada=2,92; intervalo de confianza del 95%=1,04-8,19) se asocian al tabaquismo en los adolescentes no escolarizados con asma. Conclusión: En este estudio, la aprobación parental del tabaquismo y el hecho de tener amigos que fuman muestran una asociación con el tabaquismo en los adolescentes no escolarizados con asma(AU)

Introduction: The association between some factors of the familial and social environment with smoking in non-student adolescents with asthma has not been explored. The aim of the study was to determine the association between family structure, educational level, parental approval of smoking, parents who smoke, and smoking friends with smoking in non-student adolescents with asthma. Subjects and methods: In a cross-sectional study, data were obtained by means of a structured questionnaire applied to 4,778 non-student adolescents aged 13-18 years. Diagnosis of asthma was performed using a questionnaire based on the International Study of Asthma and Allergy in Childhood questionnaire. The smoking habit was determined by application of a self-administered questionnaire. Odds ratios (OR) were determined for smoking using logistic regression. Results: From the total sample, asthma prevalence was 6.6% and of active smoking, 34.2%. Age at initiation of asthma symptoms was 5.15±3.52 years, and that of active smoking was 13.65±2.07 years. Percentage of non-intact family (40.1 vs. 32.7%) was greater in the group of adolescents with asthma. Logistic regression models show that parental approval of smoking (adjusted OR=5.57; 95% confidence interval=2.48-12.51) and smoking friends (adjusted OR=2.92; 95% confidence interval=1.04-8.19) are associated with smoking in non-student adolescents with asthma. Conclusion: In this study, parental approval of smoking and having friends who smoke appear to be associated with smoking among non-student adolescents with asthma(AU)

Smoking in non-student Mexican adolescents with asthma: relation with family structure, educational level, parental approval of smoking, parents who smoke, and smoking friends.

INTRODUCTION: The association between some factors of the familial and social environment with smoking in non-student adolescents with asthma has not been explored. The aim of the study was to determine the association between family structure, educational level, parental approval of smoking, parents who smoke, and smoking friends with smoking in non-student adolescents with asthma. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: In a cross-sectional study, data were obtained by means of a structured questionnaire applied to 4,778 non-student adolescents aged 13-18 years. Diagnosis of asthma was performed using a questionnaire based on the International Study of Asthma and Allergy in Childhood questionnaire. The smoking habit was determined by application of a self-administered questionnaire. Odds ratios (OR) were determined for smoking using logistic regression. RESULTS: From the total sample, asthma prevalence was 6.6% and of active smoking, 34.2%. Age at initiation of asthma symptoms was 5.15±3.52 years, and that of active smoking was 13.65±2.07 years. Percentage of non-intact family (40.1 vs. 32.7%) was greater in the group of adolescents with asthma. Logistic regression models show that parental approval of smoking (adjusted OR=5.57; 95% confidence interval=2.48-12.51) and smoking friends (adjusted OR=2.92; 95% confidence interval=1.04-8.19) are associated with smoking in non-student adolescents with asthma. CONCLUSION: In this study, parental approval of smoking and having friends who smoke appear to be associated with smoking among non-student adolescents with asthma.

Association between obesity and asthma in preschool Mexican children.

The elevated prevalence of obesity as well as of asthma in preschool children has prompted investigators to speculate that obesity in childhood might be a causal factor in the development of asthma. The results obtained to date are debatable. We investigated the association between obesity and asthma in 1,160 preschool Mexican children. Diagnosis of asthma was performed using the International Study of Asthma and Allergy in Childhood (ISAAC) questionnaire. The body mass index (BMI) in units of kg/m2 was determined, and children were categorized according to age- and gender-specific criteria, such as normal weight (5th-85th percentile), overweight (> or =85th and <95th percentile), and obesity (> or =95th percentile). Power test for logistic regression model was calculated. We found no association between overweight (adjusted OR = 1.02; 95% CI = 0.66-1.58), obesity (adjusted OR = 0.94; 95% CI = 0.68-1.30), and wheezing during the last year as determined by logistic regression model adjusted. We did not find an association between overweight, obesity, and asthma-associated hospitalizations. Further longitudinal studies are required to provide a better understanding of the relationship between obesity and asthma in preschool children.

Association between family structure, parental smoking, friends who smoke, and smoking behavior in adolescents with asthma.

Recent investigations show that the smoking prevalence among asthmatic adolescents is higher than among healthy adolescents, and the causes that lead these asthmatic adolescents to smoke are unclear. We investigated the association between family structure, parental smoking, smoking friends, and smoking in asthmatic adolescents (n = 6,487). After adjusting for sex and age, logistic regression analyses showed that nonintact family structure, parental smoking, and smoking friends are associated with smoking in adolescents with and without asthma. Asthmatic adolescents who reside in the household of a nonintact family have a 1.90 times greater risk of smoking compared with those who live with both biological parents. It is important that parents who have children with asthma be made aware that the presence of smokers in the home and adolescent fraternization with smoking friends not only favor the worsening of asthma, but also induce the habit of smoking.

[Asthma prevalence in adolescents. Relation to sex and active smoking]. / Prevalencia de asma en adolescentes. Relación con el sexo y el tabaquismo activo.

BACKGROUND: Asthma prevalence in adolescents appears to be increasing and determinants are not well established. OBJECTIVE: To determine the association between sex and active smoking with asthma prevalence in adolescents. PARTICIPANTS AND METHOD: In this cross-sectional study 6,922 students, ages 12 to 18 years, residents in an area of northeastern Mexico, were included. We developed a questionnaire based on The International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) and on The European Community Respiratory Health Survey (ECRHS). The association between sex and active smoking with asthma prevalence was determined using a logistic regression model. RESULTS: Of the total population, 46.3% were males, 7.3% suffered from asthma and 17.3% were cigarette smokers. We found that sex (OR = 0.55; CI 95%: 0.48-0.63) and active smoking (adjusted OR = 1.12; CI 95%: 0.89-1.42) were not associated with asthma prevalence. Females (OR = 1.44; CI 95%: 1.13-1.84) and active smoking (adjusted OR = 1.38; CI 95%: 1.15-1.67) were associated with prevalence of wheezing in the last 12 months, and with prevalence of dry cough at night (OR = 1.53; CI 95%: 1.34-1.76). CONCLUSIONS: Teenager males and active smoking were not associated with asthma prevalence. Females had an association with wheezing in the last 12 months and dry cough at night.