RESUMO
Recent revisions of the Job Demands Resources (JDR) model acknowledged the importance of personal and organizational dimensions enriching job resources' effect on work engagement. Consistently, this paper addresses the role of compassion satisfaction, as a job resource, on teacher work engagement, given the saliency of caring in teaching as a helping profession. Furthermore, quiet ego, as a personal dimension, and ethical leadership, as an organizational dimension, are studied as antecedents of compassion satisfaction. Overall, the study verifies with a Structural Equation Model whether and how compassion satisfaction mediates the relationships among work engagement, quiet ego, and ethical leadership. One hundred and eighty-eight Italian teachers took part in the study by completing four scales: the Ethical Leadership Scale, the Quiet Ego scale, the Professional Quality Of Life Questionnaire, and the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale-ultra-short version. The final model showed a good fit to the data: χ2 ( 48 ) = 75.399, p = 0.007, CFI = 0.979, TLI = 0.971, RMSEA = 0.055 (90% CI = 0.029-0.078, p = 0.342), SRMR = 0.039. Findings showed that teachers' compassion satisfaction is strongly related to their engagement at school, confirming that teachers' care toward their students is an important resource supporting their engagement. Furthermore, compassion satisfaction totally mediates the relationship between quiet ego and work engagement (bDIRECT = ns, bINDIRECT = 0.327, p = 0.000). Such mediating path confirms recent expansions of the JDR model about the role of personal resources on job resources and, consequently, on work engagement and confirms the Conservation of Resources theory, stating that personal resources impact work outcomes. At the same time, compassion satisfaction does not mediate the relationship between ethical leadership and work engagement, so that ethical school leaders directly impact teachers' work engagement. A possible reason for this finding relies on ethical leadership's role in promoting higher school life participation as a community. More theoretical and practical implications are described in the paper.
RESUMO
The aim of this paper is to investigate among a group of non-profit organizations: (a) the effect of ethical leadership (EL) on volunteers' satisfaction, affective organizational commitment and intention to stay in the same organization; (b) the role played by job satisfaction as a mediator in the relationship between EL and volunteers' intentions to stay in the same organization, as well as between EL and affective commitment. An anonymous questionnaire was individually administered to 198 Italian volunteers of different non-profit organizations. The questionnaire contained the Ethical Leadership Scale, the Volunteers Satisfaction Index, the Affective organization Scale, as well as questions regarding the participants' age, sex, type of work, level of education, length of their volunteer works, intention to volunteer in the following months in the same organization. The construct as well the effects of EL on volunteers is approached in light of the Social Exchange Theory and the Social Learning Theory. Structural equation models were used to test hypothesized relationships. The results confirm the role of mediation of volunteer satisfaction in the relationships between the variables studied. In particular, EL was found to be positively associated both with volunteers' intention of staying and with their affective commitment. In the first case this relationship is fully explained by the mediation of the volunteers' satisfaction, while the latter is explained by both direct and indirect factors. To the authors' knowledge, this the first attempt to understand the role played by EL on volunteers' behavior and, more in general, in the management of non-profit organizations. Findings are relevant both for practitioners and managers of non-profit organization, since they suggest the relevance of the perception of EL by volunteers, as well as for scholars, since they further deepen the knowledge on EL and its effects on the followers. Limits of the study: the questionnaire was administered only among a group of non-statistical sample of volunteers. Furthermore, the study reached only volunteers from Italian non-profit organization.
RESUMO
The objective of this research study was to conduct a systematic review of the research on volunteers using Clary et al.s VFI (1998). A total of 48 research studies including 67 independent samples met eligibility criteria. The total sample of the studies analyzed ranged from 20375 to 21988 participants, depending on the motivation analyzed. The results show that the Values factor obtained the highest mean score, both overall and in each type of volunteering, whereas the lowest scores were for the Career and Enhancement factors. Studies conducted with samples with a mean age under 40 years obtain higher scores on Career and Understanding scales when compared to studies in older samples. The group of studies with less than 50% women yield higher mean scores on the Social scale than studies with more than 50% women in the sample. All the scales show reliability coefficients between .78 and .84. Only eight of the articles provide data on the reliability of the scale with a mean value of .90. Of the 26 studies that performed factor analysis, 18 confirmed the original structure of six factors (AU)
Antecedentes: las motivaciones son variables clave para comprender el comportamiento de los voluntarios. El objetivo de esta investigación es realizar una revisión sistemática de las investigaciones sobre voluntariado que hayan usado el VFI de Clary et al. (1998). Método: 48 investigaciones, con 67 muestras independientes, cumplían los criterios de elegibilidad. El total de la muestra de los estudios oscila entre 20.375 y 21.988 participantes, según el motivo analizado. Resultados: el factor Valores obtiene la mayor puntuación media en general y en cada tipo de voluntariado, las puntuaciones más bajas corresponden a los factores Mejora del Curriculum y Defensa del Yo. Los estudios realizados con muestras menores de 40 años de edad media obtienen puntuaciones mayores en las escalas de Mejora del Curriculum y Conocimiento. Los estudios con menos del 50 % de mujeres arrojan medias más altas en la escala Social que los estudios con más del 50 % de mujeres en la muestra. Todas las escalas muestran coeficientes de fiabilidad entre .78 y .84. Solo ocho artículos aportan datos sobre la fiabilidad de la escala total con una media de .90. De los 26 estudios que realizaron un análisis factorial, 18 confirman la estructura de seis factores original (AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Voluntários/psicologia , Motivação , Intenção , Objetivos , Agências Voluntárias , Psicometria/instrumentaçãoRESUMO
La mayoría de los estudios sobre motivaciones del voluntariado utilizan cuestionarios estandarizados, siendo el Volunteer Funcion Inventory (VFI) el más utilizado. En muy pocas ocasiones se pregunta de forma abierta a los voluntarios por los motivos que les llevan a serlo. En este trabajo hipotetizamos que los cuestionarios tiende a sobre estimar el número de motivaciones y a infraestimar la variedad de las mismas, por lo que se analizan las respuestas cualitativas de 1515 voluntarios a una pregunta abierta por sus motivaciones y se realiza una categorización de las mismas. Los resultados muestran que los voluntarios dan una media de dos motivos, muy por debajo de lo aportado por los cuestionarios, y que Valores es la motivación más frecuentemente citada y la considerada másimportante por la mayoría. Además, esta motivación parece coexistir con otras motivaciones muy diversas, no contempladas en los cuestionarios, como Compromiso Organizacional, Religiosidad, Cambio Social, Interés por la Actividad o Desarrollo Personal (AU)
Most studies of volunteers motivations use standardized questionnaires with one of the most commonly-used being the Volunteer Function Inventory. Open-ended questions about what drives individuals to be volunteers are seldom used. We hypothesize that questionnaires tend to overestimate the numberof motivations and to underestimate their variety. Therefore, in this paper we analyze the answers of1515 volunteers to an open-ended question and categorize these answers. Results show that volunteers give an average of 2 motivations, fewer than the questionnaires, and that the Value motivation is the most frequently mentioned and the most important for volunteers. In addition, thismotivation coexists with other motivations, which are lacking in the standard questionnaires, such as Organizational Commitment, Personal Development, Religiosity, Social Change or Interest in the Activity (AU)
