Retraction Note to: Biological and Biochemical Potential of Sea Snake Venom and Characterization of Phospholipase A2 and Anticoagulation Activity.

[This retracts the article DOI: 10.1007/s12291-015-0500-6.].

Evaluation of astaxanthin incorporated collagen film developed from the outer skin waste of squid Doryteuthis singhalensis for wound healing and tissue regenerative applications.

The present investigation was aimed to evaluate in vivo wound healing activity of astaxanthin incorporated collagen hydrogel film biomaterials extracted from the outer skin waste of squid Doryteuthis singhalensis, to releases antibiotic, delivering potentialities of excisional and incisional wound model in Wistar rats. These results suggested that the astaxanthin incorporated collagen film (ACF) and gentamicin incorporated collagen film (GCF) exhibited excellent wound healing activity (71%) in both full thickness excision and linear incision in rats. The in-vitro antioxidant abilities of extracted astaxanthin exhibited strongly significant 1,1­diphenyl­2­picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity. In addition, tensile strength, epithelialization, hydroxyproline content and protein content in ACF and GCF treated groups were significantly increased. Histopathological assessment revealed an increase in collagen content, fibroblasts, granulation, thickness of scar formation, effective neovascularization and faster epithelialization within the short duration after the treatment of ACF and GCF compared to the control groups. The structure of prepared ACF and GCF biomaterials were characterized by SEM, EDS, and XRD. The in vivo biological study of the collagen-based film releases the antibiotic substance. The composite of collagen based biomaterials displays a promising biocompatibility through the dermal wound healing process as well as an evidence of biodegradability. Thus, the marine-derived biomaterials gave a substantial pledge for the development of biodegradable materials in drug delivery and soft tissue regeneration process.

Isolation and Identification of Cytotoxic and Biological Active Toxin from the Puffer Fish Arothron stellatus.

This study is to investigate the biological, biochemical and cytotoxic effects of puffer fish (Arothron stellatus) toxin extracts under in-vitro condition. Extracted toxins from various organs of puffer fish were purified by using active charcoal column, and Bio-gel-P2 column chromatography. The lethality of toxin was tested in crabs, which consists of neurotoxic compounds. The degree of the brine shrimp lethality assay was found directly proportional to the concentration of the toxin extracts, which was well supported by hemolytic assay. The experimental results suggested that the gonad was found higher toxins than the liver and muscles. The mortality rate of brine shrimp nauplii was increased with the raise of concentrations of toxin level. Among the different doses and time dependent cytotoxic effect of human cervical carcinoma (HeLa) cells were showed 4.0 µg/mL of toxin, which was effectively inhibited cancer cell proliferation. HPLC and TLC analysis was revealed that the A. stellatus toxin contains tetrodotoxin (TTX), related compounds 4-epi TTX and anhydro-TTX. The present results suggested that the A. stellatus contain TTX as a major and anh-TTX as a minor toxin. It could be the potential candidate in the field of anticancer drug discovery against human cervical cancer cells. The present data is confirming that the puffer fish toxin as an interesting source of novel bioactive natural compounds with potent applications in pharmacology.

Biological and Biochemical Potential of Sea Snake Venom and Characterization of Phospholipase A2 and Anticoagulation Activity.

This study is designed to isolate and purify a novel anti-clotting protein component from the venom of Enhydrina schistosa, and explore its biochemical and biological activities. The active protein was purified from the venom of E. schistosa by ion-exchange chromatography using DEAE-cellulose. The venom protein was tested by various parameters such as, proteolytic, haemolytic, phospholipase and anti-coagulant activities. 80 % purity was obtained in the final stage of purification and the purity level of venom was revealed as a single protein band of about 44 kDa in SDS-polyacrylamide electrophoresis under reducing conditions. The results showed that the Potent hemolytic activity was observed against cow, goat, chicken and human (A, B and O positive) erythrocytes. Furthermore, the clotting assays showed that the venom of E. schistosa significantly prolonged in activated partial thromboplastin time, thrombin time, and prothrombin time. Venomous enzymes which hydrolyzed casein and gelatin substrate were found in this venom protein. Gelatinolytic activity was optimal at pH 5-9 and (1)H NMR analysis of purified venom was the base line information for the structural determination. These results suggested that the E. schistosa venom holds good promise for the development of novel lead compounds for pharmacological applications in near future.

Isolation and characterization of biologically active venom protein from sea snake Enhydrina schistosa.

The present study is designed to investigate the isolation and characterization of biological and biochemical active venom protein from sea snake, Enhydrina schistosa. The highest purification peaks in ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose column were obtained for fraction numbers 39-49 when eluted with 0.35-0.45 M NaCl. Eighty per cent purity was obtained in the final stage of purification, and a single protein band of about 44 kDa was visualized in SDS-polyacrylamide gel under reducing condition. Purified venom protein expressed as haemolytic, cytotoxicity and proteolytic activities with lethal concentration (LC50 ) at 2.0 µg/mL. Venom protein exhibits enzymatic activity and hydrolyzed casein and gelatin. Gelatinolytic activity was optimal at pH 5-9. In conclusion, the present results suggested that the sea snake venom might be feasible sources for biologically active substances. Thus, this low molecular weight component of the venom protein could be used in potentially serve biological and pharmaceutical aspects.

Isolation and characterization of drug delivering potential of type-I collagen from eel fish Evenchelys macrura.

Acid soluble collagen (ASC) and pepsin-soluble collagen (PSC) from the outer skin waste of marine eel fish (Evenchelys macrura) were isolated and characterized. The prepared collagen was used to test its effective drug delivering potential in vitro condition. Present results were confirmed as collagen by different physico-chemical techniques like SDS-PAGE, HPLC, FTIR and SEM. Further amino acid analysis corroborates isolation of type I collagen. Both ASC and PSC comprising two different α-chains (α 1 and α 2) were characterized as type I and contained imino acid of 190-200 residues, respectively. The denaturation temperatures (T(d)) of ASC and PSC were 38.5 and 35.0 °C, respectively, which is promising as an advantage for biomedical application due to closeness in T(d) to mammalian collagen. Furthermore, the gel and film forming capability of collagen samples containing implant standard antibiotic was proved to be a suitable drug delivering system.