Films properties of QPM corn starch with Delonix regia seed galactomannan as an edible coating material.

Plant-based polysaccharides are considered a good alternative for obtaining edible films and coatings. In this research the objective was to determine the physicochemical characteristics of corn starch obtained from QPM Sac-Beh (SBCS) and Delonix regia galactomannan (DRG) and use them to produce films. Films were elaborated from 1 %(w/v) film-forming solutions (FFS) with SBCS:DRG 1:0, 1:1, and 0:1 ratio. Some films were prepared with glycerol 0.4 %(w/v) and vanillin 0.1 %(w/v). SBCS and DRG were characterized by infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. SBCS presented low crystallinity which agrees with a low gelatinization ΔH observed. The SBCS:DRG 1:0 FFS without glycerol did not form films; however, DRG addition allows film formation. It was also found that glycerol addition reduced tensile strength to 10.3 MPa, from 41.3 MPa. The lowest water vapor permeability was found in films with 1:1 SBCS:DRG and 0.1 %(w/v) vanillin. This formulation was used to coat D'Anjou pears. This coating conserved the pears' color for 24 days while the control ones started to get a brown color on day 6. Based on the results obtained, FFS elaborated with 1:1 SBCS:DRG and 0.1 %(w/v) vanillin had potential use as edible film material for coating on climacteric fruits preservation.

Manejo racional de las neuropatías diabéticas: consenso multidisciplinario de expertos / Rational management of the diabetic neuropathies: a multidisciplinary expert group consensus

Resumen: La diabetes mellitus, un padecimiento crónico y progresivo, ocupó el tercer lugar en defunciones durante el período comprendido de enero a junio de 2021 en México. Su complicación crónica más frecuente es la neuropatía diabética que tiene un impacto importante en el sistema nervioso. En la Ciudad de México se reunió un grupo multidisciplinario de expertos para establecer un algoritmo de tratamiento que considere los aspectos sintomáticos y etiopatogénicos de la neuropatía diabética. Se utilizó un método Delphi en tiempo real con dos rondas de preguntas interactivas. La implementación del algoritmo propuesto permitirá abordar de manera integral al paciente diabético con neuropatía dolorosa y no dolorosa, tanto en el terreno de los síntomas como en la etiopatogenia. Este abordaje brinda la oportunidad de mejorar la calidad de vida y lograr la reinserción a la vida familiar y laboral. El panel de expertos recomienda al ácido tióctico como tratamiento etiopatogénico de primera línea en la neuropatía diabética.

Abstract: Diabetes mellitus, a chronic and progressive condition, was the third most common cause of death in Mexico between January and June 2021. Its most frequent chronic complication is diabetic neuropathy, which has a major impact on the nervous system. A multidisciplinary group of experts met in Mexico City to establish a treatment algorithm considering the symptomatic and etiopathogenic aspects of diabetic neuropathy. A real-time Delphi method with two rounds of interative questions was used. The implementation of the proposed algorithm will allow a comprehensive approach to the diabetic patient with painful and non-painful neuropathy, both in terms of symptoms and etiopathogenesis. This approach provides the opportunity to improve quality of life and achieve reintegration into family and work life. The expert panel recommends thioctic acid as the first line etiopathogenic treatment for diabetic neuropathy.

Evaluation of Organofunctionalized Polydimethylsiloxane Films for the Extraction of Furanic Compounds.

Hybrid membranes with three different thicknesses, PMDS_C1, PMDS_C2, and PMDS_C3 (0.21 ± 0.03 mm, 0.31 ± 0.05 mm, and 0.48 ± 0.07 mm), were synthesized by the sol-gel method using polydimethylsiloxane, hydroxy-terminated, and cyanopropyltriethoxysilane. The presence of cyano, methyl, and silicon-methyl groups was confirmed by FTIR analysis. Contact angle analysis revealed the membranes' hydrophilic nature. Solvent resistance tests conducted under vortex and ultrasonic treatments (45 and 60 min) demonstrated a preference order of acetonitrile > methanol > water. Furthermore, the membranes exhibited stability over 48 h when exposed to different pH conditions (1, 3, 6, and 9), with negligible mass losses below 1%. The thermogravimetric analysis showed that the material was stable until 400 °C. Finally, the sorption analysis showed its capacity to detect furfural, 2-furylmethylketone, 5-methylfurfural, and 2-methyl 2-furoate. The thicker membrane was able to adsorb and slightly desorb a higher concentration of furanic compounds due to its high polarity provided by the addition of the cyano groups. The results indicated that the membranes may be suitable for sorbent materials in extracting and enriching organic compounds.

Preparation and Characterization of Strongly Sulfonated Acid Block and Random Copolymer Membranes for Acetic Acid Esterification with 2-Propanol.

In this paper, we report the synthesis of block and random copolymers of 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propane sulfonic acid (AMPS) and methyl methacrylate (MMA), with different AMPS feed ratios. These solution-processable copolymers with strongly sulfonated acid groups resulted in membranes with tunable ion exchange (IEC) and water absorption capacities. AFM images confirmed the microphase separation of PAMPS-b-PMMA-1:1 block copolymer membrane, annealed under the appropriate conditions. The resulting copolymers from the random combination of a 1:1 molar ratio of AMPS and MMA monomers are effective at enhancing the esterification conversion of acetic acid, when compared with a reaction catalyzed by PAMPS-b-PMMA block copolymers and the previously studied catalytic membranes. With the PAMPS-co-PMMA-1:1 membrane, the esterification reaction using acetic acid achieved 85% isopropyl acetate. These results are closely correlated with the increase in IEC (2.63 mmol H+g-1) and the relationship between weight loss (20.3%) and swelling degree (68%) in 2-propanol.

The Brain Dynamics of Syllable Duration and Semantic Predictability in Spanish.

This study examines the neural dynamics underlying the prosodic (duration) and the semantic dimensions in Spanish sentence perception. Specifically, we investigated whether adult listeners are aware of changes in the duration of a pretonic syllable of words that were either semantically predictable or unpredictable from the preceding sentential context. Participants listened to the sentences with instructions to make prosodic or semantic judgments, while their EEG was recorded. For both accuracy and RTs, the results revealed an interaction between duration and semantics. ERP analysis exposed an interactive effect between task, duration and semantic, showing that both processes share neural resources. There was an enhanced negativity on semantic process (N400) and an extended positivity associated with anomalous duration. Source estimation for the N400 component revealed activations in the frontal gyrus for the semantic contrast and in the parietal postcentral gyrus for duration contrast in the metric task, while activation in the sub-lobar insula was observed for the semantic task. The source of the late positive components was located on posterior cingulate. Hence, the ERP data support the idea that semantic and prosodic levels are processed by similar neural networks, and the two linguistic dimensions influence each other during the decision-making stage in the metric and semantic judgment tasks.

Multidimensional inhibitory signatures of sentential negation in behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia.

BACKGROUND: Processing of linguistic negation has been associated to inhibitory brain mechanisms. However, no study has tapped this link via multimodal measures in patients with core inhibitory alterations, a critical approach to reveal direct neural correlates and potential disease markers. METHODS: Here we examined oscillatory, neuroanatomical, and functional connectivity signatures of a recently reported Go/No-go negation task in healthy controls and behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) patients, typified by primary and generalized inhibitory disruptions. To test for specificity, we also recruited persons with Alzheimer's disease (AD), a disease involving frequent but nonprimary inhibitory deficits. RESULTS: In controls, negative sentences in the No-go condition distinctly involved frontocentral delta (2-3 Hz) suppression, a canonical inhibitory marker. In bvFTD patients, this modulation was selectively abolished and significantly correlated with the volume and functional connectivity of regions supporting inhibition (e.g. precentral gyrus, caudate nucleus, and cerebellum). Such canonical delta suppression was preserved in the AD group and associated with widespread anatomo-functional patterns across non-inhibitory regions. DISCUSSION: These findings suggest that negation hinges on the integrity and interaction of spatiotemporal inhibitory mechanisms. Moreover, our results reveal potential neurocognitive markers of bvFTD, opening a new agenda at the crossing of cognitive neuroscience and behavioral neurology.

Improved method for isolation of high-quality total RNA from Agave tequilana Weber roots.

Together with their undeniable role in the ecology of arid and semiarid ecosystems, Agave species are emerging as a model to dissect the relationships between crassulacean acid metabolism and high efficiency of light and water use, and as an energy crop for bioethanol production. Transcriptome resources from economically valuable Agaves species, such as Agave tequilana and A. salmiana, as well as hybrids for fibers, are now available, and multiple gene expression landscape analyses have been reported. Key components in molecular mechanisms underlying drought tolerance could be uncovered by analyzing gene expression patterns of roots. This study describes an efficient protocol for high-quality total RNA isolation from phenolic compounds-rich Agave roots. Our methodology involves suitable root handling and collecting in the field and using saving-time commercial kits available. RNA isolated from roots free of lignified out-layers and clean cortex showed high values of quality and integrity according to electrophoresis and microfluidics-based platform. Synthesis of long full-length cDNAs and PCR amplification tested the suitability for downstream applications of extracted RNA. The protocol was applied successfully to A. tequilana roots but can be used for other Agave species that also develop lignified epidermis/exodermis in roots.

Electrifying discourse: Anodal tDCS of the primary motor cortex selectively reduces action appraisal in naturalistic narratives.

Non-invasive stimulation of the primary motor cortex (M1) modulates processing of decontextualized action words and sentences (i.e., verbal units denoting bodily motion). This suggests that language comprehension hinges on brain circuits mediating the bodily experiences evoked by verbal material. Yet, despite its relevance to constrain mechanistic language models, such a finding fails to reveal whether and how relevant circuits operate in the face of full-blown, everyday texts. Using a novel naturalistic discourse paradigm, we examined whether direct modulation of M1 excitability influences the grasping of narrated actions. Following random group assignment, participants received anodal transcranial direct current stimulation over the left M1, or sham stimulation of the same area, or anodal stimulation of the left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex. Immediately afterwards, they listened to action-laden and neutral stories and answered questions on information realized by verbs (denoting action and non-action processes) and circumstances (conveying locative or temporal details). Anodal stimulation of the left M1 selectively decreased outcomes on action-relative to non-action information -a pattern that discriminated between stimulated and sham participants with 74% accuracy. This result was particular to M1 and held irrespective of the subjects' working memory and vocabulary skills, further attesting to its specificity. Our findings suggest that offline modulation of motor-network excitability might lead to transient unavailability of putative resources needed to evoke actions in naturalistic texts, opening promising avenues for the language embodiment framework.

New Poly(imide)s Bearing Alkyl Side-Chains: A Study on the Impact of Size and Shape of Lateral Groups on Thermal, Mechanical, and Gas Transport Properties.

A set of five new aromatic poly(imide)s (PIs) incorporating pendant acyclic alkyl moieties were synthesized. The difference among them was the length and bulkiness of the pendant group, which comprises of linear alkyl chains from three to six carbon atoms, and a tert-butyl moiety. The effect of the side group length on the physical, thermal, mechanical, and gas transport properties was analyzed. All PIs exhibited low to moderate molecular weights (Mn ranged between 27.930-58.970 Da, and Mw ranged between 41.760-81.310 Da), good solubility in aprotic polar solvents, except for PI-t-4, which had a tert-butyl moiety and was soluble even in chloroform. This behaviour was probably due to the most significant bulkiness of the side group that increased the interchain distance, which was corroborated by the X-ray technique (PI-t-4 showed two d-spacing values: 5.1 and 14.3 Å). Pure gas permeabilities for several gases were reported (PI-3 (Barrer): He(52); H2(46); O2(5.4); N2(1.2); CH4(1.1); CO2(23); PI-t-4 (Barrer): He(139); H2(136); O2(16.7); N2(3.3); CH4(2.3); CO2(75); PI-5 (Barrer): He(44); H2(42); O2(5.9); N2(1.4); CH4(1.2); CO2(27); PI-6 (Barrer): He(45); H2(43); O2(6.7); N2(1.7); CH4(1.7); CO2(32)). Consistent higher volume in the side group was shown to yield the highest gas permeability. All poly(imide)s exhibited high thermal stability with 10% weight loss degradation temperature between 448-468 °C and glass transition temperature between 240-270 °C. The values associated to the tensile strength (45-87 MPa), elongation at break (3.2-11.98%), and tensile modulus (1.43-2.19 GPa) were those expected for aromatic poly(imide)s.

Tres desafortunados enemigos de la salud de la población / Three unfortunate enemies of the health of the population

Resumen Tres enfermedades con alta prevalencia en la población adulta, especialmente en México, son la diabetes mellitus tipo 2, la hipertensión arterial y la hiperuricemia-gota; entre ellas comparten características fisiopatológicas que favorecen su aparición como Aceptado: 11 de junio 2019 un conjunto en los pacientes y cuyos tratamientos van frecuentemente de la mano, lo que ha permitido que en las siguientes líneas puedan describirse tales enfermedades Correspondencia como los tres desafortunados enemigos de la salud de la población. Manuel González Ortiz.

Abstract Three diseases with a high prevalence in the adult population, especially in Mexico, are type 2 diabetes mellitus, arterial hypertension and hyperuricemia-gout; they share among them pathophysiological characteristics that favor their appearance as a group in the patients and whose treatments are frequently in the same way, the above-mentioned has allowed that in the following lines can be described such diseases as the three to;35(4):596-608. unfortunate enemies of the health of the population.

Effect of Sulfonic Groups Concentration on IEC Properties in New Fluorinated Copolyamides.

Seven aromatic polyamides and copolyamides were synthesized from two different aromatic diamines: 4,4'-(Hexafluoroisopropylidene)bis(p-phenyleneoxy)dianiline (HFDA) and 2,4-Aminobenzenesulfonic acid (DABS). The synthesis was carried out by polycondensation using isophthaloyl dichloride (1SO). The effect of an increasing molar concentration of the sulfonated groups, from DABS, in the copolymer properties was evaluated. Inherent viscosity tests were carried out to estimate molecular weights. Mechanical tests were carried out under tension, maximum strength ( σ max), Young's modulus (E), and elongation at break (εmax) to determine their mechanical properties. Tests for water sorption and ion exchange capacity (IEC) were carried out. Proton conductivity was measured using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The results indicate that as the degree of sulfonation increase, the greater the proton conductivity. The results obtained showed conductivity values lower than the commercial membrane Nafion 115 of 0.0065 S cm-1. The membrane from copolyamide HFDA/DABS/1S0-70/30 with 30 mol DABS obtained the best IEC, with a value of 0.747 mmol g-1 that resulted in a conductivity of 2.7018 × 10-4 S cm-1, lower than the data reported for the commercial membrane Nafion 115. According to the results obtained, we can suggest that further developments increasing IEC will render membranes based on aromatic polyamides that are suitable for their use in PEM fuel cells.

[Risk factors and lethality associated with neonatal candidemia in a neonatal unit]. / Factores de riesgo y letalidad asociados a candidemia neonatal en una unidad de neonatología.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the main risk factors associated with neonatal candidemia. PATIENTS AND METHOD: A retrospective paired case-control study was conducted from January 2014 to December 2016. The cases were patients with isolation in blood culture and/or cerebrospinal fluid of Candi da spp. after their first 48 hours in the hospital and the controls cases were neonates chosen from the statistical census of neonatology paired according to their admission date (30-day range), birth weight, gestational age, and discharge condition (alive or deceased). For each case, we select two controls. The risk factors evaluated were intrahospital stay over seven days, use of broad-spectrum antibiotics, mechanical ventilation, parenteral nutrition longer than five days, invasive procedures such as central venous access and abdominal and thoracic surgeries, necrotizing enterocolitis and growth of bacterial microorganisms in blood culture before candidemia. RESULTS: During the study period, 141 patients developed candidemia. 49% of the cases corresponded to Candida parapsilosis with the highest associated lethality rate. The multivariate analysis identified as risk factors hospital stay longer than seven days (OR = 17.0, 95% CI = 2.36-122.4), use of umbilical lines (OR = 9.04, 95% CI = 1.55-52.5), abdominal and/or thoracic surgery (OR = 12.4, 95% CI = 1.76-87.3), and treatment with Meropenem (OR = 4.62, 95% CI = 1.34-15.9). CONCLUSION: Prolonged intrahospital stay longer than seven days and thoracic and/or abdominal surgery were the most significant risk factors in this study for the development of neonatal candidemia.

Factores de riesgo y letalidad asociados a candidemia neonatal en una unidad de neonatología / Risk factors and lethality associated with neonatal candidemia in a neonatal unit

OBJETIVO: Determinar los principales factores de riesgo asociados a candidemia en neonatos. PACIENTES Y MÉTODO: Se realizó un estudio de casos y controles retrospectivo pareado, desde enero de 2014 a diciembre de 2016. Los casos fueron pacientes con aislamiento en hemocultivo y/o líquido cefalorraquídeo de Candida spp. luego de sus primeras 48 horas intrahospitalarias y los controles fueron neonatos escogidos del censo estadístico de la sala de neonatología pareados según su fecha de admisión a sala (rango de 30 días), peso al nacer, edad gestacional y condición de egreso (vivo o fallecido). Por cada caso seleccionamos dos controles. Los factores de riesgo evaluados fueron la estancia intrahospitalaria mayor a 7 días, el uso de antibióticos de amplio espectro, ventilación mecánica, nutrición parenteral mayor a 5 días, procedimientos invasivos como colocación de accesos venosos centrales y cirugías abdominales y torácicas, enterocolitis necrosante y crecimiento de microorganismo bacteriano en hemocultivo previo a la candidemia. RESULTADOS: Durante el período de estudio hubo aislamiento de Candida spp. en 141 neonatos. Se encontró que el 49% fue de Candida parapsilosis con la mayor letalidad asociada. En el análisis multivariado se identificaron como factores de riesgo la estancia intrahospitalaria mayor a 7 días (OR = 17,0, 95% IC = 2,36-122,4), uso de líneas umbilicales (OR = 9,04, 95% IC = 1,55-52,5), exposición a cirugía (OR = 12,4, 95% IC = 1,76-87,3) y el uso de meropenem (OR = 4,62, 95% IC = 1,34-15,9). CONCLUSIÓN: La estancia intrahospitalaria prolongada mayor a 7 días y la exposición a cirugía fueron los factores de riesgo más importantes en este estudio para el desarrollo de candidemia neonatal.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the main risk factors associated with neonatal candidemia. PATIENTS AND METHOD: A retrospective paired case-control study was conducted from January 2014 to December 2016. The cases were patients with isolation in blood culture and/or cerebrospinal fluid of Candida spp. after their first 48 hours in the hospital and the controls cases were neonates chosen from the statistical census of neonatology paired according to their admission date (30-day range), birth weight, gestational age, and discharge condition (alive or deceased). For each case, we select two controls. The risk factors evaluated were intrahospital stay over seven days, use of broad-spectrum antibiotics, mechanical ventilation, parenteral nutrition longer than five days, invasive procedures such as central venous access and abdominal and thoracic surgeries, necrotizing enterocolitis and growth of bacterial microorganisms in blood culture before candidemia. RESULTS: During the study period, 141 patients developed candidemia. 49% of the cases corresponded to Candida parapsilosis with the highest associated lethality rate. The multivariate analysis identified as risk factors hospital stay longer than seven days (OR = 17.0, 95% CI = 2.36-122.4), use of umbilical lines (OR = 9.04, 95% CI = 1.55-52.5), abdominal and/or thoracic surgery (OR = 12.4, 95% CI = 1.76-87.3), and treatment with Meropenem (OR = 4.62, 95% CI = 1.34-15.9). CONCLUSION: Prolonged intrahospital stay longer than seven days and thoracic and/or abdominal surgery were the most significant risk factors in this study for the development of neonatal candidemia.

[Connection Between Genetic Polymorphism of Interleukin -1Beta With Chronic Periodontitis in Peruvian Adults]. / Asociación del polimorfismo genético de la interleucina -1Beta con periodontitis crónica en adultos peruanos.

OBJECTIVES: . To determine the connection between polymorphism IL-1B C(+3953/4)T and chronic periodontitis in adults. MATERIALS AND METHODS: . Case and control study. Individuals between 18 and 64 years of age were included; they were recruited through healthcare campaigns carried out in 2012 in different areas of the city of Lima with similar socio-economic characteristics. Dentists specialized in periodontics performed the diagnosis of the periodontal state of participants; genotyping was made through the PCR-RFLP technique. The data were analyzed by logistic regression. RESULTS: . The factors associated with chronic periodontitis were: age over 46 years (OR: 7.50, CI 95%: 1.85-6.37), higher education level achieved (OR: 0.43, CI 95%: 0.27-0.98), the presence of allele 2 in the polymorphism of IL-1B. The positive genotype (2-2) was associated with the presence of chronic periodontitis (OR: 2.06, CI 95%: 1.01-4.21). CONCLUSIONS: . The presence of allele 2 in the polymorphism of IL-1B and the positive genotype (2-2) confers greater risk for the development of chronic periodontitis in the population of Peruvian adults under study.

OBJETIVOS.: Determinar la asociación del polimorfismo IL-1B C(+3953/4)T con la periodontitis crónica en adultos. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS.: Estudio de casos y controles, se incluyeron personas de 18 a 64 años muestreados voluntariamente aplicando el consentimiento informado a través de campañas de salud, realizadas durante el 2012, en diferentes zonas de la ciudad de Lima con características socioeconómicas semejantes. Odontólogos especialistas en periodoncia realizaron el diagnóstico del estado periodontal de los participantes, la genotipificación se realizó a través de la técnica de PCR-RFLP. Los datos fueron analizados mediante regresión logística. RESULTADOS: . Los factores asociados con la periodontitis crónica fueron ser mayor de 46 años (OR: 7,58, IC 95 %: 3,32-17,30), tener grado de instrucción superior (OR: 0,43, IC 95 %: 0,27-0,98), la presencia del alelo 2 en el polimorfismo de la IL-1B y el genotipo positivo (2-2) estuvo asociado con la presencia de periodontitis crónica (OR: 2,06, IC 95 %: 1,01-4,21). CONCLUSIONES: . La presencia del alelo 2 en el polimorfismo de la IL-1B y el genotipo positivo (2-2) confiere mayor riesgo para el desarrollo de periodontitis crónica en la población de adultos peruanos que fueron estudiados.

Asociación del polimorfismo genético de la interleucina -1Beta con periodontitis crónica en adultos peruanos / Connection Between Genetic Polymorphism of Interleukin -1Beta With Chronic Periodontitis in Peruvian Adults

RESUMEN Objetivos. Determinar la asociación del polimorfismo IL-1B C(+3953/4)T con la periodontitis crónica en adultos. Materiales y métodos. Estudio de casos y controles, se incluyeron personas de 18 a 64 años muestreados voluntariamente aplicando el consentimiento informado a través de campañas de salud, realizadas durante el 2012, en diferentes zonas de la ciudad de Lima con características socioeconómicas semejantes. Odontólogos especialistas en periodoncia realizaron el diagnóstico del estado periodontal de los participantes, la genotipificación se realizó a través de la técnica de PCR-RFLP. Los datos fueron analizados mediante regresión logística. Resultados . Los factores asociados con la periodontitis crónica fueron ser mayor de 46 años (OR: 7,58, IC 95 %: 3,32-17,30), tener grado de instrucción superior (OR: 0,43, IC 95 %: 0,27-0,98), la presencia del alelo 2 en el polimorfismo de la IL-1B y el genotipo positivo (2-2) estuvo asociado con la presencia de periodontitis crónica (OR: 2,06, IC 95 %: 1,01-4,21). Conclusiones . La presencia del alelo 2 en el polimorfismo de la IL-1B y el genotipo positivo (2-2) confiere mayor riesgo para el desarrollo de periodontitis crónica en la población de adultos peruanos que fueron estudiados.

ABSTRACT Objectives . To determine the connection between polymorphism IL-1B C(+3953/4)T and chronic periodontitis in adults. Materials and Methods . Case and control study. Individuals between 18 and 64 years of age were included; they were recruited through healthcare campaigns carried out in 2012 in different areas of the city of Lima with similar socio-economic characteristics. Dentists specialized in periodontics performed the diagnosis of the periodontal state of participants; genotyping was made through the PCR-RFLP technique. The data were analyzed by logistic regression. Results . The factors associated with chronic periodontitis were: age over 46 years (OR: 7.50, CI 95%: 1.85-6.37), higher education level achieved (OR: 0.43, CI 95%: 0.27-0.98), the presence of allele 2 in the polymorphism of IL-1B. The positive genotype (2-2) was associated with the presence of chronic periodontitis (OR: 2.06, CI 95%: 1.01-4.21). Conclusions . The presence of allele 2 in the polymorphism of IL-1B and the positive genotype (2-2) confers greater risk for the development of chronic periodontitis in the population of Peruvian adults under study.

[Ankle-brachial index assessed in a Mexican population with vascular risk. The INDAGA study]. / Estudio multicéntrico INDAGA. Índice tobillo-brazo anormal en población mexicana con riesgo vascular.

OBJECTIVE: to know the peripheral arterial disease (PAD) prevalence and its determinants in a nationwide survey in Mexican population. METHODS: baseline ankle brachial index (ABI) measured by Doppler was performed in patients at high vascular risk for PAD. ABI between 1 and 1.3 was regarded as normal. ABI ≤ 0.9 (a low ABI) was considered to be an indicator of PAD. ABI > 1.3 (a high ABI) was also considered abnormal, as an indirect index of artery calcification and stiffness. RESULTS: a total of 5 101 patients were evaluated: 1,212 patients (23.8 %) had ABI ≤ 0.9, and 431 (8.4 %) > 1.3 (including 1 % with incompressible vessels). ABI ≤ 0.9 was associated with age, arterial hypertension, diabetes, current smoking, dyslipidemia and previous vascular events. On the other hand, ABI > 1.3 was associated with male gender, diabetes, previous smoking habit and history of vascular events. A high proportion of patients (62.5 %) with established PAD, identified by a low ABI (≤ 0.9) were asymptomatic or with minimum symptoms at the time of their assessment. CONCLUSION: a significant prevalence of abnormal ABI was identified. ABI measurement by Doppler can help to identify patients who need intense secondary prevention and more aggressive treatment of vascular risk factors.