Interferon Beta-1a versus Combined Interferon Beta-1a and Oligodendrocyte-Specific FGFR1 Deletion in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis.

Recombinant beta interferons-1 (IFNß-1) are used as first line therapies in patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis (MS), a chronic inflammatory and neurodegenerative disease of the CNS. IFNß-1a/b has moderate effects on the prevention of relapses and slowing of disease progression. Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and FGF receptors (FGFRs) are known to play a key role in the pathology of MS and its model EAE. To investigate the effects of short-term treatment with s.c. IFNß-1a versus the combined application of s.c. IFNß-1a and oligodendrocyte-specific deletion of FGFR1 (Fgfr1ind-/- mice) in MOG35-55-induced EAE. IFNß-1a (30 mg/kg) was applied s.c. from days 0-7 p.i. of EAE in controls and Fgfr1ind-/- mice. FGFR signaling proteins associated with inflammation/degeneration in MS/EAE were analyzed by western blot in the spinal cord. Further, FGFR1 in Oli-neu oligodendrocytes were inhibited by PD166866 and treated with IFNß-1a (400 ng/mL). Application of IFNß-1a over 8 days resulted in less symptoms only at the peak of disease (days 9-11) compared to controls. Application of IFNß-1a in Fgfr1ind-/- mice resulted in less symptoms primarily in the chronic phase of EAE. Fgfr1ind-/- mice treated with IFNß-1a showed increased expression of pERK and BDNF. In Oli-neu oligodendrocytes, treatment with PD166866 and IFNß-1a also showed an increased expression of pERK and BDNF/TrkB. These data suggest that the beneficial effects in the chronic phase of EAE and on signaling molecules associated with ERK and BDNF expression are caused by the modulation of FGFR1 and not by interferon beta-1a. FGFR may be a potential target for therapy in MS.

nutricional y capacidades físicas en niños de 5-15 años - Centros de Iniciación Deportiva; Urabá - Antioquia / Nutritional status and physical capacities in children 5-15 years - sports initiation centers; Urabá - Antioquia

Resumen Objetivo: evaluar el estado nutricional y las capacidades físicas en niños y jóvenes entre 5 a 15 años de la subregión del Urabá Antioqueño. Métodos: estudio descriptivo con 3380 usuarios de los Centros de Iniciación y Formación Deportiva (CIFD)- Indeportes Antioquia, entre 2017 y 2018. Los sujetos fueron agrupados en tres zonas: Eje Bananero, Norte de Urabá y Sur de Urabá, y agrupados según edad en Infantil, prepúber y adolescentes. Resultados: la prevalencia global de sobrepeso fue del 13 %, siendo mayor en mujeres. La obesidad se presentó en el 6,3 % de los individuos y delgadez en 11,4 %. En la condición física por grupos de edad, los mejores resultados se presentaron en adolescentes. Se encontró en la prueba de velocidad (30 metros), una mediana entre 5,7 y 6,7 segundos. En la potencia (salto horizontal), una mediana entre 1,1 y 1,6 metros. En el test de abdominales, una mediana entre 16 y 21 repeticiones. Las pruebas físicas por zonas no mostraron diferencias importantes en 30 metros detenido; 30 metros lanzados; 50 metros lanzados; salto y abdominales. En la prueba de 600 metros el mejor resultado se encontró en el "Sur de Urabá" con una mediana de 2,3 minutos (rango intercuartil: 1,6 - 3,2). En el lanzamiento de la bola el mejor resultado se halló en el "Eje Bananero" con una mediana de 18,8 metros (rango intercuartil: 14,5 - 24,5). Conclusión: el uso de una batería estandarizada para evaluar el estado nutricional y la condición física de los niños y niñas (5-15 años), permite una aproximación científica para la caracterización, la comparación con estándares internacionales y la orientación de acciones.

Abstract Objective: to evaluate the nutritional status and physical capacities in children and young people between 5-15 years in the subregion Urabá antioquieño. Methods: descriptive epidemiological study. Population: 3380 Users of the Sports Initiation and Training Centers (CIFD) - Indeportes Antioquia. Data collection: 2017-2018. For the analyzes, the subjects were grouped into three areas: 1) "Eje Bananero" 2) "North of Urabá" and, 3) "South of Urabá". Age groups considered: 1) Infant (5 to 8 years); 2) Prepubescent (9-12 years old); and 3) Adolescents (≥13 years old). Results: the global prevalence of overweight was 13 % (higher in girls). obesity was present in 6.3 % of individuals. thinness was found in 11.4 %. in physical condition by age, the best results were presented in adolescents. It was found in the speed test (30 meters), a median between 5.7 and 6.7 seconds. In power (horizontal jump), a median between 1.1 and 1.6 meters (without differences with international references). In the abdominal test, a median between 16 and 21 repetitions. The physical tests by zones did not show important differences in: 30 meters stopped; 30 meters thrown; 50 meters released; jump and sit-ups. In the 600-meter test, the best result was found in "South of Urabá" with a median of 2.3 minutes (IR: 1.6 - 3.2). In the launch of the ball, the best result was found in the "Eje Bananero" with a median of 18.8 meters (IR: 14.5 - 24.5). Conclusion: a standardized battery to evaluate the nutritional status and physical condition of boys and girls (5-15 years old) allows a scientific approach for characterization, comparison with international standards and orientation of actions.

La hipertensión arterial no controlada y sus factores asociados en un programa de hipertensión / Uncontrolled hypertension and its associated factors in a hypertension program

Resumen Objetivo Identificar la proporción de hipertensos no controlados y sus factores asociados, en pacientes del programa de hipertensión arterial de Pueblorrico, Antioquia, 2018. Método: Estudio transversal de asociación, en el que se obtuvieron datos sociodemográficos, clínicos y antropométricos. Se aplicaron encuestas y la revisión de historias clínicas en una muestra de 272 pacientes. Se realizó la caracterización de los pacientes. Por regresión logística multivariada se obtuvieron las razones de disparidad y los intervalos de confianza del 95% (IC95%). Resultados El no control de la presión arterial se evidenció en el 35.3% (IC 95%: 29.41-41.20). Las variables obesidad (odds ratio [OR]: 2.1; IC95%: 1.05-4.31), utilizar más de tres medicamentos al día (OR: 2.0; IC95%: 1.19-3.44) y asistir a menos de cuatro controles de seguimiento al año (OR: 2.2; IC95%: 1.03-4.74) se asociaron de manera significativa como factores de riesgo para el no control de la presión arterial. Tener excelente percepción de la calidad del programa fue un factor protector (OR: 0.5; IC95%: 0.28-0.87). Conclusiones La proporción de pacientes hipertensos que no logran la meta terapéutica (presión arterial ≤ 140/90 mm Hg) continúa siendo un desafío para la práctica clínica y la salud pública. La adherencia a los controles y el control de factores de riesgo, como la obesidad, son intervenciones importantes en este contexto.

Abstract Objective To identify the proportion of uncontrolled hypertensive patients and their associated factors in a population attending an HBP program. Method Cross-sectional association study. Sociodemographic, clinical and anthropometric data were obtained. Surveys and review of medical records were applied in a sample of 272 participants. The characterization of the patients was performed. By multivariate logistic regression the odds ratios (OR) and confidence intervals (95% CI) were obtained. Results The non-control of blood pressure was evidenced in 35.3% (95% CI: 29.41-41.20). The variables obesity (OR: 2.1; 95% CI: 1.05-4.31), use more than three medications per day (OR: 2.0; 95% CI: 1.19-3.44), and attending less than four follow-up controls per year (OR: 2.2; 95% CI: 1.03-4.74), were significantly associated as a risk factor for non-BP control. Having an excellent perception of the quality program was a protective factor (OR: 0.5; 95% CI: 0.28-0.87). Conclusions The proportion of hypertensive patients who do not achieve the therapeutic goal (PA ≤ 140/90 mm Hg), remains a challenge for clinical practice and public health. The adherence and control of risk factors such as obesity are important interventions in this context.

Capacidad cardiorrespiratoria en estudiantes de educación superior: análisis de redes sociales de amigos universitarios / Cardiorespiratory capacity in higher education students: analysis of social networks of university friends / Capacidade cardiorrespiratória em estudantes de educação superior: análise de redes sociais de amigos universitários

Resumen Objetivo: Evaluar la asociación entre las redes sociales de amigos y la capacidad cardiorrespiratoria en estudiantes universitarios. Metodología: Estudio de corte, con muestreo aleatorio de cursos completos, por cada programa y semestre académico, con 475 participantes, realizado durante 2018. Se utilizaron mediciones de peso, talla, índice de masa corporal y encuesta para determinar el nivel de actividad física, las actividades sedentarias y las métricas de red social (como densidad de la red, centralidad de la red, popularidad social, miembro de grupos, proporción de amigos activos físicamente y proporción de amigos con alta capacidad cardiorrespiratoria). Resultados: Las variables de la red social presentan un comportamiento diferente según sexo. En las mujeres, respecto a la red social, aumentar 10 % la proporción de amigos activos físicamente incrementa 150 % la posibilidad de tener capacidad cardiorrespiratoria alta (or: 2,50 ic:1,01-6,21); incrementar las relaciones sociales (centralidad de la red) disminuye la oportunidad de tener capacidad cardiorrespiratoria alta en 65 % (or: 0,35, ic:0,19-0,65); tener alta popularidad social acrecienta en 120 % la oportunidad de tener capacidad cardiorrespiratoria alta (or: 2,20, ic:1,07-4,55). En los hombres, no se encontró asociación entre las variables de la red social con la capacidad cardiorrespiratoria. Conclusiones: La capacidad cardiorrespiratoria es influenciada por la red social de amigos universitarios y su comportamiento difiere según sexo. La red social en la que se desenvuelven los sujetos es un medio en el que se comparten y trasmiten comportamientos saludables y no saludables.

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the association between the social networks of friends and the cardiorespiratory capacity in university students. Methodology: A cut-off study was carried out in 2018; with random sampling of complete course groups for each program and academic semester with 475 participants. Weight, height, body mass index, and a survey were used to determine the level of physical activity, sedentary activities, and social network metrics (such as network density, network centrality, social popularity, group membership, rate of physically active friends, and rate of friends with high cardiorespiratory capacity). Results: The variables of the social network show a different behavior according to sex. Regarding the social network in women, an increase in the rate of physically active friends by 10 % increases the possibility of having high cardiorespiratory capacity by 150 % (or: 2.50, CI: 1.01-6.21); increasing social relationships (network centrality) decreases the probability of having high cardiorespiratory capacity by 65 % (or: 0.35, CI: 0.19-0.65); having high social popularity increases the chance of having high cardiorespiratory capacity by 120 % (or: 2.20, CI: 1.07-4.55). In men, no association was found between the variables of the social network and the cardiorespiratory capacity. Conclusions: Cardiorespiratory capacity is influenced by the social network of university friends, and its behavior differs according to sex. The social network in which the subjects operate is a medium where healthy and unhealthy behaviors are shared and transmitted.

Resumo Objetivo: Avaliar a associação entre as redes sociais de amigos e a capacidade cardiorrespiratória em universitários. Metodologia: Estudo de corte, com amostragem aleatória de cursos completos, para cada programa e semestre letivo, com 475 participantes, realizado durante 2018. Peso, altura, índice de massa corporal e medidas de levantamento foram utilizados para determinar o nível de atividade física. atividades sedentárias e métricas de rede social (como densidade de rede, centralidade de rede, popularidade social, associação a grupos, proporção de amigos fisicamente ativos e proporção de amigos com alta capacidade cardiorrespiratória). Resultados: As variáveis da rede social apresentam um comportamento diferente de acordo com o sexo. Nas mulheres, em relação à rede social, aumentar a proporção de amigos fisicamente ativos em 10% aumenta em 150% a possibilidade de ter alta capacidade cardiorrespiratória (or: 2,50 ic: 1,01-6,21); aumentar as relações sociais (centralidade da rede) diminui a oportunidade de ter alta capacidade cardiorrespiratória em 65% (or: 0,35, ic: 0,19-0,65); Ter alta popularidade social aumenta a oportunidade de ter alta capacidade cardiorrespiratória em 120% (or: 2,20, ic: 1,07-4,55). Nos homens, não foi encontrada associação entre as variáveis da rede social com a capacidade cardiorrespiratória. Conclusões: A capacidade cardiorrespiratória é influenciada pela rede social de amigos da universidade e seu comportamento difere conforme o sexo. A rede social em que os sujeitos atuam é um meio em que comportamentos

Oligodendrocyte-Specific Deletion of FGFR1 Reduces Cerebellar Inflammation and Neurodegeneration in MOG35-55-Induced EAE.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory and degenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS). MS commonly affects the cerebellum causing acute and chronic symptoms. Cerebellar signs significantly contribute to clinical disability, and symptoms such as tremor, ataxia, and dysarthria are difficult to treat. Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and their receptors (FGFRs) are involved in demyelinating pathologies such as MS. In autopsy tissue from patients with MS, increased expression of FGF1, FGF2, FGF9, and FGFR1 was found in lesion areas. Recent research using mouse models has focused on regions such as the spinal cord, and data on the expression of FGF/FGFR in the cerebellum are not available. In recent EAE studies, we detected that oligodendrocyte-specific deletion of FGFRs results in a milder disease course, less cellular infiltrates, and reduced neurodegeneration in the spinal cord. The objective of this study was to characterize the role of FGFR1 in oligodendrocytes in the cerebellum. Conditional deletion of FGFR1 in oligodendrocytes (Fgfr1ind-/-) was achieved by tamoxifen application, EAE was induced using the MOG35-55 peptide. The cerebellum was analyzed by histology, immunohistochemistry, and western blot. At day 62 p.i., Fgfr1ind-/- mice showed less myelin and axonal degeneration compared to FGFR1-competent mice. Infiltration of CD3(+) T cells, Mac3(+) cells, B220(+) B cells and IgG(+) plasma cells in cerebellar white matter lesions (WML) was less in Fgfr1ind-/-mice. There were no effects on the number of OPC or mature oligodendrocytes in white matter lesion (WML). Expression of FGF2 and FGF9 associated with less myelin and axonal degeneration, and of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1ß, IL-6, and CD200 was downregulated in Fgfr1ind-/- mice. The FGF/FGFR signaling protein pAkt, BDNF, and TrkB were increased in Fgfr1ind-/- mice. These data suggest that cell-specific deletion of FGFR1 in oligodendrocytes has anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects in the cerebellum in the EAE disease model of MS.

Oligodendrocyte-specific deletion of FGFR2 ameliorates MOG35-55 -induced EAE through ERK and Akt signalling.

Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and their receptors (FGFRs) are involved in demyelinating pathologies including multiple sclerosis (MS). In our recent study, oligodendrocyte-specific deletion of FGFR1 resulted in a milder disease course, less inflammation, reduced myelin and axon damage in EAE. The objective of this study was to elucidate the role of oligodendroglial FGFR2 in MOG35-55 -induced EAE. Oligodendrocyte-specific knockout of FGFR2 (Fgfr2ind-/- ) was achieved by application of tamoxifen; EAE was induced using the MOG35-55 peptide. EAE symptoms were monitored over 62 days. Spinal cord tissue was analysed by histology, immunohistochemistry and western blot. Fgfr2ind-/- mice revealed a milder disease course, less myelin damage and enhanced axonal density. The number of oligodendrocytes was not affected in demyelinated areas. However, protein expression of FGFR2, FGF2 and FGF9 was downregulated in Fgfr2ind-/- mice. FGF/FGFR dependent signalling proteins were differentially regulated; pAkt was upregulated and pERK was downregulated in Fgfr2ind-/- mice. The number of CD3(+) T cells, Mac3(+) cells and B220(+) B cells was less in demyelinated lesions of Fgfr2ind-/-  mice. Furthermore, expression of IL-1ß, TNF-α and CD200 was less in Fgfr2ind-/-  mice than controls. Fgfr2ind-/-  mice showed an upregulation of PLP and downregulation of the remyelination inhibitors SEMA3A and TGF-ß expression. These data suggest that cell-specific deletion of FGFR2 in oligodendrocytes has anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects accompanied by changes in FGF/FGFR dependent signalling, inflammatory cytokines and expression of remyelination inhibitors. Thus, FGFRs in oligodendrocytes may represent potential targets for the treatment of inflammatory and demyelinating diseases including MS.

d-Xylose consumption by nonrecombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae: A review.

Xylose is the second most abundant sugar in nature. Its efficient fermentation has been considered as a critical factor for a feasible conversion of renewable biomass resources into biofuels and other chemicals. The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is of exceptional industrial importance due to its excellent capability to ferment sugars. However, although S. cerevisiae is able to ferment xylulose, it is considered unable to metabolize xylose, and thus, a lot of research has been directed to engineer this yeast with heterologous genes to allow xylose consumption and fermentation. The analysis of the natural genetic diversity of this yeast has also revealed some nonrecombinant S. cerevisiae strains that consume or even grow (modestly) on xylose. The genome of this yeast has all the genes required for xylose transport and metabolism through the xylose reductase, xylitol dehydrogenase, and xylulokinase pathway, but there seems to be problems in their kinetic properties and/or required expression. Self-cloning industrial S. cerevisiae strains overexpressing some of the endogenous genes have shown interesting results, and new strategies and approaches designed to improve these S. cerevisiae strains for ethanol production from xylose will also be presented in this review.

Rendimiento académico y Trastorno de déficit de atención-hiperactividad en Escuelas de El Progreso, Yoro, 2018 / Academic performance and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in schools, of Progreso, Yoro, 2018

Antecedentes. El Trastorno de déficit de atención con hiperactividad (TDAH) define un patrón persistente de inatención y/o hiperactividad/impulsividad, incoherente con el nivel de desarrollo del individuo. Inicia en la infancia e interfiere en la adaptación, funcionamiento social y rendimiento académico. Objetivo. Determinar el rendimiento académico en los escolares asociado a trastorno de déficit de atención con hiperactividad en escuelas públicas de El Progreso, Yoro durante el período de enero a junio 2018. Pacientes y métodos. Estudio descriptivo transversal analítico. Universo de 12,440 escolares de escuelas públicas. Se estimó un tamaño muestral de 300 (10.8%, IC95%). Se incluyeron escolares de 6-12 años. Se excluyeron patologías congénitas o adquiridas con afectación directa enpersonalidad/conducta, fracaso escolarsecundario a estresores ambientales. Lasvariables incluyeron datos del escolar/padre/tutor, rendimiento académico,antecedentes familiares/personalespatológicos. Se utilizó el test de Connerspara padres/maestros, así como elcuestionario DSM-V para diagnósticoTDAH. La información recolectada fueingresada en Epiinfo versión 7.2.2.6 (CDC,Atlanta). Los resultados se presentan comofrecuencias, porcentajes, valor de P, OR ychi2. La información personalde los casos se manejó confidencialmente. Resultados. La prevalencia de TDAH fue del 36% (108/300). Se encontró asociación estadísticamente significativa (P<0.05) en la edad del escolar, estado civil del padre/tutor, antecedentes familiares, persona que vive con él. El rendimiento escolar fue satisfactorio ≤70-80% (53%). No hubo diagnóstico de TDAH en 64%. Conclusión. Es importante realizar una intervención oportuna e integral para prevenir las complicaciones del TDAH y la afectación directa en el rendimiento académico de los escolares...(AU)

Oligodendroglial fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 gene targeting protects mice from experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis through ERK/AKT phosphorylation.

Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) exert diverse biological effects by binding and activation of specific fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs). FGFs and FGFRs have been implicated in demyelinating pathologies including multiple sclerosis. In vitro activation of the FGF2/FGFR1 pathway results in downregulation of myelin proteins. FGF1, 2 and 9 have been shown to be involved in the pathology of multiple sclerosis. Recent studies on the function of oligodendroglial FGFR1 in a model of toxic demyelination showed that deletion of FGFR1 led to increased remyelination and preservation of axonal density and an increased number of mature oligodendrocytes. In the present study the in vivo function of oligodendroglial FGFR1 was characterized using an oligodendrocyte-specific genetic approach in the most frequently used model of multiple sclerosis the MOG35-55 -induced EAE. Oligodendroglial FGFR1 deficient mice (referred to as Fgfr1ind-/- ) showed a significantly ameliorated disease course in MOG35-55 -induced EAE. Less myelin and axonal loss, and reduced lymphocyte and macrophage/microglia infiltration were found in Fgfr1ind-/- mice. The reduction in disease severity in Fgfr1ind-/- mice was accompanied by ERK/AKT phosphorylation, and increased expression of BDNF and TrkB. Reduced proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine expression was seen in Fgfr1ind-/- mice compared with control mice. Considering that FGFR inhibitors are used in cancer trials, the oligodendroglial FGFR1 pathway may provide a new target for therapy in multiple sclerosis.

Effect of dancing and nutrition education on hemodynamic and autonomic status in adults with metabolic syndrome: a randomized controlled clinical trial / Efecto del baile y la educación nutricional sobre el estado hemodinámico y autonómico en adultos con síndrome metabólico: un ensayo clínico controlado aleatorio

Abstract Background: Although the benefits of exercise and changes in lifestyle on components of the metabolic syndrome (MS) have been described, little is known about the effect of dancing and nutritional changes on the cardiovascular system. Objective: Evaluate the effect of an intervention based on dancing and nutrition education on hemodynamic and autonomic status in adults with MS. Methods: A randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted involving 59 adults with MS. The intervention lasted 12 weeks and consisted of an aerobic exercise program (dancing) at an intensity of 60-75% of heart rate reserve, 60 minutes 3 times a week, and muscle strength training at an intensity of 50% of a maximum repetition, 30 minutes twice a week. The nutrition education program consisted of 2-hour workshops each week. Assessment of impedance cardiography and function of nervous system with analysis of heart rate variability (HRV) were made before and after the intervention. Results: In the intervention group, a decrease in mean arterial pressure of -7.8 mmHg (95% CI, -12.84 to -2.75; P = 0.004) was found as well as in the systemic vascular resistance (SVR) index of -864.29 dyn·s·m2/cm5 (95% CI, -1506.31 to -222.26; P = 0.010). Increase was observed in the cardiac output index of 0.48 L/min/m2 (95% CI, 0.14 to 0.83; P = 0.007). In the spectral analysis of HRV a reduction in LF/HF ratio of -0.52 (95% CI, -1.02 to -0.02; P = 0.040) was also found.

Resumen Antecedentes: Aunque se describieron los beneficios del ejercicio y cambios en el estilo de vida sobre los componentes del síndrome metabólico (SM), poco se sabe del efecto del baile y la nutrición en el sistema cardiovascular. Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto de una intervención de baile y educación nutricional sobre el estado hemodinámico y autonómico en adultos con SM. Materiales y métodos: Ensayo clínico controlado que incluyó 59 adultos con SM. La intervención duró 12 semanas y consistió en un programa de baile a una intensidad del 60 a 75% de la frecuencia cardiaca de reserva, 60 minutos, 3 veces a la semana, y entrenamiento de la fuerza a una intensidad del 50%, 30 minutos dos veces a la semana. El programa nutricional consistió en talleres de 2 horas cada semana. La cardiografía de impedancia y el análisis de la variabilidad de la frecuencia cardiaca (VFC) fueron realizados antes y después de la intervención. Resultados: El grupo de intervención disminuyó la presión arterial media en -7,8 mmHg (IC 95%, -12,84 a -2,75; p = 0,004) y el índice de resistencia vascular sistémica (RVS) en -864,29 dyn·s·m2/cm5 (IC 95%, -1506,31 a -222,26; p = 0,010); y aumentó, el índice de gasto cardiaco en 0,48 L/min/m2 (IC 95%, 0,14 a 0,83; p = 0,007). En la VFC se reportó una reducción en la relación LF/HF de -0,52 (IC 95%, -1,02 a -0,02; p = 0,040). Conclusiones: Una intervención de baile y educación nutricional disminuye la presión arterial y la RVS y tiene efectos favorables en el balance simpático-vagal en pacientes con SM.

Primera convulsión en niños / First seizure in children

Introducción: Las convulsiones son la urgencia neurológica más frecuente en pediatría. 10% de la población tendrá un episodio convulsivo en algún momento de su vida. Objetivo: Determi- nar mediante la relación clínica, laboratorial, elec- troencefalográfica e imagenológica las causas de la primera convulsión en niños del Instituto Hon- dureño de Seguridad Social (I.H.S.S.) de San Pedro Sula, Honduras, durante el período junio 2013 a septiembre 2014. Pacientes y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo longitudinal en el I.H.S.S., con un universo de 16930 niños atendi- dos en área de emergencia en el período descri- to, la muestra fueron 40 niños que asistieron por primera convulsión, con edades comprendidas entre un mes y 12 años. Los pacientes fueron valorados por neurólogo pediatra o pediatra, en emergencia y/o sala de Hospitalización. Resulta- dos: La primera convulsión se presentó en menores de dos años en el 72.5% de los casos (n=29). Los principales diagnósticos fueron el síndrome convulsivo febril en 45% (n=18) y epilepsia en 35% (n=14) de los casos. Se realiza- ron 19 electroencefalogramas obteniendo 4 con hallazgos anormales y 20 tomografías cerebrales, 5 con hallazgos anormales. Se hospitalizaron 85% de los niños con primera convulsión y en 65% (26) de los niños se inició terapia anticomi- cial oral de mantenimiento. Conclusiones: La población con riesgo de presentar primera convulsión son los menores de 2 años. Las causas principales de primera convulsión son las convulsiones febriles y la epilepsia...(AU)

[Intervention with rumba and nutrition education to modify cardiovascular risk factors in adults with metabolic syndrome]. / Intervención con rumba y educación nutricional para modificar factores de riesgo cardiovascular en adultos con síndrome metabólico.

OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the effect of an intervention with rumba dance and nutrition education on the cardiovascular risk factors in a group of people with metabolic syndrome in a rural area of Colombia. METHODS: Controlled, randomized clinical trial that included 59 people between 30 and 60 years of age with metabolic syndrome. The intervention group (n = 30) participated in a 12-week exercise program of aerobic rumba (60 minutes, 3 days per week) and muscle-strengthening work (30 minutes, twice a week). Each week the group also received two hours of nutrition education. The control group (n = 29) continued with conventional care. An assessment was made of the effect on the cardiovascular risk factors (physiological, metabolic, anthropometric, and nutritional) in the intervention group. RESULTS: The intervention group showed a reduction in systolic blood pressure (-10.0 mmHg; CI95%: -14.3 to -5.6, P < 0.001), diastolic blood pressure (-4.8 mmHg; CI95%: -8.4 to -1.1, P < 0.05) and overall cardiovascular risk at 10 years (-1.5%; CI95%: -2.7 to -0.3, P < 0.05). Furthermore, there was an increase in peak oxygen con-sumption (1.7 ml O2∙kg-1∙min-1; CI95%: 0.1 to 3.3, P < 0.05) and muscular strength (P < 0.001). Positive changes were also observed in body composition, caloric intake, and consumption of macro and micronutrients (P < 0.05). No differences were detected between metabolic variables in the two groups or in inflammatory markers (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: An exercise program with rumba and muscular strengthening, combined with nutrition education, favorably modifies cardiovascular risk factors in people with metabolic syndrome.

Intervención con rumba y educación nutricional para modificar factores de riesgo cardiovascular en adultos con síndrome metabólico / Intervention with rumba and nutrition education to modify cardiovascular risk factors in adults with metabolic syndrome

Objetivo. Evaluar el efecto de una intervención de rumba y educación nutricional sobre los factores de riesgo cardiovascular en un grupo de personas con síndrome metabólico de un área rural de Colombia. Métodos. Ensayo clínico controlado con asignación aleatoria, que incluyó 59 personas entre 30 y 60 años con síndrome metabólico. El grupo de intervención (n = 30) participó en un programa de 12 semanas de ejercicio con rumba aeróbica, 60 minutos, tres días por semana y trabajo de fortalecimiento muscular, 30 minutos, dos veces por semana. Además, recibió educación nutricional durante dos horas cada semana. El grupo control (n = 29) continuó con los cuidados convencionales. Se evaluó el efecto de la intervención de grupo sobre los factores de riesgo cardiovascular: fisiológicos, metabólicos, antropométricos y nutricionales. Resultados. En el grupo de intervención disminuyó la tensión arterial sistólica (-10,0 mmHg; IC95%: -14,3 a -5,6, P < 0,001), la diastólica (-4,8 mmHg; IC95%: -8,4 a -1,1, P < 0,05) y la puntuación del riesgo cardiovascular global a 10 años (-1,5%; IC95%: -2,7 a - 0,3, P < 0,05). Además, aumentaron el consumo de oxígeno máximo (1,7 mL O2.kg-1.min-1; IC95%: 0,1 a 3,3, P < 0,05) y la fuerza muscular (P < 0,001). También se observaron cambios favorables en la composición corporal, en la ingesta calórica y en el consumo de macro y micronutrientes (P < 0,05). No se detectaron diferencias entre los dos grupos en las variables metabólicas ni en los marcadores inflamatorios (P > 0,05). Conclusiones. Un programa de ejercicio con rumba y fortalecimiento muscular, unido a educación nutricional, modifica favorablemente los factores de riesgo cardiovascular en personas con síndrome metabólico.

Objective. Evaluate the effect of an intervention with rumba dance and nutrition education on the cardiovascular risk factors in a group of people with metabolic syndrome in a rural area of Colombia. Methods. Controlled, randomized clinical trial that included 59 people between 30 and 60 years of age with metabolic syndrome. The intervention group (n = 30) participated in a 12-week exercise program of aerobic rumba (60 minutes, 3 days per week) and muscle-strengthening work (30 minutes, twice a week). Each week the group also received two hours of nutrition education. The control group (n = 29) continued with conventional care. An assessment was made of the effect on the cardiovascular risk factors (physiological, metabolic, anthropometric, and nutritional) in the intervention group. Results. The intervention group showed a reduction in systolic blood pressure (-10.0 mmHg; CI95%: -14.3 to -5.6, P < 0.001), diastolic blood pressure (-4.8 mmHg; CI95%: -8.4 to -1.1, P < 0.05) and overall cardiovascular risk at 10 years (-1.5%; CI95%: -2.7 to -0.3, P < 0.05). Furthermore, there was an increase in peak oxygen con­sumption (1.7 ml O2∙kg-1∙min-1; CI95%: 0.1 to 3.3, P < 0.05) and muscular strength (P < 0.001). Positive changes were also observed in body composition, caloric intake, and consumption of macro and micronutrients (P < 0.05). No differences were detected between metabolic variables in the two groups or in inflammatory markers (P < 0.05). Conclusions. An exercise program with rumba and muscular strengthening, combined with nutrition education, favorably modifies cardiovascular risk factors in people with metabolic syndrome.

Evaluación del pretratamiento con ácido sulfúrico diluido del pasto maralfalfa (Pennisetum glaucum x Pennisetum purpureum) para la producción de etanol / Dilute sulfuric acid pretreatment of goliath grass (Pennisetum glaucum x Pennisetum purpureum) for ethanol cellulosic

Evaluar la producción de etanol a partir de cultivos lignocelulósicos, específicamente pastos de rápido crecimiento en la región, constituye una alternativa a la demanda de biocombustibles. En la presente investigación se seleccionó el pasto Maralfalfa (Pennisetum glaucum x Pennisetum purpureum) utilizando el pretratamiento con ácido sulfúrico diluido a diferentes temperaturas (110, 130, 150, 170 y 190 °C) y concentraciones de ácido (0.8, 1.2 y 2.0% (p/p)), seguido de un proceso de hidrólisis enzimática utilizando celulasas y celobiosas comerciales y un proceso de hidrólisis y fermentación simultanea. La máxima producción de etanol obtenido fue 117 mg etanol/ g biomasa pretratada a 190 °C y 1,2 %(p/p) de ácido sulfúrico. El líquido hidrolizado fue caracterizado calculando el porcentaje de glucosa, xilosa y lignina solubilizadas y degradadas durante el pretratamiento.

The goliath grass (Pennisetum glaucum x Pennisetum purpureum) was pretreated with different sulfuric acid concentrations (0.8, 1.2 y 2.0% (w/w)) from low to high temperatures (110, 130, 150, 170 y 190 °C) followed by enzymatic hydrolysis and SSF of remaining solids. The maximum yield was 117 mg of ethanol/g biomass to 190 °C and 1.2 % (w/w) of sulfuric acid.

[Cardiovascular risk factors in an urban Colombia population]. / Factores de riesgo cardiovascular en una población urbana de Colombia.

OBJECTIVE: Evaluating the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in an urban population aged 25 to 50 in Santa Rosa de Osos, Antioquia, Colombia, during 2009. Determining the population attributable risk percentage (PARP) for coronary heart disease risk factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A prevalence study was conducted; two-stage random sampling was made of 357 people without known cardiovascular disease. A pre-designed survey was administered to assess the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors; total cholesterol, low and high density lipoproteins, triglycerides and glucose were measured in blood and blood pressure, waist circumference and weight were also measured. RESULTS: The most important cardiovascular risk factors were physical inactivity (56.6 %), central obesity (52.7 %), dyslipidaemia (35.3 %), smoking (19 %), metabolic syndrome (19.6 %) and obesity according to body mass index (17.4 %). Risk factors having the highest PARP were hypertension (17.1 %), total cholesterol/high density lipoprotein index (16.4 %) and physical inactivity (15.7 %). CONCLUSION: A high prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors was found; this may lead to increased cardiovascular disease in the medium- and long-term.

Factores de riesgo cardiovascular en una población urbana de Colombia / Cardiovascular risk factors in an urban Colombia population

Objetivo Evaluar la prevalencia de los factores de riesgo cardiovascular en una población urbana entre 25 y 50 años del municipio de Santa Rosa de Osos, Antioquia 2009. Determinar el Porcentaje de Riesgo Atribuible Poblacional para infarto agudo al miocardio de los factores de riesgo coronario. Materiales y Métodos Se realizó un estudio de prevalencia, con muestreo aleatorio bietápico en 357 personas sin enfermedad cardiovascular conocida, se administró una encuesta prediseñada para evaluar la prevalencia de los factores de riesgo cardiovascular; se midieron en sangre colesterol total, lipoproteínas de baja y alta densidad, triglicéridos y glucosa; se tomaron valores de presión arterial, perímetro abdominal, talla y peso. Resultados Los factores de riesgo cardiovascular más importantes fueron baja actividad física (56,6 por ciento), obesidad central (52,7 por ciento), dislipidemias (35,3 por ciento), tabaquismo (19,0 por ciento), síndrome metabólico (19,6 por ciento) y obesidad por Índice de Masa Corporal (17,4 por ciento). Los factores de riesgo con mayor riesgo atribuible poblacional fueron la hipertensión arterial (17,1 por ciento), Índice colesterol total/lipoproteína de alta densidad (16,4 por ciento) y baja actividad física (15,7 por ciento). Conclusión Se encontró una prevalencia alta de los factores de riesgo cardiovascular lo que puede llevar a un incremento de las enfermedades cardiovasculares a mediano y largo plazo.

Objective Evaluating the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in an urban population aged 25 to 50 in Santa Rosa de Osos, Antioquia, Colombia, during 2009. Determining the population attributable risk percentage (PARP) for coronary heart disease risk factors. Materials and Methods A prevalence study was conducted; two-stage random sampling was made of 357 people without known cardiovascular disease. A pre-designed survey was administered to assess the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors; total cholesterol, low and high density lipoproteins, triglycerides and glucose were measured in blood and blood pressure, waist circumference and weight were also measured.Results The most important cardiovascular risk factors were physical inactivity (56.6 percent), central obesity (52.7 percent), dyslipidaemia (35.3 percent), smoking (19 percent), metabolic syndrome (19.6 percent) and obesity according to body mass index (17.4 percent). Risk factors having the highest PARP were hypertension (17.1 percent), total cholesterol/high density lipoprotein index (16.4 percent) and physical inactivity (15.7 percent). Conclusion A high prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors was found; this may lead to increased cardiovascular disease in the medium- and long-term.

Fgfr2 and Fgfr3 are not required for patterning and maintenance of the midbrain and anterior hindbrain.

The mid-/hindbrain organizer (MHO) is characterized by the expression of a network of genes, which controls the patterning and development of the prospective midbrain and anterior hindbrain. One key molecule acting at the MHO is the fibroblast growth factor (Fgf) 8. Ectopic expression of Fgf8 induces genes that are normally expressed at the mid-/hindbrain boundary followed by the induction of midbrain and anterior hindbrain structures. Inactivation of the Fgf receptor (Fgfr) 1 gene, which was thought to be the primary transducer of the Fgf8 signal at the MHO, in the mid-/hindbrain region, leads to a deletion of dorsal structures of the mid-/hindbrain region, whereas ventral tissues are less severely affected. This suggests that other Fgfrs might be responsible for ventral mid-/hindbrain region development. Here we report the analysis of Fgfr2 conditional knockout mice, lacking the Fgfr2 in the mid-/hindbrain region and of Fgfr3 knockout mice with respect to the mid-/hindbrain region. In both homozygous mouse mutants, patterning of the mid-/hindbrain region is not altered, neuronal populations develop normal and are maintained into adulthood. This analysis shows that the Fgfr2 and the Fgfr3 on their own are dispensable for the development of the mid-/hindbrain region. We suggest functional redundancy of Fgf receptors in the mid-/hindbrain region.

Inulina a partir de tubérculos de Dahlia imperialis Roetz

The extraction and isolation of inulin was accomplished, from the tubers of Dahlia imperialis Roetz. (Asteraceae), obtaining a yield of 13.7 percent a dry base. The obtained product was identified by means of physical, chemical, chromatographic and spectroscopic methods; its characterization was made according to the patterns of the United States American Pharmacopeia (USP 23). Some were made assays to determine the practical and functional profits of inulin, such as its use as prebiotic food, in the manufacture of fermented milks, with bifidobacteria, specifically Bifidum infantis. In these assays, it was observed that inulin stimulates and promotes the growth of these bacteria