Combining anaerobic digestion slurry and different biochars to develop a biochar-based slow-release NPK fertilizer.

In this research, we developed a biochar-based fertilizer using biogas slurry and biochar derived from lignocellulosic agro-residues. Biogas slurry was obtained through the anaerobic digestion of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (fresh vegetable biomass and/or prepared food), while biochars were derived from residues from quinoa, maize, rice, and sugarcane. The biochar-based fertilizers were prepared using an impregnation process, where the biogas slurry was mixed with each of the raw biochars. Subsequently, we characterized the N, P and K concentrations of the obtained biochar-based fertilizers. Additionally, we analyzed their surface properties using SEM/EDS and FTIR and conducted a slow-release test on these biochar-based fertilizers to assess their capability to gradually release nutrients. Lastly, a bioassay using cucumber plants was conducted to determine the N, P, and K bioavailability. Our findings revealed a significant correlation (r > 0.67) between the atomic O/C ratio, H/C ratio, cation exchange capacity, surface area, and the base cations concentration with N, P, and/or K adsorption on biochar. These properties, in turn, were linked to the capability of the biochar-based fertilizer to release nutrients in a controlled manner. The biochar-based fertilizer derived from corn residues showed <15 % release of N, P and K at 24 h. Utilization of these biochar-based fertilizers had a positive impact on the mineral nutrition of cucumber plants, resulting in an average increase of 61 % in N, 32 % in P, and 19 % in K concentrations. Our results underscore the potential of biochar-based fertilizers in controlled nutrient release and enhanced plant nutrition. Integration of biochar and biogas slurry offers a promising and sustainable approach for NPK recovery and fertilizer production in agriculture. This study presents an innovative and sustainable approach combining the use of biochar for NPK recovery from biogas slurry and its use as a biochar-based fertilizer in agriculture.

Carbapenemase-Producing Bacteria Isolated from ICU Patients of a Peruvian Government Hospital during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Descriptive Analysis.

Background and Objectives: In Peru, the presence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria is a constant concern in hospitals and has likely increased in frequency during the pandemic. The objective of the study was to analyze the frequency of carbapenemase-producing bacteria resistant to two carbapenems (Imipenem and Meropenem), which were isolated from Peruvian patients in the intensive care unit of the Victor Lazarte Echegaray Hospital in Trujillo (Peru) during the COVID-19 pandemic. Materials and Methods: The biological samples of the patients hospitalized in the ICU were processed in the Microbiology Diagnostic Laboratory of the Víctor Lazarte Echegaray Hospital between May 2021 and March 2022. Antimicrobial sensitivity was determined with the automated system AutoScan-4, and for the identification of the type of carbapenemase, the RESISIT-3 O.K.N K-SET cassettes were used. Results: The results show that 76 cultures (76/129) had resistance to the two carbapenems (imipenem or meropenem), where the most frequent were Klebsiella pneuomoniae (31.6%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (26.3%), and Acinetobacter baumannii (14.5%). Pseudomonas aeruginosa cultures showed at least three carbapenemase types (KPC, NDM, and OXA-48), while A. baumannii, Escherichia coli, and Burkholderia cepacia complex presented at least two carbapenemases (NDM and OXA-48). The carbapenemase NDM was detected in Enterobacter cloacae, Morganella morganii, and Proteus mirabilis, while KPC was present in all Klebsiella pneumoniae and Klebsiella oxytoca cultures. Conclusions: The samples from patients hospitalized in the Victor Lazarte Echegaray Hospital ICU showed a high prevalence of imipenem- and meropenem-resistant bacteria. These findings are relevant and concerning from the perspective of antibiotic-resistant bacteria monitoring, control, and disinfection. Thus, an appropriate antibiotic policy must be implemented.

Effects of anti-beta 2-glycoprotein 1 antibodies and its association with pregnancy-related morbidity in antiphospholipid syndrome.

Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune disease characterized by venous, arterial, or small-vessel thrombosis and/or pregnancy-related morbidity, associated with persistent positivity of antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL). Pregnancy-related morbidity in APS patients is characterized by unexplained fetal deaths, premature birth of morphologically normal newborns, and/or consecutive pregnancy losses before the 10th week of gestation. Beta 2-glycoprotein 1 (ß2GP1) is the main antigen recognized by aPL and plays an essential role in the pathogenesis of APS. Antibodies against ß2GP1 (aß2GP1) are involved in damage-generating mechanisms in APS due to their interaction with trophoblasts, decidua, and endothelial cells. aß2GP1 might be used as a prognostic tool for obstetric risk stratification and ß2GP1 could be a target for molecular-targeted treatment to prevent pregnancy morbidity in APS. This review describes these aspects of aß2GP1, including effects on different cellular targets, its association with the severity of obstetric manifestations and the potential of ß2GP1-targeted therapies for APS.

Differences in Endothelial Activation and Dysfunction Induced by Antiphospholipid Antibodies Among Groups of Patients With Thrombotic, Refractory, and Non-refractory Antiphospholipid Syndrome.

Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by pregnancy morbidity or thrombosis and persistent antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) that bind to the endothelium and induce endothelial activation, which is evidenced by the expression of adhesion molecules and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and subsequent endothelial dysfunction marked by a decrease in the synthesis and release of nitric oxide (NO). These endothelial alterations are the key components for the development of severe pathological processes in APS. Patients with APS can be grouped according to the presence of other autoimmune diseases (secondary APS), thrombosis alone (thrombotic APS), pregnancy morbidity (obstetric APS), and refractoriness to conventional treatment regimens (refractory APS). Typically, patients with severe and refractory obstetric APS exhibit thrombosis and are classified as those having primary or secondary APS. The elucidation of the mechanisms underlying these alterations according to the different groups of patients with APS could help establish new therapies, particularly necessary for severe and refractory cases. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the differences in endothelial activation and dysfunction induced by aPL between patients with refractory obstetric APS and other APS clinical manifestations. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were stimulated with polyclonal immunoglobulin-G (IgG) from different groups of patients n = 21), including those with primary (VTI) and secondary thrombotic APS (VTII) and refractory primary (RI+), refractory secondary (RII+), and non-refractory primary (NR+) obstetric APS. All of them with thrombosis. The expression of adhesion molecules; the production of ROS, NO, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and endothelin-1; and the generation of microparticles were used to evaluate endothelial activation and dysfunction. VTI IgG induced the expression of adhesion molecules and the generation of microparticles and VEGF. RI+ IgG induced the expression of adhesion molecules and decreased NO production. RII+ IgG increased the production of microparticles, ROS, and endothelin-1 and reduced NO release. NR+ IgG increased the production of microparticles and endothelin-1 and decreased the production of VEGF and NO. These findings reveal differences in endothelial activation and dysfunction among groups of patients with APS, which should be considered in future studies to evaluate new therapies, especially in refractory cases.

Oxidative stress in endothelial cells induced by the serum of women with different clinical manifestations of the antiphospholipid syndrome / Estrés oxidativo en células endoteliales inducido por el suero de mujeres con diferentes manifestaciones clínicas del síndrome antifosfolípido

Introduction: The antiphospholipid syndrome is characterized by the persistent presence of antiphospholipid antibodies and clinical manifestations of thrombosis or gestational morbidity that are associated with oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction. Objective: To evaluate markers of oxidative stress in endothelial cells induced by the serum from women with different clinical manifestations of the antiphospholipid syndrome, and to analyze the antioxidant capacity of the sera. Materials and methods: We included 48 women who were classified as follows: presence of antiphospholipid antibodies and clinical criteria of gestational morbidity alone, vascular thrombosis only, and gestational morbidity/vascular thrombosis. Control groups included antiphospholipid antibodies negative women. In an in vitro model of endothelial cells stimulated with sera from women included in the groups, some markers of oxidative stress were determined by flow cytometry. The antioxidant capacity in the sera of these women was analyzed. Results: The sera from the groups of women with antiphospholipid syndrome that presented thrombosis, with or without gestational morbidity, generated a significant increase (p<0.05 and p<0.001) in endothelial oxidative stress markers in contrast to the control of normal human serum. There were no differences in the effect of the sera from the different study groups on endothelial lipid peroxidation. Also, there was also no difference in the antioxidant activity of the sera. Conclusion: Mitochondrial oxidative stress in the endothelium is associated with the presence of thrombosis; instead, its association with gestational morbidity generates intracellular oxidative stress.

Introducción. El síndrome antifosfolípido se caracteriza por la presencia persistente de anticuerpos antifosfolípidos y manifestaciones clínicas de trombosis o morbilidad gestacional, las cuales se asocian con estrés oxidativo y disfunción endotelial. Objetivo. Evaluar los marcadores de estrés oxidativo en células endoteliales, inducidos por el suero de mujeres con diferentes manifestaciones clínicas del síndrome antifosfolípido y analizar la capacidad antioxidante de los sueros. Materiales y métodos. Se incluyeron 48 mujeres que fueron clasificadas así: presencia de anticuerpos antifosfolípidos y criterios clínicos de morbilidad gestacional, trombosis vascular o ambas. Como grupos control se incluyeron mujeres negativas para anticuerpos antifosfolípidos. En un modelo in vitro de células endoteliales estimuladas con los sueros de las mujeres del estudio, se determinaron algunos marcadores de estrés oxidativo por citometría de flujo. También, se analizó la capacidad antioxidante de los sueros incluidos. Resultados. Los sueros de los grupos de mujeres con síndrome antifosfolípido que presentaban trombosis, con morbilidad gestacional o sin ella, generaron un incremento significativo (p<0,05 y p<0,001) en los marcadores de estrés oxidativo endotelial, en contraste con el control de suero humano normal. No se observaron diferencias en el efecto de los sueros de los diferentes grupos de estudio sobre la lipoperoxidación endotelial. Tampoco se encontró diferencia en la actividad antioxidante de los sueros. Conclusión. El estrés oxidativo mitocondrial en el endotelio se asocia con la presencia de trombosis. Sin embargo, cuando esta se asocia con morbilidad gestacional, también se genera estrés oxidativo intracelular.

Estrés oxidativo en células endoteliales inducido por el suero de mujeres con diferentes manifestaciones clínicas del síndrome antifosfolípido / Oxidative stress in endothelial cells induced by the serum of women with different clinical manifestations of the antiphospholipid syndrome

Introducción. El síndrome antifosfolípido se caracteriza por la presencia persistente de anticuerpos antifosfolípidos y manifestaciones clínicas de trombosis o morbilidad gestacional, las cuales se asocian con estrés oxidativo y disfunción endotelial. Objetivo. Evaluar los marcadores de estrés oxidativo en células endoteliales, inducidos por el suero de mujeres con diferentes manifestaciones clínicas del síndrome antifosfolípido y analizar la capacidad antioxidante de los sueros. Materiales y métodos. Se incluyeron 48 mujeres que fueron clasificadas así: presencia de anticuerpos antifosfolípidos y criterios clínicos de morbilidad gestacional, trombosis vascular o ambas. Como grupos control se incluyeron mujeres negativas para anticuerpos antifosfolípidos. En un modelo in vitro de células endoteliales estimuladas con los sueros de las mujeres del estudio, se determinaron algunos marcadores de estrés oxidativo por citometría de flujo. También, se analizó la capacidad antioxidante de los sueros incluidos. Resultados. Los sueros de los grupos de mujeres con síndrome antifosfolípido que presentaban trombosis, con morbilidad gestacional o sin ella, generaron un incremento significativo (p<0,05 y p<0,001)en los marcadores de estrés oxidativo endotelial, en contraste con el control de suero humano normal. No se observaron diferencias en el efecto de los sueros de los diferentes grupos de estudio sobre la lipoperoxidación endotelial. Tampoco se encontró diferencia en la actividad antioxidante de los sueros. Conclusión. El estrés oxidativo mitocondrial en el endotelio se asocia con la presencia de trombosis. Sin embargo, cuando esta se asocia con morbilidad gestacional, también se genera estrés oxidativo intracelular.

Introduction: The antiphospholipid syndrome is characterized by the persistent presence of antiphospholipid antibodies and clinical manifestations of thrombosis or gestational morbidity that are associated with oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction. Objective: To evaluate markers of oxidative stress in endothelial cells induced by the serum from women with different clinical manifestations of the antiphospholipid syndrome, and to analyze the antioxidant capacity of the sera. Materials and methods: We included 48 women who were classified as follows: presence of antiphospholipid antibodies and clinical criteria of gestational morbidity alone, vascular thrombosis only, and gestational morbidity/vascular thrombosis. Control groups included antiphospholipid antibodies negative women. In an in vitro model of endothelial cells stimulated with sera from women included in the groups, some markers of oxidative stress were determined by flow cytometry. The antioxidant capacity in the sera of these women was analyzed. Results: The sera from the groups of women with antiphospholipid syndrome that presented thrombosis, with or without gestational morbidity, generated a significant increase (p<0.05 and p<0.001) in endothelial oxidative stress markers in contrast to the control of normal human serum. There were no differences in the effect of the sera from the different study groups on endothelial lipid peroxidation. Also, there was also no difference in the antioxidant activity of the sera. Conclusion: Mitochondrial oxidative stress in the endothelium is associated with the presence of thrombosis; instead, its association with gestational morbidity generates intracellular oxidative stress.

Mechanisms of Endothelial Dysfunction in Antiphospholipid Syndrome: Association With Clinical Manifestations.

The endothelium is a monolayer of cells that covers the inner surface of blood vessels and its integrity is essential for the maintenance of vascular health. Endothelial dysfunction is a key pathological component of antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). Its systemic complications include thrombotic endocarditis, valvular dysfunction, cerebrovascular occlusions, proliferative nephritis, deep vein thrombosis, and pulmonary embolism. In women, APS is also associated with pregnancy complications (obstetric APS). The conventional treatment regimens for APS are ineffective when the clinical symptoms are severe. Therefore, a better understanding of alterations in the endothelium caused by antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) may lead to more effective therapies in patients with elevated aPL titers and severe clinical symptoms. Currently, while in vivo analyses of endothelial dysfunction in patients with APS have been reported, most research has been performed using in vitro models with endothelial cells exposed to either patient serum/plasma, monoclonal aPL, or IgGs isolated from patients with APS. These studies have described a reduction in endothelial cell nitric oxide synthesis, the induction of inflammatory and procoagulant phenotypes, an increase in endothelial proliferation, and impairments in vascular remodeling and angiogenesis. Despite these lines of evidence, further research is required to better understand the pathophysiology of endothelial dysfunction in patients with APS. In this review, we have compared the current understanding about the mechanisms of endothelial dysfunction induced by patient-derived aPL under the two main clinical manifestations of APS: thrombosis and gestational complications, either alone or in combination. We also discuss gaps in our current knowledge regarding aPL-induced endothelial dysfunction.

Evaluación de estrés nitrosativo y oxidativo en mujeres con diferentes manifestaciones clínicas del síndrome antifosfolipídico / Evaluation of nitrosative stress and oxidative in women with different clinical manifestations of the antiphospholipid syndrome

Introducción:El síndrome antifosfolipídico (SAF) es una enfermedad autoinmune caracterizada por la presencia persistente de anticuerpos antifosfolípidos (aAFL) y manifestaciones clínicas de trombosis y/o morbilidad gestacional que se asocian con estrés nitrosativo/ oxidativo y disminución de la capacidad antioxidante, alterando el desarrollo gestacional. Objetivo: Evaluar algunos biomarcadores de estrés nitrosativo/oxidativo del suero de mujeres con diferentes manifestaciones clínicas del SAF y sus efectos en células endoteliales. Métodos: Se incluyeron sueros de 48 mujeres divididas en dos grupos con y sin aAFL. Se evaluó la concentración de nitritos, la capacidad antioxidante y la actividad de la enzima paraoxonasa

Remodelación vascular como modelo in vitro para el estudio del síndrome antifosfolipídico obstétrico / Vascular remodeling as in vitro model for the study of the obstetrical antiphospholipid syndrome

Introducción y Objetivo: Los anticuerpos antifosfolípidos (aAFL) se pueden unir a las células trofoblásticas o a las endoteliales, alterando la remodelación vascular y consecuentemente la placentación normal. El objetivo fue evaluar el efecto del suero de pacientes con síndrome antifosfolipídico (SAF) obstétrico en la interacción endotelio-trofoblasto utilizando un modelo in vitro tridimensional de remodelación vascular. Métodos: Las pacientes con aAFL fueron clasificadas en dos grupos: morbilidad gestacional y trombosis (MG/TV, n=7) y morbilidad gestacional sola (MG, n=8). Como control, se incluyeron mujeres sin aAFL con MG (MG/ aAFL-, n=10), y mujeres sanas (SHN, n=7). Células endoteliales HUVEC fueron cultivadas en Matrigel™ hasta formar estructuras tubulares (angiogénesis) y luego se adicionaron células trofoblásticas HTR8; estas células invaden las estructuras tubulares de las células endoteliales mejorando su estabilidad. Se evaluó el efecto de 10% del suero de las mujeres del estudio sobre esta interacción.

Efecto de la savia liofilizada de Musa acuminata colla "plátano de seda" sobre la respuesta inmune de Mus musculus BALB/c frente a Escherichia coli 0157: H7 / Effect of lyophilized sap from Musa acuminata colla on activation of peritoneal macrophages and antibody production in BALB/c mice infected with Escherichia coli 0157: H7

Se determinó el efecto de la savia liofilizada de Musa acuminata Colla "plátano de seda" sobre la activación "in vitro" de macrófagos peritoneales y la producción de anticuerpos en Mus musculus BALB/c infectados experimentalmente con Escherichia coli 0157:H7. Para la activación "in vitro", los macrófagos fueron distribuidos en 03 sistemas: experimentales A y B estimulados con diferentes concentraciones de savia liofilizada de Musa acuminata Colla (SML) y control estimulado con Medio Mínimo Esencial. Posteriormente, se adicionó E. coli 0157:H7, teniendo una concentración de savia de 16,3 ug/mL en el experimental A y 8,75 ug/mL en el B. Luego se tomaron muestras para determinar el índice fagocítico y la actividad microbicida. Para la producción de anticuerpos, se utilizaron 03 grupos, dosificando a los experimentales A y B con SLM en concentraciones de 20 mg/Kg 10 mg/Kg de peso respectivamente y al control de solución salina fisiológica, luego fueron infectados con E. coli 0157:H7 y se les extrajo muestras de sangre para la titulación de anticuerpos. Los resultados en la activación de macrófagos indicaron que los estimulados con 8,75 ug/mL de SLM presentaron un mayor índice fagocítico que los otros. El índice microbicida y el título de anticuerpos en los grupos con SLM en ambas concentraciones fueron mayores que el control. Concluyéndose, que la savia liofilizada de Musa acuminata Colla favorece el aumento del índice fagocítico, la catividad microbicida y el título de anticuerpos en Mus musculus BALB/c infectados experimentalmente con E. coli 0157:H7.

This study attempted to determine the effect of lyophilized sap from Musa acuminata Colla on "In Vitro" activation of peritoneal macrophages and antibody production in BALB/c mice infected with Escherichia coli 0157:H7. Macrophage activation was determined by phagocytic index and microbicidal activity of murine peritoneal macrophages which were distributed in three groups: experimental A and experimental B, both had different concentrations of lyophilized sap (SLM), while control group had minimal essential medium. After that, we added E. coli 0157:H7, so the concentration of SLM was 16,3 ug/mL in experimental A and 8,75 ug/mL in experimental B. Then we took samples in order to determine the phagocytic index and microbicidal activity. Antibody production was studied in BALB/c mice randomly allocated in three groups: experimental A, experimental B and control. Experimental A and B were orally administered with SLM at 20 mg/Kg and 10 mg/Kg respectively, control group was administered with sterile normal saline. They were infected with E. coli 0157:H7 and then blood samples were collected in order to determine the antibody titer. Results showed that macrophages stimulated with SLM at 8,75 ug/mL had an increasing phagocytic index compared with the others. Besides microbicidal activity and antibody titer obtained in both experimental A and B were higher than control group. As a conclusion, lyophilized sap from Musa acuminata Colla increases phagocytic index, microbicidal activity and antibody production in BALB/c mice infected with Escherichia coli 0157:H7.

Efecto in vitro de diferentes concentraciones de Allium sativum “ajo” frente a dermatofitos y Candida albicans / In vitro effect of different concentrations of Allium sativum garlic on dermatophytes and Candida albicans

El presente trabajo estuvo orientado a investigar sí Allium sativum ajo en su forma liofilizada posee efecto antimicótico in vitro sobre dermatofitos y Candida albicans. Para ello se trabajó con 100 g. de A. sativum y cultivos de dermatofitos y C. albicans aislados de pacientes con micosis en piel, uñas y cabellos. Se emplearon un total de 30 cultivos puros de los cuales 07 correspondieron a Trichphyton mentagrophytes, 04 a T. rubrum, 04 a Microsporum canis y 15 a C. albicans, los cuales fueron sembrados en Agar Sabouraud e incubados en el caso de dermatofitos por 2 a 3 semanas a temperatura ambiental (20 ± 3ºC) y para C. albicans a 37ºC por 48 a 72 horas. Las pruebas biológicas in vitro incluyeron: la preparación del inóculo de A. sativum y preparación del Diflucan como control. Las pruebas de sensibilidad se realizaron usando el método de difusión en agar (MDA) y el método de dilución en tubo. Según los análisis estadísticos, los resultados indican que para el caso de dermatofitos por el MDA se logra inhibición entre 300 a 400 ug de ajo liofilizado, una concentración mínima inhibitoria (MCI) de 500 ug/mL y un efecto fungicida de 1000 ug/mL. En el caso de C. albicans por el MDA se obtuvo un mayor diámetro de inhibición entre 4000 a 5000 ug, una MCI de 2500 ug/mL y un efecto fungicida de 5000 ug/mL. Estos resultados podrán ser utilizados en la realización de estudios in vivo que corroboren las propiedades medicinales que se le atribuyen al ajo.

The present work attempted to determine if Allium sativum garlic in its form liofilizated has in vitro antimycotic effect on dermatophytes and Candida albicans. We used 100 g. of A. sativum, cultures of dermatophytes and C. albicans isolated of patients with mycosis in skin, fingernails and hair. A total of 30 pure cultures of which 07 of Trichophyton mentagrophytes, 04 of T. rubrum, 04 of M. canis and 15 of C. albicans, which were cultured in Sabouraud Agar. Dermatophytes were incubated for 2-3 weeks under conditions of air temperature (20 ± 3ºC), meanwhile C. albicans was incubated for 48 -72 hours at 37ºC. The in vitro biological tests included: inoculum preparation of A. sativum liofilizated and preparation of Diflucan (control). The tests of sensibility were made using the agar diffusion method and the tube dilution test. According to variance analysis, the results indicate that inhibition determined by the agar diffusion method in dermatophytes was among 300 to 400 ug from liofilizated garlic, also found a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 500 ug/mL and a fungicidal action of 1000 ug/mL. In the case of C. albicans, it showed bigger inhibition diameter among 4000 to 5000 ug, a minimum inhibitory concentration of 2500 ug/mL and fungicidal action of 5000 ug/mL. These results can be used for in vivo studies in order to confirm the medicinal properties of garlic.

Evaluación del estado nutricional en estudiantes del colegio “César Vallejo Mendoza” del distrito de Santiago de Chuco, La Libertad Perú / Evaluation of the nutritional status of school age children in Santiago de Chuco, La Libertad Peru

El presente estudio consistió en evaluar el estado nutricional de los estudiantes del colegio “César Vallejo Mendoza” del distrito de Santiago de Chuco, La Libertad a través de la evaluación de las medidas antropométricas, exámenes coproparasitológicos y de hemoglobina, durante los meses de Agosto - Diciembre del 2009. Para ello se evaluó a 83 alumnos con edades fluctuantes entre 6 y 11 años, de los cuales 39 fueron niñas y 44 niños. Para la evaluación de las medidas antropométricas, los alumnos fueron pesados y tallados, estos datos sirvieron para calcular los indicadores: Índice de masa corporal (IMC) y Talla para Edad (T/E). Posteriormente, se recolectaron las muestras fecales en vasos descartables para el análisis coproparasitológico correspondiente y por último se tomaron las muestras de sangre para el análisis de hemoglobina. Los resultados mostraron que 21 alumnos (25,3%) presentaron un índice de T/E por debajo de lo permitido (talla baja); mientras que 16 alumnos (19,3%) presentaron un IMC deficiente (degadez). Así mismo, se determinó que 33 presentaron parásitos intestinales, encontrando Giardia lamblia (69,7%), Entamoeba coli (18,2%), Hymenolepis nana (6,1%), Entamoeba hystolitica (3,0%) y Ascaris lumbricoides (3,0%). Los valores de hemoglobina variaron en un rango de 11,2 a 15,0 g/%. Se concluye que los alumnos que presentaron deficiencia en el estado nutricional necesitan mejorar las características de su dieta, requiriendo la implementación de programas de intervención apropiada. En cuanto a la prevalencia de parásitos intestinales, esta obedece a las precarias condiciones de vida y pobres hábitos higiénicos de la población, mientras que los valores bajos de hemoglobina se deben posiblemente a la prevalencia de enteroparasitismo y deficiencia alimentaria.

This study evaluated the nutritional status of school age children in Santiago de Chuco, La Libertad from August through December of 2009, so we estimate anthropometric assessment, prevalence of intestinal parasites and hemoglobin concentration. The sample included 83 children, 39 female and 44 male children aged between 4 and 10 years. Anthropometric assessment was carried out according to Body mass index (BMI) and Height/Age (H/E) relation. Subsequently, we give them recipients to collect feces in order to do coproparasitologic exams; also we took blood samples to determine hemoglobin concentration. The results showed that 21 children (25,3%) have a H/E relation under the normal range (under height), meanwhile 16 children (19,3%) have a BMI under the normal range (underweight). We found intestinal parasites in 33 children, Giardia lamblia (69,7%), Entamoeba coli (18,2%), Hymenolepis nana (6,1%), Entamoeba hystolitica (3,0%), Ascaris lumbricoides (3,0%) and hemoglobin values range from 11,2 to 15,0 g/%. In conclusion these children who were under acute and chronic nutritional stress need to improve their diet, so appropriate health nutritional intervention programmes are require. The prevalence of intestinal parasites is related to the poverty and poor hygienic habits of the population, low hemoglobin values are related with the prevalence of intestinal parasites and alimentary deficiency.

Frecuencia de Vibrio Cholerae O1 en hortalizas que se expenden en los mercados "La Rinconada" y "Palermo" de la ciudad de Trujillo, Perú / Vibrio Cholerae O1 frecuency in vegetables that sells in the markets La Rinconada and Palermo Trujillo, Perú

Se determinó la presencia de Vibrio Cholerae 01 en hortalizas que se expanden en los mercados "La Rinconada" y "Palermo" de la ciudad de Trujillo, Perú. Se analizó muestras de Asparagus officinalis "espárrago", Brassica napus "nabo", Beta vulgaris var rapa forma rubra "beterraga", Brassica oleraceae var capitata-alba "repollo", Lactuca sativa "lechuga", Daucus carota "zanahoria", Spinacea oleracea "espinaca", Petrocelium sativum "perejil", Lycopersicum esculentum "tomate" y Raphanus sativus "rabanito", durante los meses de Enero a Octubre del 2003. El aislamiento, identificación bioquímica y serológica de V. cholerae 01 se realizó siguiendo las técnicas recomendadas por CDC y ICMSF. De 1000 muestras de hortalizas procedentes de los dos mercados estudiados, se aisló V. cholerae 01 en 1,2% de las muestras; los serotipos identificados fueron Ogawa 0,0%, Inaba 1,1% e Hikojima 0,1%. La presencia de V. cholerae 01 se debería a que éstas hortalizas se cultivan y expenden en malas condiciones higiénico sanitarias, siendo un riesgo potencial para la salud humana, ya que el consumo de estos productos contribuye a la endemicidad del cólera en la ciudad de Trujillo, por lo que es necesario un adecuado control sanitario de estos alimentos.

The frequency of Vibrio cholerae 01 was investigated in vegetables that are sold in the principal markets "La Rinconada" and "Palermo" in Peru, Trujillo city. There were analized samples of Asparagus officinalis "asparagus", Brassica napus "turnip", Beta vulgaris var rapa forma rubra "beet", Brassica oleraceae var capitata-alba "cabbage", Lactuca sativa "lettuce", Daucus carota "carrot", Spinacea oleracea "spinach", Petrocelium sativum "parsley", Lycopersicum esculentum "tomato" and Raphanus sativus "raphanus", from January to October of 2003. The identification, the isolation and serological invetigation of V. cholerae 01 was made in accorder to the techniques of CDC and ICMSF. V cholerae 01 was isolated in 1,2% from 1 000 samples, of "La Rinconada" and "Palermo" markets. The identified serotypes were Ogawa 0,0%, Inaba 1,1% and Hikojima 0,1%. This investigation shows that V. cholerae 01 is present in vegetables being a high risk for the human being, because from the epidemiological point of view, the consumption of these products contribute to increase the morbimortality of Cholera in Trujillo city. That is why is necesary an appropiate sanitary control of these foods.

Alteraciones Histopatológicas y de los niveles de Inmunoglobulina G en la Criptococosis inducida en mus musculus balb/c a diferentes tiempos de infección / Histopathological alterations and immunoglobulin G levels in mus musculus cryptococcosis induced in BALB / c different times of infection

El presente estudio tuvo por finalidad evaluar las alteraciones histopatológicas y los niveles de IgG en la criptococosis inducida en Mus musculus BALB/c "ratón" a diferentes tiempos de infección. Se trabajó con Cryptococcus neoformans y 45 ejemplares de Mus musculus BALB/c de ambos sexos, de 45 días de edad y de aproximadamente 25g, en 5 de los cuales elegidos al azar se descartó infección natural por C.neoformans mediante la prueba de tinción negativa connigrosina al 10% en muestras de cerebro y pulmones, con los 40 restantes se distribuyeron al azar en grupo control y grupo experimental de 20 ejemplares cada uno y subdividiéndose en 4 subgrupos de 5 ejemplares cada uno. Los ratones del grupo experimental fueron inoculados intraperitonealmente con 0,5 mL de una suspensión del hongo a una concentración similar al tubo No 3 del Nefelómetro de Mac Farland, y para el grupo control se utilizó 0,5 mL solución salina fisiológica (SSF) estéril. A los 10, 15, 20 y 25 días de la inoculación, se tomaron muestras de sangre para evaluar los niveles de IgG en suero, y luego del sacrificio se extrajeron el encéfalo, los pulmones, el bazo, el hígado y los riñones para su evaluación macroscópica e histológica luego de su conservación en formol al 10% y su posterior coloración con Hematoxilina eosina. Se observó cambios macroscópicos como: Aumento de tamaño en longitud presentándose marcada hepatomegalia y esplenomegalia, cambio de color, aspecto hemorrágico y presencia de abscesos que iban aumentando en número a mayor tiempo de infección y alteraciones histopatológicas que variaron de acuerdo al tiempo de infección, así tenemos que: a los 10 y 15 días se observó hiperemia en meninges, infiltración inflamatoria crónica en meninges , alvéolos e intersticio en pulmón, hígado y riñón; edema en corteza cerebral; necrosis en corteza cerebral, bazo, hígado y riñón; zonas de hemorragias en cerebro, pulmón, y tejido adiposo perirrenal.

The present study had the purpose of evaluate histopatological alterations and IgG levels in induced criptococosis in Mus musculus BALB/c "mouse" at different times of infection. For that it was worked with a culture of Cryptococcus neoformans and 45 specimens of Mus musculus BALB/c of both sexes, of 45 days of age and approximately 25g weigh, in 5 of those randomly chosen natural infection by C.neoformans was discarded by means of the test of negative tint with 10% nigrosine in brain samples and lungs, the 40 remaining were distributed at random in control group and experimental group of 20 especimens each one and were subdivided in 4 subgroups of 5 specimens each one. The mice of the experimental group were inoculated intraperitoneally with 0,5 mL of a suspension from the fungus in asimilar concentration to the tube N° 3 of of Mac Farland's Nefelometer, and for the control group it was used 0,5 mL of sterile physiologic saline solution (SSF). At the 10, 15,20 and 25 days of the inoculation, there were taken samples of blood to evaluate the levels of IgG in serum, and after the sacrifice there were extracted the encephal, lungs, spleen, liver and kidneys for their macroscopic and histological evaluation after their conservation in 10% formol and were later colorated with Hematoxylin. eosin. In relation to the control group in the organs of the experimental group were observed macroscopic changes as: size Increase in longitude presenting marked hepatomegalia and esplenomegalia, change of color, hemorrhagic aspect and presence of abscesses that went increasing in number at more time of infection and histopatological alterations were also observed at the days 10 and 15 as hiperemia in meninxes, chronicle inflammatory infiltration in meninxes, alveolus and interstice in lung, liver and kidney; edema in cerebral cortex; necrosis in cerebral cortex, spleen, liver and kidney; areas of hemorrhages in brain, lung, and perirrenal adipose tissue.