Cross-cultural adaptation and psychometric properties of the Iowa-Netherlands Comparison Orientation Measure for the Brazilian context.

INTRODUCTION: The Iowa-Netherlands Comparison Orientation Measure (INCOM) was developed to measure individual differences in social comparison orientation and has been widely used in research and different contexts. The aim of this study was to adapt the online version of the INCOM and to evaluate its psychometric parameters when applied to a Brazilian population of university students. METHODS: The procedures were divided into two steps: step 1 - cross-cultural adaptation and content validity, and step 2 - assessment of psychometric characteristics. In step 1, the processes of translation, evaluation by expert committee, evaluation by the target population, and the back-translation, were performed. In step 2, 1065 university students participated and factor analysis, analysis of reliability and validity based on external measures were performed. RESULTS: The adaptation process showed satisfactory results, such as good indicators of content validity. Exploratory factor analysis indicated a two-dimensional structure and adequate factor loadings, except for item 11, which was excluded from the final version. Also, the final version of the scale presented adequate fit indices (χ2 = 148.45, df = 26; p < 0.001; RMSEA = 0.06; CFI = 0.99; TLI = 0.98). Evidence of reliability (Cronbach's alpha = 0.83) was found, in addition to positive correlations with negative affect (r =0.36) and negative correlations with positive affect and self-esteem (r = -0.15; r = -0.41, respectively). CONCLUSION: The Brazilian version of the INCOM presents satisfactory psychometric parameters and can thus be used to measure social comparison orientation.

Stress and Cognitive Reserve as independent factors of neuropsychological performance in healthy elderly.

Exposure to high levels of cortisol and self-reported stress, as well as cognitive reserve, have been linked to Alzheimer's disease pathology. However, there are no studies on the interaction of these variables. The present study aims to assess the associations of measures of cortisol, self-reported stress, and cognitive reserve with neuropsychological performance in healthy elderly people; besides, to test the interactions between these variables. Cross-sectional analyzes were conducted using data on stress, cognitive reserve and clinical conditions in 145 healthy elderly adults. A neuropsychological battery was used to assess executive functions, verbal memory and processing speed. Measurement of salivary cortisol at the circadian nadir was taken. A negative association between different stress measures and performance on tasks of memory, executive functions and processing speed was observed. Elderly people with higher cognitive reserve showed superior performance on all neuropsychological measures. No significant interaction between stress and cognitive reserve to neuropsychological performance was observed. These results indicate that older adults with high levels of stress and reduced cognitive reserve may be more susceptible to cognitive impairment.

Stress and Cognitive Reserve as independent factors of neuropsychological performance in healthy elderly / Estresse e Reserva Cognitiva como determinantes independentes para o desempenho neuropsicológico de idosos saudáveis

Abstract Exposure to high levels of cortisol and self-reported stress, as well as cognitive reserve, have been linked to Alzheimer’s disease pathology. However, there are no studies on the interaction of these variables. The present study aims to assess the associations of measures of cortisol, self-reported stress, and cognitive reserve with neuropsychological performance in healthy elderly people; besides, to test the interactions between these variables. Cross-sectional analyzes were conducted using data on stress, cognitive reserve and clinical conditions in 145 healthy elderly adults. A neuropsychological battery was used to assess executive functions, verbal memory and processing speed. Measurement of salivary cortisol at the circadian nadir was taken. A negative association between different stress measures and performance on tasks of memory, executive functions and processing speed was observed. Elderly people with higher cognitive reserve showed superior performance on all neuropsychological measures. No significant interaction between stress and cognitive reserve to neuropsychological performance was observed. These results indicate that older adults with high levels of stress and reduced cognitive reserve may be more susceptible to cognitive impairment.

Resumo A exposição a níveis elevados de cortisol e de estresse psicológico, assim como à reserva cognitiva, têm sido relacionadas a sintomas da Doença de Alzheimer. Contudo, não há estudos sobre a interação dessas variáveis. Objetivamos examinar as associações de medidas de cortisol e estresse psicológico e de reserva cognitiva com o desempenho neuropsicológico de idosos saudáveis, além de analisar a existência de interações entre essas variáveis. Análises transversais foram conduzidas usando dados sobre estresse, reserva cognitiva e condições clínicas em 145 idosos saudáveis. Usamos uma bateria neuropsicológica para medir as funções executivas, memória verbal e velocidade de processamento. Utilizamos uma medida de cortisol salivar para o nadir circadiano. Encontramos uma associação negativa entre diferentes medidas de estresse e o desempenho em tarefas de memória, funções executivas e velocidade de processamento. Idosos com elevada reserva cognitiva apresentaram um desempenho superior em todas as medidas neuropsicológicas. Não houve interação significativa entre estresse e Reserva Cognitiva para o desempenho neuropsicológico. Estes resultados sugerem que idosos com níveis elevados de estresse e reduzida reserva cognitiva podem ser mais suscetíveis ao comprometimento cognitivo.