Analysis of spontaneous cytomegalovirus clearance after low level reactivation using a pre-emptive treatment threshold of 4,000 IU/mL in allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant recipients.

BACKGROUND: Cytomegalovirus (CMV) can be a serious complication after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT). CMV viral load is routinely monitored, and pre-emptive therapy is initiated to prevent CMV viremia from developing into CMV organ disease based on institutional thresholds. There is no established universal threshold for pre-emptive therapy and many centers utilize different strategies. METHODS: Allogeneic HCT recipients at WVU Medicine from 2009-2021 were routinely initiated on pre-emptive CMV treatment for a PCR viral threshold above 4,000 IU/mL. Adult patients with quantifiable values below this threshold, were analyzed to evaluate the rate of spontaneous clearance without initiation of CMV-directed therapy, during their first episode of CMV reactivation. This study excluded any patients that received letermovir prophylaxis. RESULTS: Sixty patients were included in the analysis. The spontaneous clearance rate was 60%. The risk factors that were associated with a lower spontaneous clearance rate were reactivation within thirty days after transplant (p=0.031), presence of graft-versus-host-disease (p=0.031), and CMV PCR values of 2500-4000 IU/mL (p=0.02). Although these patients had lower rates of spontaneous clearance, they still spontaneously cleared in 42%, 42%, and 43% of the cases, respectively. CONCLUSION: Delaying pre-emptive treatment until a CMV PCR value of 4,000 IU/mL is reached appears appropriate and decreases unnecessary treatment toxicity and resistance.

Evaluation of prolonged magnesium infusion after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant.

PURPOSE: Calcineurin inhibitor use after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT) is associated with significant magnesium wasting. Utilization of a prolonged magnesium infusion is thought to lead to a lower serum peak concentration and therefore, decreased renal wasting of magnesium. In November 2017, our institution implemented a modification to our inpatient electrolyte replacement protocol for allo-HCT recipients that extended the magnesium infusion rate from 4 g/2 h to 4 g/4 h based on this theoretical advantage. The primary objective of this study was to compare the median magnesium requirements per day of admission between patients who received magnesium 4 g/2 h to patients who received magnesium 4 g/4 h. Secondary objectives included a comparison of the per-patient median serum magnesium concentration during admission, as well as the median incremental difference in serum magnesium concentration after intravenous replacement per patient per admission. METHODS: Allo-HCT recipients who received prolonged infusion magnesium infusions were compared to a historical cohort of allo-HCT patients who received shorter IV magnesium infusions. Admissions were included if the patient had received an allo-HCT within 100 days prior, was admitted to the Transplant and Cellular Therapy Unit at WVU Medicine J.W. Ruby Memorial Hospital, and received at least one magnesium infusion and one dose of cyclosporine or tacrolimus. Admissions were excluded if the patient received oral magnesium, total parenteral nutrition, aminoglycosides, amphotericin, carboplatin, cisplatin, or foscarnet. RESULTS: The pre-implementation group consisted of 81 admissions (n = 64 patients), while the post-implementation group consisted of 90 admissions (n = 60 patients). Median magnesium requirements per day of admission were not different between groups at 1.4 g of magnesium in the pre-implementation group and 1.9 g of magnesium in the post-implementation group (P = 0.25). Median serum magnesium concentrations and median incremental difference in serum magnesium concentration after intravenous replacement were also not different between groups: 1.65 mg/dL vs 1.60 mg/dL (P = 0.65) and 0.30 mg/dL vs 0.28 mg/dL (P = 0.67), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Prolonged infusion of magnesium in allo-HCT recipients receiving CNI therapy does not result in improvement in magnesium retention.

Evaluation of the Pharmacokinetic Interaction Between Letermovir and Tacrolimus in Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation Recipients.

Data describing the magnitude of the pharmacokinetic interaction between letermovir and tacrolimus in allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT) recipients are limited, and varying outcomes have been reported. The need for empiric dose adjustment of tacrolimus on initiation of letermovir has not been established; instead, guidelines suggest closely monitoring the tacrolimus trough concentration and adjusting the dose as needed. A better understanding of this interaction is imperative to accurately manage the narrow therapeutic window of tacrolimus post-transplantation. The primary objective of this study was to determine the percent change in tacrolimus concentration-to-dose ratio over the 14-day period after initiation of letermovir. Secondary objectives were to describe the frequency of tacrolimus dose adjustments after initiation of letermovir, the percent change in daily tacrolimus dose over the 14-day period after initiation of letermovir, and the incidence of both subtherapeutic and supratherapeutic tacrolimus trough concentrations. This retrospective chart review included adult allo-HCT recipients at our institution who received tacrolimus in combination with oral letermovir and had been taking tacrolimus for at least 5 days before letermovir initiation. Patients receiving strong CYP3A4 inhibitors or i.v. tacrolimus were excluded. Thirty-five patients were included in the analysis. The median percent increase in tacrolimus concentration-to-dose ratio over the 14-day period after initiation of letermovir was 22% on days 2 to 4, 47% on days 5 to 7, 66% on days 8 to 11, and 81% on days 12 to 14. The mean frequency of tacrolimus dose adjustments was 0.66 on days 2 to 4, 0.69 on days 5 to 7, 1.06 on days 8 to 11, and 0.57 on days 12 to 14. The results of this study show that the pharmacokinetic interaction between tacrolimus and letermovir is substantial and continues to affect tacrolimus concentration over the 14-day period after letermovir initiation. Close monitoring of tacrolimus trough concentration on initiation of letermovir should be considered.

Pre-existing cardiovascular disease increases risk of atrial arrhythmia and mortality in cancer patients treated with Ibrutinib.

BACKGROUND: Ibrutinib is a Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitor used in the treatment of hematological malignancies. The most common cardiotoxicity associated with ibrutinib is atrial arrhythmia (atrial fibrillation and flutter). It is known that patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD) are at an increased risk for developing atrial arrhythmia. However, the rate of atrial arrhythmia in patients with pre-existing CVD treated with ibrutinib is unknown. OBJECTIVE: This study examined whether patients with pre-existing CVD are at a higher risk for developing atrial arrhythmias compared to those without prior CVD. METHODS: A single-institution retrospective chart review of patients with no prior history of atrial arrhythmia treated with ibrutinib from 2012 to 2020 was performed. Patients were grouped into two cohorts: those with CVD (known history of coronary artery disease, heart failure, pulmonary hypertension, at least moderate valvular heart disease, or device implantation) and those without CVD. The primary outcome was incidence of atrial arrhythmia, and the secondary outcomes were all-cause mortality, risk of bleeding, and discontinuation of ibrutinib. The predictors of atrial arrhythmia (namely atrial fibrillation) were assessed using logistic regression. A Cox-Proportional Hazard model was created for mortality. RESULTS: Patients were followed for a median of 1.1 years. Among 217 patients treated with ibrutinib, the rate of new-onset atrial arrhythmia was nearly threefold higher in the cohort with CVD compared to the cohort without CVD (17% vs 7%, p = 0.02). Patients with CVD also demonstrated increased adjusted all-cause mortality (OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.06-3.41, p = 0.01) and decreased survival probability (43% vs 54%, p = 0.04) compared to those without CVD over the follow-up period. There were no differences in risk of bleeding or discontinuation between the two cohorts. CONCLUSIONS: Pre-existing cardiovascular disease was associated with significantly higher rates of atrial arrhythmia and mortality in patients with hematological malignancies managed with ibrutinib.

Toxicity assessment of concurrent gabapentin/pregabalin administration with high-dose melphalan in autologous hematopoietic cell transplant recipients.

A theoretical pharmacokinetic interaction mediated through L-amino acid transporter 1 and 2 exists between gabapentin (GP) and pregabalin (PG) with melphalan. Peripheral neuropathy is a common toxicity of various multiple myeloma regimens commonly utilized prior to autologous hematopoietic cell transplant (auto-HCT) with high-dose melphalan (HD-Mel). Therefore, it is likely concurrent administration of either GP or PG will occur in patients receiving HD-Mel conditioning for auto-HCT, which could potentially increase cellular uptake and worsen the mucosal injury. A retrospective chart review of adult patients from January 2012 to July 2016 who received HD-Mel (140-200 mg/m2) at West Virginia University Medicine was performed to assess toxicity and outcomes in these patients. A total of 80 patients were included in the study, with 30 patients receiving GP or PG and 50 control patients. There were no significant differences in grade 2 or higher mucositis, admissions for nausea/vomiting/diarrhea, intravenous opioid requirements, oral topical therapies, antidiarrheal medication use, rescue anti-emetics, days of nausea or vomiting, pain scores, neutrophil or platelet engraftment, treatment-related mortality, progression-free survival, or overall survival. Our data suggest that it is safe to continue GP/PG therapy throughout HD-Mel therapy, with no negative transplant outcomes. Prospective studies or evaluations of larger databases are necessary to better characterize the clinical effect of concomitant therapy.

Prospective assessment of Clostridioides (formerly Clostridium) difficile colonization and acquisition in hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients.

BACKGROUND: Patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) possess numerous risk factors for Clostridioides (formerly Clostridium) difficile infection (CDI) and experience a high rate of diarrhea. Colonization rates of Clostridium difficile vary greatly among subgroup analyses with recent studies demonstrating colonization rates in the blood and marrow transplant units up to nine times that of the general population. METHODS: The primary objectives of this study were to identify the rate of C difficile colonization and acquisition in HSCT patients admitted to the blood and marrow transplant unit. This was a prospective study that included all adult patients admitted for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Stool specimens were routinely collected on admission and weekly thereafter for a maximum of six samples per patient. RESULTS: Forty-two patients met inclusion criteria and had baseline samples available for analysis. The rate of C difficile colonization on admission was 24%, and an additional 9% of patients acquired the organism during admission. Twelve percent of patients developed CDI that was diagnosed clinically. Univariate analysis showed an increased risk of colonization for patients with three or more prior chemotherapy cycles. CONCLUSIONS: Given high colonization rates coupled with high risk of CDI in this population, providers must be judicious when testing for CDI and interpreting test results for HSCT patients.

A unique case of chronic myeloid leukemia presenting as monocular vision loss with unilateral retinopathy.

PURPOSE: To report a case of unilateral leukemic retinopathy secondary to chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). OBSERVATIONS: Patient presented to clinic with a visual acuity (VA) of 20/200 in the right eye (OD) after several months of progressive monocular vision loss and was found to have dense pre-retinal hemorrhage. Patient underwent 23-gauge pars plana vitrectomy to clear the preretinal hemorrhage along with a complex macula-off retinal detachment repair to address retinal tear and multilayer retinal hemorrhage. The patient was subsequently diagnosed with CML as she was found to be positive for the fusion protein of break point cluster gene (BCR) with Abelson tyrosine kinase (ABL1), BCR-ABL1, upon systemic work-up. Imatinib therapy resulted in complete hematologic and cytogenetic resolution after one month, however, the patient's vision remained unchanged six months after surgery. CONCLUSION AND IMPORTANCE: To the authors' knowledge, this is the first reported case of unilateral leukemic retinopathy secondary to low risk CML, as determined by the Sokal and Hasford prognostic scoring systems. CML should be included in the differential diagnosis of patients with progressive monocular vision loss with suspicious multi-layer retinal compromise.

Allotransplants for Patients 65 Years or Older with High-Risk Acute Myeloid Leukemia.

The outcome of persons > 65 years with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is poor. A transplant from an HLA-identical sibling or an HLA-matched unrelated donor can cure some of these patients but is associated with a substantial transplant-related mortality and a high relapse risk. We analyzed 185 subjects > 65 years with high-risk AML receiving conventional (n = 42) or reduced-intensity (n = 143) pretransplant conditioning and a transplant from an HLA-identical sibling (n = 66) or a 10/10 loci HLA-matched unrelated donor (n = 119). Two-year survival was 37%. Subjects with serious adverse events during before chemotherapy for their leukemia had a poor outcome after stem cell transplantation. Patients who had active leukemia or measurable residual disease (MRD) before transplantation had a worse outcome. Delayed hematologic recovery after induction or consolidation chemotherapy, high-risk AML genetics, donor-recipient HLA-DRß3/4/5-DP mismatches, and history of cardiovascular disease were also correlated with survival in multivariate analyses. The 57 MRD-negative patients with few other adverse prognostic factors had an excellent outcome (2-year overall survival, 76%), whereas the 58 patients with detectable leukemia and more than 1 other additional factor fared poorly (2-year overall survival, 8%). These data indicate it is possible to identify persons > 65 years with high-risk AML likely to benefit from an allotransplant. Validation of this prediction is needed.

Patterns of Relapse After Salvage Autologous Stem Cell Transplant for Hodgkin's Lymphoma: Should Sites of Relapse Relative to Initially Involved Sites Be Used to Guide Indications for Peri-Transplant Radiation Therapy.

PURPOSE: We aimed to assess patterns of relapse in patients undergoing salvage autologous stem cell transplant (ASCT) for relapsed Hodgkin lymphoma in the modern era with the hypothesis that patients who suffer a relapse at initially involved sites are at increased risks of relapse post-ASCT that may help guide the application of peri-transplant radiation therapy. METHODS AND MATERIALS: A retrospective review was conducted of 38 patients undergoing ASCT between 2002 and 2017 for relapsed or refractory Hodgkin lymphoma. The site of relapse at the time of ASCT and subsequent relapses were compared with sites of the initial involvement at the time of diagnosis using follow-up imaging (most commonly positron emission computed tomography). Relapse and overall survival rates were calculated from the date of ASCT using the Kaplan-Meier method with a multivariate analysis, completed using a Cox multivariate analysis. RESULTS: The median follow-up time was 38 months (interquartile range, 18-66 months). Twenty-two patients (58%) suffered a relapse after ASCT at a median time to relapse of 9.1 months (interquartile range, 2.9-12.3 months) with a 5-year risk of relapse of 58% (95% confidence interval [CI], 41%-75%). On univariate analysis, relapse at an initially involved site was significant for higher rates of relapse at 71% at 5-years (95% CI, 52%-90%) compared with relapse at initially uninvolved sites at 30% (95% CI, 2%-58%; P = .05). The relapse rate was also significantly higher in patients age <30 years at the time of diagnosis at 80% (95% CI, 59%-100%) compared with 40% (95% CI, 18%-62%) at 5 years in patients aged >30 years (P < .01). On multivariate analysis, relapse at initially involved sites was significant for higher rates of relapse (hazard ratio: 8.3; 95% CI, 1.2-57.4; P = .03). CONCLUSIONS: Relapses at initially involved sites may potentially increase the risk of relapse after ASCT. Additional studies are needed to clarify whether this should be used as an additional factor to guide recommendations for peri-transplant radiation therapy.

Outcomes of Six-Dose High-Dose Cytarabine as a Salvage Regimen for Patients with Relapsed/Refractory Acute Myeloid Leukemia.

Relapsed/refractory acute myeloid leukemia (RR-AML) is associated with poor prognosis and long-term disease-free survival requires allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT). Limited data exists, regarding the optimal regimen to obtain remission prior to allo-HCT. Single agent high-dose cytarabine (10-12 doses administered every 12 hours) has been previously used as induction therapy. Six-dose high-dose cytarabine (HiDAC-6), commonly used as a consolidation regimen, has never been evaluated as induction therapy. We present a retrospective review of 26 consecutive patients with RR-AML receiving single agent cytarabine 3 g/m2 intravenously every 12 hours on days 1, 3, and 5 for a total of six doses (HiDAC-6). Median follow-up for surviving patients was 10.4 months (range 1.6-112.2 months). Complete remission was obtained in 62% (54% CR and 8% CRi) of the patients. The median relapse-free survival (RFS) was 22.3 months (range 0.7-112 months), event-free survival (EFS) was 4.7 months (range 0.5-112 months), and the overall survival (OS) was 9.6 months (range 1-112 months). Thirty-five percent of patients were able to subsequently proceed to allo-HCT. Treatment-related toxicities included neutropenic fever (38%), infection (35%), neurotoxicity (8%), and skin toxicity (8%). This is the first study to demonstrate HiDAC-6 as an active treatment option for younger patients with RR-AML which can effectively serve as a bridge to allo-HCT without significant toxicity.

Outcome of autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in refractory multiple myeloma.

BACKGROUND: Despite the introduction of effective, novel agents, the outcome of patients with refractory multiple myeloma remains poor, particularly those who are refractory to both proteasome inhibitors (PIs) and immunomodulatory agents (IMiDs). Limited data are available on the role of autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in this population. METHODS: Patients with refractory myeloma who underwent first autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (auto-HCT) between March 2000 and October 2015 were retrospectively analyzed. Those who had primary refractory disease and those with relapsed and refractory disease were included. Disease that was refractory to at least 1 PI and at least 1 IMiD was classified as double-refractory multiple myeloma (DR-MM). RESULTS: In total, 233 patients were identified, including 105 (45%) classified with DR-MM and 128 (55%) classified with nondouble-refractory myeloma (NDR-MM). At a median follow-up of 42 months for surviving patients, at least a partial response was observed in 188 patients (81%; 83 patients in the DR-MM group [79%] and 105 patients in the NDR-MM [82%]; P = .77). A near complete response or better was observed in 52 patients (22%; 25 patients in the DR-MM group [24%] and 27 patients in the NDR-MM group [21%]; P = .77). The median progression-free survival was 17.6 months (14.4 months in the DR-MM group and 18.2 months in the NDR-MM group), and the 2-year progression-free survival rate was 38% (35% in the DR-MM group and 40% in the NDR-MM group; P = .40). The median overall survival was 48 months (38.9 months in the DR-MM group and 56.6 months in the NDR-MM group), and the 2-year overall survival rate was 74% (71% in the DR-MM group and 76% in the NDR-MM group; P = .27). CONCLUSIONS: The current findings indicate that auto-HCT is an effective and safe therapy in patients with refractory multiple myeloma, including those who are refractory to IMiDs and PIs. Cancer 2017;123:3568-75. © 2017 American Cancer Society.

Hematopoietic Progenitor Cell Mobilization with Ifosfamide, Carboplatin, and Etoposide Chemotherapy versus Plerixafor-Based Strategies in Patients with Hodgkin and Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma.

Studies comparing the efficacy and safety of chemo-mobilization with ifosfamide, carboplatin, and etoposide (ICE) ± rituximab with plerixafor-based approaches in lymphoma patients have not been performed. We analyzed hematopoietic progenitor cell mobilization outcomes in lymphoma patients undergoing chemo-mobilization with ICE (n = 35) compared with either routine plerixafor (n = 30) or "just in time" (JIT) plerixafor-based mobilization (n = 33). Chemo-mobilization provided a significantly higher total CD34(+) cell yield (median collection, 5.35 × 10(6) cells/kg for ICE versus 3.15 × 10(6) cells/kg for routine plerixafor and 3.6 × 10(6) cells/kg for JIT plerixafor, P < .001). The median day 1 yield of CD34(+) cells was not significantly different (median, 2.2 × 10(6) cells/kg in ICE versus 1.9 × 10(6) cells/kg in upfront plerixafor versus 1.7 × 10(6) cells/kg in JIT plerixafor, P = .20). There was no significant difference in the 3 groups in terms of total number of apheresis sessions performed (median, 2 in each group; P = .78). There were no mobilization failures (inability to collect at least 2 × 10(6) cells/kg) in the chemo-mobilization group, whereas 5 patients (16.7%) in the routine plerixafor and 3 patients (9.1%) in JIT group had mobilization failure (P = .04). Mean time to neutrophil engraftment was faster in the chemo-mobilization group, 10.3 days (±1.2) compared with 12.1 days (±3.6) in the routine plerixafor group and 11.6 days (±3.0) in the JIT group (P < .001) and mean time to platelet engraftment was 13.7 days (±.7) in ICE versus 20.3 days (±1.6) in routine plerixafor versus 17.1 days (± .9) in JIT group (P < .001). Red blood cell transfusions were significantly higher in the chemo-mobilization group (34.3% versus 0 versus 3.2% versus 1, P < .001) and so were the platelet transfusions (22.9% versus 0 versus 0, P < .001). Excluding the cost of chemotherapy administration, chemo-mobilization was associated with significantly less mobilization cost (average cost $17,601.76 in ICE versus $28,963.05 in routine and $25,679.81 in JIT, P < .001). Our data suggests that chemo-mobilization with ICE provides a higher total CD34(+) cell yield, lower rates of mobilization failure, faster engraftment, and lower cost compared to plerixafor-based approaches with comparable toxicity profile between the groups, except for higher transfusion requirements with chemo-mobilization.

Hematopoietic progenitor cell mobilization with "just-in-time" plerixafor approach is a cost-effective alternative to routine plerixafor use.

BACKGROUND AIMS: Hematopoietic cell mobilization with granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) and plerixafor results in superior CD34+ cell yield compared with G-CSF alone in patients with myeloma and lymphoma. However, plerixafor-based approaches may be associated with high costs. Several institutions use a "just-in-time" plerixafor approach, in which plerixafor is only administered to patients likely to fail mobilization with G-CSF alone. Whether such an approach is cost-effective is unknown. METHODS: We evaluated 136 patients with myeloma or lymphoma who underwent mobilization with 2 approaches of plerixafor utilization. Between January 2010 and October 2012, 76 patients uniformly received mobilization with G-CSF and plerixafor. Between November 2012 and June 2014, 60 patients were mobilized with plerixafor administered only to those patients likely to fail mobilization with G-CSF alone. RESULTS: The routine plerixafor group had a higher median peak peripheral blood CD34+ cell count (62 versus 29 cells/µL, P < 0.001) and a higher median day 1 CD34+ yield (2.9 × 10(6) CD34+ cells/kg versus 2.1 × 10(6) CD34+ cells/kg, P = 0.001). The median total CD34+ collection was higher with routine plerixafor use (5.8 × 10(6) CD34+ cells/kg versus 4.5 × 10(6) CD34+ cells/kg, P = 0.007). In the "just-in-time" group, 40% (n = 24) completed adequate collection without plerixafor. There was no difference in mobilization failure rates. The mean plerixafor doses used was lower with "just-in-time" approach (1.3 versus 2.1, P = 0.0002). The mean estimated cost in the routine plerixafor group was higher (USD 27,513 versus USD 23,597, P = 0.01). DISCUSSION: Our analysis demonstrates that mobilization with a just-in-time plerixafor approach is a safe, effective, and cost-efficient strategy for HPC collection.

Impact of the duration of antiviral prophylaxis on rates of varicella-zoster virus reactivation disease in autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation recipients.

Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) reactivation is a relatively common cause of morbidity following autologous hematopoietic cell transplant (auto-HCT). The Centers for Disease Control in 2009 recommended extending VZV prophylaxis for 1 year post-transplantation. We retrospectively analyzed rates of VZV reactivation following auto-HCT at our transplant center prior to and after the implementation of extended antiviral prophylaxis in June 2008. The study population was divided into three different cohorts according to the length of VZV prophylaxis as following: (1) prophylaxis until neutrophil recovery to ≥500/µL (n = 77), (2) prophylaxis for 6 months (n = 12), or (3) 12 months (n = 40) post-auto-HCT. All patients received acyclovir 400 mg oral or intravenously twice daily or valacyclovir 500 mg oral daily. For patients in whom VZV reactivation occurred, data was collected on severity of infection, time of onset, treatment, and any associated complications. One hundred twenty-nine patients undergoing auto-HCT between January 1, 2004 and January 31, 2010 were included in the study. There was a significant difference in the rates of VZV reactivation between the neutrophil recovery and 12 months prophylaxis cohorts at 14 % (n = 11) and 2 % (n = 1) (P = 0.04), respectively. VZV reactivation rate in the 6-month prophylaxis group was 17 % (n = 2), but did not reach statistical significance due to small numbers. In the subset of auto-HCT patients treated with bortezomib, 13 % (n = 2) developed VZV reactivation in the neutrophil recovery group, while no events occurred in the other two cohorts. Complications of VZV reactivation include post-herpetic neuralgia (n = 5), severe pain (n = 3), scarring (n = 1), and motor weakness (n = 1); two patients required hospitalization and three patients developed disseminated zoster. Our limited retrospective analysis suggests a significant reduction in rates of post-auto-HCT rates of VZV reactivation with extended 12 months antiviral prophylaxis. VZV reactivation is a significant complication post-auto-HCT, and extended prophylaxis appears to be safe and effective in this setting.

Incidence and Pattern of Graft-versus-Host Disease in Patients Undergoing Allogeneic Transplantation after Nonmyeloablative Conditioning with Total Lymphoid Irradiation and Antithymocyte Globulin.

Nonmyeloablative (NMA) conditioning with total lymphoid irradiation and antithymocyte globulin (TLI/ATG) has been shown to protect against acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). We report here our institutional experience with allogeneic transplantation following NMA conditioning with TLI/ATG (n = 21). GVHD prophylaxis consisted of a combination of a calcineurin inhibitor and mycophenolate mofetil. Median patient age was 59 years. The median followup of surviving patients is 545 days. One patient experienced primary graft rejection. The median time to neutrophil engraftment was 18 days and platelet engraftment was 9.5 days. The cumulative incidence (CI) of grade II-IV acute GVHD at day +100 was 28.6% and 38.1% at day +180. The CI for grade III-IV acute GVHD was 28.6% at day +180. CI of chronic GVHD was 45.2% at 1 year. The CI of disease relapse was 9.5% at 1 year. The rate of nonrelapse mortality (NRM) was 0% at day +100 and only 9.5% at 1 year. The overall and progression free survival at 1 year was 81% and 80.4%, respectively. Our limited, retrospective data show encouraging relapse and NRM rates with TLI/ATG-based NMA conditioning, but with higher than previously reported rates of acute and chronic GVHD, underscoring the need for novel strategies designed to effectively prevent GVHD.