USEFULNESS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY: A BIBLIOMETRIC ANALYSIS AND MINIREVIEW.

BACKGROUND: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) has become a major source of disability worldwide, increasing the interest in algorithms that use Artificial Intelligence (AI) to optimize the interpretation of imaging studies, prognosis estimation, and critical care issues. In this study we present a bibliometric analysis and Mini Review on the main uses that have been developed for TBI in AI. METHODS: The results informing this review come from a Scopus database search as of April 15, 2023. The bibliometric analysis was carried out via the mapping bibliographic metrics method. Knowledge mapping was made in the VOSviewer software (V1.6.18), analyzing the "link strength" of networks based on co-occurrence of keywords, countries co-authorship and co-cited authors. In the mini-review section, we highlight the main findings and contributions of the studies. RESULTS: A total of 495 scientific publications were identified from 2000 to 2023, with 9262 citations published since 2013. Among the 160 journals identified, The Journal of Neurotrauma, Frontiers in Neurology, and Plos One where those with the greatest number of publications. The most frequently co-occurring keywords were: "machine learning", "deep learning", "magnetic resonance imaging", and "intracranial pressure". The United States accounted for more collaborations than any other country, followed by United Kingdom and China. Four co-citation author clusters were found, and the top 20 papers were divided into reviews and original articles. CONCLUSION: AI has become a relevant research field in TBI during the last 20 years, demonstrating great potential in imaging, but a more modest performance for prognostic estimation and neuromonitoring.

Recurrent genetic variants and prioritization of variants of uncertain clinical significance associated with hereditary breast and ovarian cancer in families from the Region of Murcia.

Objectives: Hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC) follows an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern of cancer susceptibility genes. The risk of developing this disease is primarily associated with germline mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. The advent of massive genetic sequencing technologies has expanded the mutational spectrum of this hereditary syndrome, thereby increasing the number of variants of uncertain clinical significance (VUS) detected by genetic testing. Methods: A prevalence study of HBOC was performed within 2,928 families from the Region of Murcia, in southeastern Spain. Genetic testing enabled the identification of recurrent pathogenic variants and founder mutations, which were mainly related to the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. VUS testing was performed using a prioritization algorithm designed by our working group. Results: Variants c.68_69del, c.212+1G>A, and c.5123C>A were detected in 30 % of BRCA1 carriers, whereas exon 2 deletion concurrent with c.3264dupT, c.3455T>G and c.9117G>A variants were found in 30 % of BRCA2 carriers. A total of 16 VUS (15 %) were prioritized. Conclusions: The genotype-phenotype correlation observed in our study is consistent with the scientific literature. Furthermore, the founder effect of c.1918C>T (BRCA1) and c.8251_8254del (ATM) was verified in the Murcian population, whereas exon 2 deletion (BRCA2) was proven to be a Spanish founder mutation. Our algorithm enabled us to prioritize potentially pathogenic VUS that required further testing to determine their clinical significance and potential role in HBOC.

Clinical characteristics of early-onset gastric cancer. A study in a Colombian population.

Gastric cancer is a multifactorial disease with important genetic and environmental factors. It is the fifth most common cancer in incidence, and the fourth cause of death secondary to cancer. The incidence of early-onset gastric cancer is increasing worldwide, but clinical information on these patients has not been well established. We analyzed the association between age and clinical, endoscopic, and histopathological characteristics of gastric cancer at the time of diagnosis in a Latin American population. A retrospective and descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out using the database of the Gastroenterology Service of the Clínica Foscal and Clínica Foscal Internacional in Bucaramanga, Colombia. Between January 2016 and December 2019, 259 de novo gastric cancer cases were diagnosed, of which 36 patients (13.9%) were 40 years old or younger. In patients with early-onset gastric, the prevalence of gastric cancer diagnosis was lower in men. A family history of gastric cancer or any other neoplasm was not associated with a higher prevalence of gastric neoplasms. In young patients, vomiting and ascites were more common, the preferred anatomical location was the body of the stomach, and the Borrmann IV classification and the diffuse-type histology were more likely. Our study showed an approximation of the characteristics of early-onset gastric cancer in a Latin American population, where we observed that early-onset gastric cancer has different demographic, anatomical, and histological features than late-onset gastric cancer.

A novel therapeutic management for diabetes patients with chronic limb-threatening ischemia: comparison of autologous bone marrow mononuclear cells versus allogenic Wharton jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cells.

BACKGROUND: Chronic limb-threatening ischemia (CLTI) represents the final stage of peripheral arterial disease. Approximately one-third of patients with CLTI are not eligible for conventional surgical treatments. Furthermore, patients with advanced stage of CLTI are prone to amputation and death. Thus, an effective therapeutic strategy is urgently needed. In this context, autologous bone marrow mononuclear cell (auto-BM-MNC) and allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells represent a promising therapeutic approach for treating CLTI. In this study, we compared the safety and beneficial therapeutic effect of auto-BM-MNC versus allogeneic Wharton jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cells (allo-WJ-MSCs) in diabetic patients with CLTI. METHODS: We performed a randomized, prospective, double-blind and controlled pilot study. Twenty-four diabetic patients in the advanced stage of CLTI (4 or 5 in Rutherford's classification) and a transcutaneous oxygen pressure (TcPO2) below 30 mmHg were randomized to receive 15 injections of (i) auto-BM-MNC (7.197 × 106 ± 2.984 × 106 cells/mL) (n = 7), (ii) allo-WJ-MSCs (1.333 × 106 cells/mL) (n = 7) or (iii) placebo solution (1 mL) (n = 10), which were administered into the periadventitial layer of the arterial walls under eco-Doppler guidance. The follow-up visits were at months 1, 3, 6, and 12 to evaluate the following parameters: (i) Rutherford's classification, (ii) TcPO2, (iii) percentage of wound closure, (iv) pain, (v) pain-free walking distance, (vi) revascularization and limb-survival proportion, and (vii) life quality (EQ-5D questionnaire). RESULTS: No adverse events were reported. Patients with CLTI who received auto-BM-MNC and allo-WJ-MSCs presented an improvement in Rutherford's classification, a significant increase in TcPO2 values‬, a reduction in the lesion size in a shorter time, a decrease in the pain score and an increase in the pain-free walking distance, in comparison with the placebo group. In addition, the participants treated with auto-BM-MNC and allo-WJ-MSCs kept their limbs during the follow-up period, unlike the placebo group, which had a marked increase in amputation. CONCLUSIONS: Our results showed that patients with CLTI treated with auto-BM-MNC and allo-WJ-MSCs conserved 100% of their limb during 12 months of the follow-up compared to the placebo group, where 60% of participants underwent limb amputation in different times. Furthermore, we observed a faster improvement in the allo-WJ-MSC group, unlike the auto-BM-MNC group. Trial registration This study was retrospectively registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT05631444).

Clinical characteristics of early-onset gastric cancer. A study in a Colombian population

Gastric cancer is a multifactorial disease with important genetic and environmental factors. It is the fifth most common cancer in incidence, and the fourth cause of death secondary to cancer. The incidence of early-onset gastric cancer is increasing worldwide, but clinical information on these patients has not been well established. We analyzed the association between age and clinical, endoscopic, and histopathological characteristics of gastric cancer at the time of diagnosis in a Latin American population. A retrospective and descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out using the database of the Gastroenterology Service of the Clínica Foscal and Clínica Foscal Internacional in Bucaramanga, Colombia. Between January 2016 and December 2019, 259 de novo gastric cancer cases were diagnosed, of which 36 patients (13.9%) were 40 years old or younger. In patients with early-onset gastric, the prevalence of gastric cancer diagnosis was lower in men. A family history of gastric cancer or any other neoplasm was not associated with a higher prevalence of gastric neoplasms. In young patients, vomiting and ascites were more common, the preferred anatomical location was the body of the stomach, and the Borrmann IV classification and the diffuse-type histology were more likely. Our study showed an approximation of the characteristics of early-onset gastric cancer in a Latin American population, where we observed that early-onset gastric cancer has different demographic, anatomical, and histological features than late-onset gastric cancer.

El cáncer gástrico es una enfermedad multifactorial con importantes factores genéticos y ambientales. Es el quinto cáncer más común en incidencia y la cuarta causa de muerte secundaria al cáncer. La incidencia del cáncer gástrico de inicio temprano está aumentando en todo el mundo, pero la información clínica sobre estos pacientes no está bien establecida. Analizamos la asociación entre la edad y las características clínicas, endoscópicas e histopatológicas del cáncer gástrico al momento del diagnóstico en una población latinoamericana. Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo y descriptivo de corte transversal utilizando la base de datos del Servicio de Gastroenterología de la Clínica Foscal y Clínica Foscal Internacional en Bucaramanga, Colombia. Entre enero de 2016 y diciembre de 2019 se diagnosticaron 259 casos de cáncer gástrico de novo, de los cuales 36 pacientes (13,9%) tenían 40 años o menos. En pacientes con enfermedad gástrica de inicio temprano, la prevalencia del diagnóstico de cáncer gástrico fue menor en los hombres. El antecedente familiar de cáncer gástrico o cualquier otra neoplasia no se asoció con una mayor prevalencia de neoplasias gástricas. En pacientes jóvenes fueron más frecuentes los vómitos y la ascitis, la localización anatómica preferida fue el cuerpo del estómago, siendo más probable la clasificación de Borrmann IV y la histología de tipo difuso. Nuestro estudio mostró una aproximación a las características del cáncer gástrico de inicio temprano en una población latinoamericana, donde observamos que el cáncer gástrico de inicio temprano tiene diferentes características demográficas, anatómicas e histológicas que el cáncer gástrico de inicio tardío.

Holística / Holistic

(Figura 1) Inspirada en la labor de la enfermería en la historia de la humanidad, y entregada como obsequio para el programa de Enfermería de la Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga (UNAB) en la celebración de sus 15 años, la obra muestra una enfermera con indumentaria que evoca las voluntarias francocanadienses de la Primera Guerra Mundial, con algunos rasgos fenotípicos de mujer latina en combinación anacrónica con la torre (UNAB), símbolo institucional de fondo. La guerra y el conflicto armado son situaciones presentes desde el inicio de la humanidad. En una guerra todos pierden y el único triunfo lo representan las vidas que se salvan. Las enfermeras en el mundo han sido determinantes para la derrota del coloso devorador de vidas que se alimenta de la codicia sempiterna y hegemónica promotora de la violencia política de los pueblos.

(Figure 1) Inspired by the work of nursing in the history of humanity, and given as a gift for the Nursing Program of the Autonomous University of Bucaramanga (UNAB) in the celebration of its 15th anniversary. The work exhibits a nurse in clothing that evokes the Franco-Canadian volunteers of the First World War, with some phenotypical features of a Latin woman in anachronistic combination with the tower (UNAB), an institutional symbol in the background. War and armed conflict are present situations since the beginning of humanity. In a war everyone loses and the only triumph is represented by the lives that are saved. Nurses in the world have been decisive for the defeat of the life-devouring colossus that feeds on the eternal greed and hegemonic promoter of the political violence of the peoples.

Role of mesenchymal stromal cells derivatives in diabetic foot ulcers: a controlled randomized phase 1/2 clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: Diabetes-related foot complications have been identified as the most common isolated cause of morbidity among patients with diabetes and the leading cause of amputation. Therefore, new strategies to stimulate skin regeneration may provide a novel therapeutic approach to reduce non-healing ulcer disease. Recently, we demonstrated in proof-of-concept in humans that administration of allogeneic bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cellss derivatives (allo-hBM-MSCDs) is effective in a similar way to the use of allogeneic bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cellss (allo-hBM-MSCs) in grade 2 diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs). AIM: To assess the safety and efficacy profile of the allo-hBM-MSCDs relative to the conventional approach (PolyMen® dressing) in 1/2 clinical trial phases in patients with grade 1 and 2 DFUs. METHODS: In the present study, we used 2 doses of allo-hBM-MSCDs (1 mL) or 1 dose of allo-hBM-MSCs (1 × 106 cells) intradermally injected around wounds and assessed their safety and effectiveness, relative to the conventional approach (PolyMem dressing). Allo-hBM-MSCDs and allo-hBM-MSCs were produced in a certified Good Manufacturing Practice-type Laboratory. Patients with grade 1 and 2 DFUs were randomized to receive allo-hBM-MSCDs (n=12), allo-hBM-MSCs (n=6) or conventional treatment (PolyMem dressing) (n=10). The wound-healing process was macroscopically evaluated until the complete closure of the ulcers. RESULTS: No adverse events were reported. Patients with grade 1 and 2 DFUs treated with either allo-hBM-MSCDs or allo-hBM-MSCs, achieved greater percentages of wound closure, enhanced skin regeneration in shorter times and a greater ulcer-free survival relative to the patients who received conventional treatment. Finally, through proteomic analysis, we elucidated the proteins and growth factors that are secreted by allo-hBM-MSCs and relevant to the wound-healing process. In addition, by combining proteomics with Gene Ontology analysis, we comprehensively classified secreted proteins on both biological process and molecular function. CONCLUSIONS: In this phase 1/2 trial, our cumulative results suggest that 2 doses of allo-hBM-MSCDs combined with a wound dressing are a safe and effective treatment for grade 1 and 2 DFUs.

Adherencia al tratamiento anticoagulante oral por fibrilación auricular no valvular en personas mayores de 65 años / Adherence to oral anticoagulation in non-valvular atrial fibrillation in patients over 65 years

Resumen Introducción: la fibrilación auricular no valvular es la arritmia cardiaca más frecuente en las personas mayores que se ha relacionado con diferentes desenlaces adversos, como el ataque cerebrovascular, el cual en el 80% de los casos se puede prevenir con anticoagulantes orales, beneficio que está condicionado por una adecuada adherencia terapéutica. Objetivo: determinar la adherencia al tratamiento anticoagulante en pacientes mayores de 65 años con fibrilación auricular no valvular y factores asociados. Método: estudio observacional analítico de corte transversal, realizado en la clínica de anticoagulación de la Fundación Oftalmológica de Santander, en el que se evaluó la adherencia terapéutica por la escala de Morisky 8 en 102 pacientes, con un promedio de edad de 76 años. Se analizaron variables sociodemográficas, clínicas, síndromes geriátricos y relacionadas con el sistema de salud, luego se realizó un análisis bivariado. Se aceptó como significancia estadística un valor de p < 0.05. Resultados: se encontró adherencia farmacológica baja en el 42,1%; el olvido en la toma de su medicamento (50%) fue el factor más frecuente. Aspectos relacionados con el sistema de salud, como la inconformidad con el despacho del medicamento anticoagulante (OR: 2,97; IC 95%: 1.1-8.2; p = 0,02) y el despacho inoportuno (OR: 5.85; IC 95%: 1.5-32.8; p = 0,005) fueron variables asociadas a baja adherencia terapéutica. La toma de antiagregantes plaquetarios (p = 0,04) y la polifarmacia (p = 0,04) se asociaron con adherencia farmacológica moderada y alta. Conclusiones: la prevalencia de baja adherencia al tratamiento farmacológico es significativa. Es necesario conocer algunos aspectos del sistema de salud que limitan la adherencia dado que impactan en la efectividad de los anticoagulantes orales en población mayor.

Abstract Introduction: non-valvular atrial fibrillation is the most common cardiac arrhythmia in the elderly and has been related to different adverse outcomes such as stroke, which in 80% of cases can be prevented with oral anticoagulants, a benefit that is conditioned by an adequate therapeutic adherence. Objective: to determine adherence to anticoagulant treatment in patients older than 65 years with non-valvular atrial fibrillation and associated factors. Methodology: cross-sectional analytical observational study conducted at the FOSCAL anticoagulation clinic. Therapeutic adherence was evaluated using the Morisky 8 scale in 102 patients, with an average age of 76 years. Sociodemographic, clinical, geriatric syndrome and health system-related variables were analyzed, then a bivariate analysis was performed. A value of p < 0.05 was accepted as statistical significance. Results: Low pharmacological adherence was found in 42.1%, whose main cause was forgetting to take their medication (50%), likewise, the variables associated with the health system with low adherence were disagreement with the dispatch of the anticoagulant medication (OR: 2.97; 95% CI: 1.1-8.2; p = 0,02) and untimely dispatch (OR: 5.85; CI 95% 1.5-32.8; p = 0,005). Taking antiplatelet agents (p = 0.04) and the presence of polypharmacy (p = 0.04) were associated with moderate and high pharmacological adherence. Conclusions: the prevalence of low adherence to pharmacological treatment is significant. It is necessary to know some aspects of the health system that limit adherence since they impact the effectiveness of oral antiocogulants in the elderly population.

La enseñanza de la bioética para el fortalecimiento de la práctica biomédica y la investigación en las escuelas de ciencias de la salud / The Teaching of Bioethics for the Strengthening of Biomedical Practice and Research in Healthcare Sciences Schools / O ensino da bioética para o fortalecimento da prática biomédica e de pesquisa nas escolas de ciências da saúde

Introducción. La UNESCO define la bioética como el estudio sistemático, pluralista e interdisciplinario, para resolver los problemas éticos planteados por la medicina, las ciencias sociales y de la vida, comprendiendo lo relativo a los adelantos científicos aplicados a seres humanos y su relación con la biósfera. La UNESCO, asistida por un comité internacional de expertos, presentó en el 2016 el plan de estudios básico de bioética "The Bioethics Core Curriculum", orientado a fortalecer su enseñanza en ambientes universitarios. El objetivoprincipal de este manuscrito fue identificar los referentes conceptuales y los esfuerzos multilaterales para la inclusión de la bioética en los currículos, señalando su pertinencia para el mejoramiento continuo, el fortalecimiento de la enseñanza y la investigación en las ciencias biomédicas. Temas de reflexión. Referentes conceptuales vigentes, esfuerzos multilaterales en la enseñanza de la bioética, política nacional de ética de la investigación, bioética e integridad científica. Conclusiones. La bioética, como ciencia de la supervivencia, es un pilar fundamental para la práctica de las ciencias biomédicas. Es evidente la necesidad de formar y preparar de manera adecuada a los futuros profesionales, líderes de opinión, académicos, investigadores, políticos y tomadores de decisiones en aspectos bioéticos, con el propósito de mejorar y fortalecer la formulación de referentes bioéticos en la práctica biomédica y la investigación en ciencias de la salud.

Introduction. UNESCO defines bioethics as the systematic, pluralist, and interdisciplinary study to resolve the ethical problems posed by medicine, social sciences, and life, understanding matters related to scientific progress applied to human beings and their relationship with the biosphere. In 2016, UNESCO, aided by an international committee of experts, presented "The Bioethics Core Curriculum", aimed at strengthening its teaching in universities environment. The main objective of this manuscript was to identify the conceptual references and multilateral efforts for the inclusion of bioethics in curricula, indicating their relevance for continuous improvement, strengthening of teaching, and research in biomedical sciences. Topics of reflection. Current conceptual references, multilateral efforts in bioethics teaching, national research ethics, bioethics, and scientific integrity policy. Conclusions. Bioethics, as a survival science, is a fundamental pillar for the practice of biomedical sciences. The need to educate and adequately prepare future professionals, opinion leaders, academics, researchers, politicians, and decision makers in aspects of bioethics is obvious, in order to improve and strengthen the formulation of bioethical references in biomedical practice and research in healthcare sciences

Introdução. A UNESCO define bioética como o estudo sistemático, pluralista e interdisciplinar para resolver os problemas éticos colocados pela medicina, ciências sociais e da vida, incluindo questões relacionadas aos avanços científicos aplicados ao ser humano e sua relação com a biosfera. A UNESCO, auxiliada por um comitê internacional de especialistas, apresentou em 2016 o currículo básico de bioética "The Bioethics Core Curriculum", visando fortalecer seu ensino em ambientes universitários. O objetivo principal deste manuscrito foi identificar as referências conceituais e os esforços multilaterais para a inclusão da bioética nos currículos, apontando sua relevância para a melhoria contínua, fortalecimento do ensino e da pesquisa em ciências biomédicas. Tópicos de reflexão. Referências conceituais atuais, esforços multilaterais no ensino de bioética, política nacional de ética em pesquisa, bioética e integridade científica. Conclusões. A bioética, como ciência da sobrevivência, é um pilar fundamental para a prática das ciências biomédicas. Fica evidente a necessidade de formar e preparar adequadamente futuros profissionais, formadores de opinião, acadêmicos, pesquisadores, políticos e tomadores de decisão em aspectos bioéticos, com o objetivo de melhorar e fortalecer a formulação de referências bioéticas na prática biomédica e na pesquisa em ciências da saúde.

Incidencia de parálisis diafragmática secundaria a bloqueo supraclavicular de plexo braquial medida por ecografía en una institución de cuarto nivel / Incidence of Diaphragmatic Paralysis Secondary to Supraclavicular Brachial Plexus Blockade Measured by Ultrasound in a Fourth Level Institution / Incidência de paralisia diafragmática secundária ao bloqueio supraclavicular do plexo braquial medida por ultrassonografia em uma instituição de quarto nivel

Introducción. La anestesia regional es una técnica importante, innovadora y popular para el manejo anestésico y analgésico. En el bloqueo supraclavicular del plexo braquial existe incidencia 50-60% de parálisis diafragmática. La presentación clínica es variable de acuerdo con factores externos e internos del paciente. Existen múltiples técnicas radiológicas en el diagnóstico, siendo de gran utilidad la ecografía por su fácil acceso. El objetivo es determinar la incidencia de parálisis diafragmática secundaria a bloqueo supraclavicular del plexo braquial guiado por ecografía en una institución de cuarto nivel. Metodología. Estudio analítico, longitudinal, prospectivo; se seleccionaron 110 pacientes. Criterios de inclusión: pacientes mayores de 18 años sometidos a cirugía de miembro superior con bloqueo supraclavicular de plexo braquial. Criterios exclusión: pacientes ASA (American Society of anesthesiologist) 4 y 5, gestantes, IMC >35 kg/m2, pacientes con antecedentes neuromusculares, enfermedad pulmonar restrictiva u obstructiva, parálisis nervio frénico o disfunción diafragmática. Se realizó un análisis mediante test estadísticos, describiendo los diferentes grados de parálisis diafragmática. Resultados. En los pacientes que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión, la incidencia de parálisis diafragmática fue de 65% (37% parálisis total y 28% parcial), el 1.81% presentó síntomas respiratorios sin cambios hemodinámicos. Discusión. El bloqueo del plexo braquial por vía supraclavicular es una técnica relacionada con parálisis diafragmática, la ecografía ha permitido reducir la incidencia de esta complicación, es un método útil en el diagnóstico postoperatorio. Conclusiones. La parálisis diafragmática post bloqueo plexo braquial supraclavicular es una complicación observada principalmente en pacientes con previo compromiso pulmonar, por lo cual es de importancia la vigilancia estricta.

Introduction. Regional anesthesia is an important, innovative, and popular technique for anesthetic and painkiller management. In supraclavicular brachial plexus blockade, there is a 50-60% rate of diaphragmatic paralysis. Clinical presentation is variable according to the patient's internal and external factors. There are multiple radiological techniques in diagnosis, with ultrasounds being very useful due to their easy access. The objective is to determine the incidence of diaphragmatic paralysis secondary to supraclavicular brachial plexus blockade guided by ultrasound in a fourth level institution. Methodology. Prospective, longitudinal, analytical study. 110 patients were selected. Inclusion criteria: patients over 18 years of age subject to upper limb surgery with supraclavicular brachial plexus blockade. Exclusion criteria: ASA (American Society of Anesthesiologists) 4 and 5 patients, pregnant women BMI >35 kg/m2 patients with neuromuscular background, restrictive or obstructive pulmonary disease, phrenic nerve paralysis, or diaphragmatic dysfunction. An analysis was carried out via statistical tests, describing the different degrees of diaphragmatic paralysis. Results. In patients who met the inclusion criteria, the incidence of diaphragmatic paralysis was 65% (37% with total and 28% with partial paralysis), 1.81% showed respiratory symptoms without hemodynamic changes. Discussion. Supraclavicular brachial plexus blockade is a technique related to diaphragmatic paralysis. Ultrasound has allowed for the incidence of this complication to be reduced. It is a useful method in post-operative diagnosis. Conclusions. Diaphragmatic paralysis after supraclavicular brachial plexus blockade is a complication mainly observed in patients with previous pulmonary problems. Therefore, it must be strictly monitored.

Introdução. A anestesia regional é uma técnica importante, inovadora e popular para o manejo anestésico e analgésico. No bloqueio supraclavicular do plexo braquial há uma incidência de 50-60% de paralisia diafragmática. A apresentação clínica é variável de acordo com fatores externos e internos do paciente. Existem múltiplas técnicas radiológicas no diagnóstico, sendo a ultrassonografia muito útil devido ao seu fácil acesso. O objetivo é determinar a incidência de paralisia diafragmática secundária ao bloqueio supraclavicular do plexo braquial guiado por ultrassom em uma instituição de quarto nível. Metodologia. Estudo analítico, longitudinal, prospectivo; 110 pacientes foram selecionados. Critérios de inclusão: pacientes maiores de 18 anos submetidos à cirurgia de membro superior com bloqueio supraclavicular do plexo braquial. Critérios de exclusão: pacientes ASA (American Anesthesiology Society) 4 e 5, gestantes, IMC>35 kg/m2 pacientes com história neuromuscular, doença pulmonar restritiva ou obstrutiva, paralisia do nervo frênico ou disfunção diafragmática. Foi realizada uma análise por meio de testes estatísticos, descrevendo os diferentes graus de paralisia diafragmática. Resultados. Nos pacientes que atenderam aos critérios de inclusão, a incidência de paralisia diafragmática foi de 65% (37% paralisia total e 28% parcial), 1.81% apresentavam sintomas respiratórios sem alterações hemodinâmicas. Discussão. O bloqueio do plexo braquial supraclavicular é uma técnica relacionada à paralisia diafragmática, a ultrassonografia tem reduzido a incidência dessa complicação e é um método útil no diagnóstico pós-operatório. Conclusões. A paralisia diafragmática após bloqueio do plexo braquial supraclavicular é uma complicação observada principalmente em pacientes com envolvimento pulmonar prévio, pelo que é importante vigilância rigorosa.

Surfactant Protein D Influences Mortality During Abdominal Sepsis by Facilitating Escherichia coli Colonization in the Gut.

Determine the role of surfactant protein D (SPD) in sepsis. DESIGN: Murine in vivo study. SETTING: Research laboratory at an academic medical center. PATIENTS: SPD knockout (SPD-/-) and wild-type (SPD+/+) mice. INTERVENTIONS: SPD-/- and SPD+/+ mice were subjected to cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). After CLP, Escherichia coli bacteremia was assessed in both groups. Cecal contents from both groups were cultured to assess for colonization by E. coli. To control for parental effects on the microbiome, SPD-/- and SPD+/+ mice were bred from heterozygous parents, and levels of E. coli in their ceca were measured. Gut segments were harvested from mice, and SPD protein expression was measured by Western blot. SPD-/- mice were gavaged with green fluorescent protein, expressing E. coli and recombinant SPD (rSPD). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: SPD-/- mice had decreased mortality and decreased E. coli bacteremia compared with SPD+/+ mice following CLP. At baseline, SPD-/- mice had decreased E. coli in their cecal flora. When SPD-/- and SPD+/+ mice were bred from heterozygous parents and then separated after weaning, less E. coli was cultured from the ceca of SPD-/- mice. E. coli gut colonization was increased by gavage of rSPD in SPD-/- mice. The source of enteric SPD in SPD+/+ mice was the gallbladder. CONCLUSIONS: Enteral SPD exacerbates mortality after CLP by facilitating colonization of the mouse gut with E. coli.

Next step in molecular genetics of hereditary breast/ovarian cancer: Multigene panel testing in clinical actionably genes and prioritization algorithms in the study of variants of uncertain significance.

INTRODUCTION: BRCA1 and BRCA2 are the two main genes causing hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC). However, thanks to the development of Next Generation Sequencing (NGS), other genes linked to this syndrome (CHEK2, BRIP1, ATM and PALB2 among others) can be analysed. MATERIAL AND METHODS: an analysis by multigene panel testing was performed in 138 index cases (ICs) from HBOC Spanish families with a previous non-informative result for BRCA1/2. The BRCA Hereditary Cancer Master™ Plus kit, including 26 actionable and candidate genes related to HBOC was employed. Once classified, an algorithm was employed to prioritized those variants of unknown significance with a higher risk of having a deleterious effect. Moreover, a mRNA splicing assay was performed for the prioritized VUS c.3402+3A > C in ATM, located at intron 23. RESULTS: A total of 82 variants were found: 70 VUS and 12 pathogenic or probably pathogenic variants. The diagnostic yield in actionable genes non-BRCA was 7.97% of the total tested ICs. Overall, 19 VUS were prioritized, which meant 27% of the 70 total VUS. RNA analysis of the variant 3402+3A > C confirmed a deleterious impact on splicing. DISCUSSION: The implementation of a multigene panel in HBOC studied families improved the diagnostic yield, concordant with results obtained in previous publications. Due to the important number of VUS obtained in NGS, the application of a prioritization algorithm is needed in order to select those variants in which it is necessary to conduct further studies.

Single serine on TSC2 exerts biased control over mTORC1 activation mediated by ERK1/2 but not Akt.

Tuberous sclerosis complex-2 (TSC2) negatively regulates mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), and its activity is reduced by protein kinase B (Akt) and extracellular response kinase (ERK1/2) phosphorylation to activate mTORC1. Serine 1364 (human) on TSC2 bidirectionally modifies mTORC1 activation by pathological growth factors or hemodynamic stress but has no impact on resting activity. We now show this modification biases to ERK1/2 but not Akt-dependent TSC2-mTORC1 activation. Endothelin-1-stimulated mTORC1 requires ERK1/2 activation and is bidirectionally modified by phospho-mimetic (S1364E) or phospho-silenced (S1364A) mutations. However, mTORC1 activation by Akt-dependent stimuli (insulin or PDGF) is unaltered by S1364 modification. Thrombin stimulates both pathways, yet only the ERK1/2 component is modulated by S1364. S1364 also has negligible impact on mTORC1 regulation by energy or nutrient status. In vivo, diet-induced obesity, diabetes, and fatty liver couple to Akt activation and are also unaltered by TSC2 S1364 mutations. This contrasts to prior reports showing a marked impact of both on pathological pressure-stress. Thus, S1364 provides ERK1/2-selective mTORC1 control and a genetic means to modify pathological versus physiological mTOR stimuli.

mTORC1 is a mechanosensor that regulates surfactant function and lung compliance during ventilator-induced lung injury.

The acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a highly lethal condition that impairs lung function and causes respiratory failure. Mechanical ventilation (MV) maintains gas exchange in patients with ARDS but exposes lung cells to physical forces that exacerbate injury. Our data demonstrate that mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) is a mechanosensor in lung epithelial cells and that activation of this pathway during MV impairs lung function. We found that mTORC1 is activated in lung epithelial cells following volutrauma and atelectrauma in mice and humanized in vitro models of the lung microenvironment. mTORC1 is also activated in lung tissue of mechanically ventilated patients with ARDS. Deletion of Tsc2, a negative regulator of mTORC1, in epithelial cells impairs lung compliance during MV. Conversely, treatment with rapamycin at the time MV is initiated improves lung compliance without altering lung inflammation or barrier permeability. mTORC1 inhibition mitigates physiologic lung injury by preventing surfactant dysfunction during MV. Our data demonstrate that, in contrast to canonical mTORC1 activation under favorable growth conditions, activation of mTORC1 during MV exacerbates lung injury and inhibition of this pathway may be a novel therapeutic target to mitigate ventilator-induced lung injury during ARDS.

Síndrome de Cotard en una paciente con lupus eritematoso sistémico y meningioma petroclival izquierdo / Cotard's syndrome in a female patient with systemic lupus erythematosus and left petroclival meningioma

El síndrome de Cotard es una entidad rara en la cual el paciente manifiesta ideas delirantes acerca de que se encuentra sin vida o que sus órganos internos se encuentran en estado de descomposición, entre otras alteraciones psicopatológicas. Existen diferentes reportes sobre el síndrome en diversas culturas y poblaciones. Usualmente tiene presentaciones neuropsiquiátricas y se lo identifica acompañando entidades neurológicas, metabólicas, infecciosas, entre otras. A través de este reporte de caso, se presenta una paciente con lupus eritematoso sistémico, que desarrolló este tipo de ideas delirantes y durante su hospitalización se detectó un meningioma petroclival izquierdo. Finalmente, se llegó a la conclusión de que no se encontraba en actividad lúpica y que la ubicación del tumor no sería la causante de la alteración conductual. El Síndrome de Cotard es un trastorno neuropsiquiátrico poco común, que debe ser considerado ante la existencia de ideas delirantes de tipo nihilistas

Cotard's syndrome is a rare entity in which the patient manifests delusional ideas about being lifeless or that his/her internal organs are in a state of decomposition, among other psychopathological alterations. There are different reports in different cultures and populations about the syndrome. It usually has neuropsychiatric presentations and is identified by accompanying neurological, metabolic, and infectious entities, among others. In this case report, a female patient with systemic lupus erythematosus is presented, who developed this type of delusions and during her hospitalization a left petroclival meningioma was detected. Finally, it was concluded that she was not in lupus activity and that the location of the tumor was not the cause of the behavioral alteration. Cotard's syndrome is a rare neuropsychiatric disorder, which should be considered when there are nihilistic delusions

Prevalência de tejido mamario denso en una población de Bucaramanga, Colombia / Prevalence of breast dense in a population in Bucaramanga, Colombia

Resumen Objetivo: Establecer la prevalencia de mujeres mayores de 50 años con mamas densas estudiadas por mamografía en el área de Bucaramanga. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo retrospectivo durante el periodo comprendido entre enero de 2014 y agosto de 2015, en el que se revisaron 10.110 mamografías de pacientes mayores de 50 años. Posteriormente, se hizo una revisión de la literatura en las principales bases de datos. Resultados: De las 10.110 mamografías realizadas, 4.448 fueron encontradas como positivas para mama densa. De estas, el 39,69% correspondió a tejido mamario heterogéneamente denso y el 4,29%, a tejido mamario extremadamente denso, para un total de 43,9% de los casos estudiados. Conclusión: La densidad mamaria es un factor de riesgo independiente de cáncer de mama, considerado de mediana importancia frente a otros factores. A medida que incrementa la densidad mamaria, se genera la superposición del tejido mamario radio-opaco que puede ocultar y llegar a retardar el diagnóstico de un cáncer subyacente. Dada la alta prevalencia de tejido mamario denso encontrado en la población estudiada, se sugiere complementar el tamizaje con otros métodos de imágenes.

Abstract Objective: To establish the prevalence of dense breast tissue in a group of women aged over 50 years, who were studied with mammography in the city of Bucaramanga (Colombia). Methods: A retrospective descriptive study was conducted from January 2014 to August 2015; 10.110 mammograms of patients aged over 50 years were reviewed. Subsequently, a review of the literature in the main databases was made. Results: From 10.110 mammograms that were performed, 4.448 were found to be positive for dense breast tissue. 39,69% had heterogeneously dense breast tissue, and 4,29% extremely dense breast tissue, for a total result of 43,9% patients with positive dense breast tissue. Conclusion: Breast density is an independent risk factor for breast cancer, being of medium importance compared with other factors. As the breast density increases, the overlap of the radiopaque breast tissue that can hide and delay the diagnosis of an underlying cancer is generated. The high prevalence of dense breast tissue that we found in this population suggests the need of complementing screening with other imaging methods.

Modelos matemáticos estimadores de la infección por COVID-19: consideraciones esenciales y proyecciones en Colombia / Mathematical models for COVID-19 infection estimation: essential considerations and projections in Colombia

RESUMEN Objetivo Estimar el comportamiento de la infección por COVID-19 en Colombia mediante modelos matemáticos. Métodos Se construyeron dos modelos matemáticos para estimar los casos confirmados importados y los casos confirmados relacionados de la infección por COVID-19 en Colombia, respectivamente. La fenomenología de los casos confirmados importados es modelada con una función sigmoidal, mientras que los casos confirmados relacionados son modelados mediante una combinación de funciones exponenciales y funciones algebraicas polinomiales. Se utilizan algoritmos de ajuste basados en métodos de mínimos cuadrados y métodos de búsqueda directa para la determinación de los parámetros de los modelos. Resultados El modelo sigmodial realiza una estimación altamente convergente de los datos reportados, al 28 de mayo de 2020, de los casos confirmados importados de infección por COVID-19. El modelo muestra un error de predicción de 0,5%, que se mide usando la raíz del error cuadrático medio normalizado. El modelo para los casos confirmados reportados como relacionados muestra un error en la predicción del 3,5 % y un sesgo bajo del -0,01 asociado a la sobrestimación. Conclusiones El presente trabajo evidencia que los modelos matemáticos permiten eficaz y efectivamente predecir el comportamiento de la infección por COVID-19 en Colombia cuando los casos importados y los casos relacionados de infección son consideradores de manera independiente.(AU)

ABSTRACT Objective To estimate the COVID-19 infection behavior in Colombia using mathematical models. Methods Two mathematical models were constructed to estimate imported confirmed cases and related confirmed cases of COVID-19 infection in Colombia, respectively. The phenomenology of imported confirmed cases is modeled with sigmoidal function, while related confirmed cases are modeled using a combination of exponential functions and polynomial algebraic functions. The fitting algorithms based on least squares methods and direct search methods are used to determine the parameters of the models. Results The sigmodial model performs a highly convergent estimation of the reported confirmed cases of COVID-19 infection to May 28, 2020. This model achieved a prediction error of 0.5 % measured using the normalized root mean square error. The model of the confirmed cases reported as related shows a 3.5 % prediction error and a low bias of -0.01 associated with overestimation. Conclusions This work shows that the mathematical models allow to predict the behavior of the infection efficiently and effectively by COVID 19 in Colombia when the imported cases and the related cases of infection are independently considered.(AU)

Acute myopericarditis as a cause of isolated right ventricular failure.

Myopericarditis is characterized by pericardial and myocardial inflammation and is a known cause of chest pain and heart failure. It is primarily associated with biventricular or left ventricular dysfunction. We describe an unusual case of a 57-year-old woman with myopericarditis causing isolated right ventricular (RV) failure. She initially presented with chest pain and cardiogenic shock and was found to have acute RV dysfunction with a normally functioning left ventricle. After excluding more common causes of RV failure, she was diagnosed with acute myopericarditis. In this report, we discuss the differential diagnoses and work-up of acute RV failure, as well as review prior cases of RV-predominant myocarditis/myopericarditis. We highlight the importance of recognizing isolated RV failure as a possible, but rare, presentation of myopericarditis.

[Mathematical models for COVID-19 infection estimation: essential considerations and projections in Colombia]. / Modelos matemáticos estimadores de la infección por COVID-19: consideraciones esenciales y proyecciones en Colombia.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the COVID-19 infection behavior in Colombia using mathematical models. METHODS: Two mathematical models were constructed to estimate imported confirmed cases and related confirmed cases of COVID-19 infection in Colombia, respectively. The phenomenology of imported confirmed cases is modeled with sigmoidal function, while related confirmed cases are modeled using a combination of exponential functions and polynomial algebraic functions. The fitting algorithms based on least squares methods and direct search methods are used to determine the parameters of the models. RESULTS: The sigmodial model performs a highly convergent estimation of the reported confirmed cases of COVID-19 infection to May 28, 2020. This model achieved a prediction error of 0.5 % measured using the normalized root mean square error. The model of the confirmed cases reported as related shows a 3.5 % prediction error and a low bias of -0.01 associated with overestimation. CONCLUSIONS: This work shows that the mathematical models allow to predict the behavior of the infection efficiently and effectively by COVID 19 in Colombia when the imported cases and the related cases of infection are independently considered.

OBJETIVO: Estimar el comportamiento de la infección por COVID-19 en Colombia mediante modelos matemáticos. MÉTODOS: Se construyeron dos modelos matemáticos para estimar los casos confirmados importados y los casos confirmados relacionados de la infección por COVID-19 en Colombia, respectivamente. La fenomenología de los casos confirmados importados es modelada con una función sigmoidal, mientras que los casos confirmados relacionados son modelados mediante una combinación de funciones exponenciales y funciones algebraicas polinomiales. Se utilizan algoritmos de ajuste basados en métodos de mínimos cuadrados y métodos de búsqueda directa para la determinación de los parámetros de los modelos. RESULTADOS: El modelo sigmodial realiza una estimación altamente convergente de los datos reportados, al 28 de mayo de 2020, de los casos confirmados importados de infección por COVID-19. El modelo muestra un error de predicción de 0,5%, que se mide usando la raíz del error cuadrático medio normalizado. El modelo para los casos confirmados reportados como relacionados muestra un error en la predicción del 3,5 % y un sesgo bajo del -0,01 asociado a la sobrestimación. CONCLUSIONES: El presente trabajo evidencia que los modelos matemáticos permiten eficaz y efectivamente predecir el comportamiento de la infección por COVID-19 en Colombia cuando los casos importados y los casos relacionados de infección son consideradores de manera independiente.