Site-specific forms of antifreeze protein in the beetle Dendroides canadensis.

It was known previously that overwintering larvae of the beetle Dendroides canadensis produce antifreeze proteins (DAFPs) consisting of a family of 12 similar proteins, and based on sequence variations the DAFPs may be separated into three groups. DAFPs were known to be present in hemolymph, midgut fluid and in/on epidermal cells located immediately under the cuticle. However, only DAFPs-1, 2, and 4 were known to be present in the hemolymph, leaving the location of the others unknown. In this study, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry of hemolymph confirmed the presence of DAFPs-1, 2, and 4 (Group I), plus a protein consistent with the mass of DAFP-6 (Group I). Also, a review of older data revealed the co-purification of DAFP-6 along with DAFP-4 in hemolymph. However, none of the other DAFPs (Groups II and III) were present in hemolymph. In contrast, mass spectrometry of midgut fluid demonstrated the absence of DAFPs-1, 2, 4, or 6, however, proteins consistent with the masses of all, or a subset of, Groups II and/or III were present. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) showed that transcripts of all 12 DAFPs were present in the fat body. However, consistent with the MALDI-TOF data, only Groups II (8, 9, 10, 11) and III (3, 5, 7, 12) transcripts were found in midgut epithelia. RT-PCR of epidermal tissue identified dafps- 4, 6, 8 and 11 (and sometimes 1 and/or 2) as the major transcripts. These data suggest that various DAFPs may have evolved to function best in certain sites.

Molecular characterization and sequencing of antifreeze proteins from larvae of the beetle Dendroides canadensis.

The deduced amino acid sequences of antifreeze proteins (AFPs) from larvae of the beetle Dendroides canadensis were determined from both complementary DNAs (cDNAs) and from peptide sequencing. These consisted of proteins with a 25-residue signal peptide and mature proteins 83 (Dendroides antifreeze protein; DAFP-1) or 84 (DAFP-2) amino acids in length which differed at only two positions. Peptide sequencing yielded sequences which overlapped exactly with those of the deduced cDNA sequences of DAFP-1 and DAFP-2, while the partial sequence of another AFP (DAFP-3) matched 21 of 28 residues. Seven 12- or 13-mer repeating units are present in these antifreeze proteins with a consensus sequence consisting of: Cys-Thr-X3-Ser-X5-X6-Cys-X8-X9-Ala-X11-Thr-X1 3, where X3 and X11 tend toward charged residues, X5 tends toward threonine or serine, X6 toward asparagine or aspartate, X9 toward asparagine or lysine, and X13 toward alanine in the 13-mers. The most interesting feature of these proteins is that throughout the length of the mature antifreeze proteins every sixth residue is a cysteine. These sequences are not similar to any of the known fish AFPs, but they are similar to AFPs from the beetle Tenebrio molitor.

Midgut basal lamina thickness and dengue-1 virus dissemination rates in laboratory strains of Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae).

Strain differences in midgut basal lamina thickness, assessed by measurement in transmission electron micrographs, and disseminated infection rates of dengue-1 virus were compared among three laboratory strains of Aedes albopictus (Skuse). Mean basal lamina thickness for the New Orleans and Houston strains were significantly greater than those for the Oahu strain, which exhibits a higher disseminated infection rate than the former two. Although basal lamina thickness among the F1 progeny of reciprocal crosses of the Oahu and Houston strains were intermediate between the parental strains, they were too variable to be useful as markers in genetic studies. Measurements of basal laminae among individuals of the New Orleans strain, with disseminated or nondisseminated infections, failed to demonstrate a role for basal lamina thickness as a modulator of dengue-1 virus dissemination across the midgut epithelium of Ae. albopictus.

Frequencies of mitochondrial DNA haplotypes in laboratory cage populations of the mosquito, Aedes albopictus.

A laboratory cage experiment was undertaken to study changes over time in the frequencies of two mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplotypes in the mosquito, Aedes albopictus, under two conditions: bidirectionally compatible matings and unidirectionally incompatible matings. Frequencies were monitored for 10 generations in three replicate cages for each of the two conditions above. In cages with bidirectionally compatible strains, changes in haplotype frequencies were nondirectional and neither haplotype increased in frequency. Statistical analysis of relative proportions of the two haplotypes in each generation indicated that the magnitude of the observed fluctuations could be expected under an assumption of random genetic drift alone. In cages with unidirectionally incompatible matings, mtDNA of females that lay inviable eggs upon mating with males of another strain, decreased significantly in the F1 generation and was completely replaced in the F2 generation.