RESUMO
The pea leafminer, Chromatomyia horticola (Goureau) (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is a polyphagous and serious pest of peas. In India, this pest is attacked by many parasitoids and among them Diglyphus horticola Khan (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) is an important one, however, demographics and pest-kill potential of this parasitoid has not been studied so far. This study presents the first report on its demographics and pest-kill potential on C. horticola. The parasitoid showed three modes of host-killing behaviour viz. host-feeding, parasitism and host-stinging. The parasitoid females killed more number of hosts by parasitism than host-feeding or host-stinging. The pre-adult survival, net reproductive rate, intrinsic rate of increase (rm) and finite rate of increase (λ) were higher on the 5-days old host larvae than those reared on the 3-days old larvae. Demographics and pest-kill parameters of D. horticola were also better on 5-days old host larvae than on 3-days old host larvae. Based on the study, D. horticola appeared to be a promising biocontrol agent for the suppression of C. horticola in peas and could be promoted through conservation biological control. Further studies are required to standardize the mass production protocol and release rates to use the parasitoid by augmentation.
Assuntos
Dípteros , Himenópteros , Vespas , Feminino , Animais , Controle Biológico de Vetores/métodos , Larva , DemografiaRESUMO
ZIKV causes microcephaly by crossing the placental barrier, however, the mechanism of trans-placental dissemination of ZIKV remains unknown. Here, we sought to determine whether monocytes, which can cross tissue barriers, assist ZIKV dissemination to the fetus. We determined this by infecting monocytes with two strains of ZIKV: South American (PRVABC59) and Nigerian (IBH30656) and analyzing viral replication. We found that ZIKV infects and replicates in monocytes and macrophages, which results in the modulation of a large number of cellular genes. Analysis of these genes identified multiple pathways including inflammasome to be targeted by ZIKV, which was confirmed by analyzing the transcript levels of the proteins of inflammasome pathways, NLRP3, ASC, caspase 1, IL-1 and IL-18. Interestingly, IFNα and the IFN inducible gene, MxA were not enhanced, suggesting prevention of innate antiviral defense by ZIKV. Also, inhibition of inflammasome led to an increased transcriptional activity of IFNα, MxA and CXCL10. Based on these results we suggest that ZIKV transcription is regulated by inflammasomes.
Assuntos
Inflamassomos/metabolismo , Monócitos/virologia , Replicação Viral/fisiologia , Infecção por Zika virus/patologia , Quimiocina CXCL10/metabolismo , Humanos , Interferon-alfa/metabolismo , Macrófagos/patologia , Macrófagos/virologia , Monócitos/metabolismo , Monócitos/patologia , Proteínas de Resistência a Myxovirus/metabolismo , Proteína 3 que Contém Domínio de Pirina da Família NLR/genética , Proteína 3 que Contém Domínio de Pirina da Família NLR/metabolismo , RNA Mensageiro/genética , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , Transcrição Gênica , Zika virus/genéticaRESUMO
This research was conducted to study the effects of bacteriophage application during tumbling on Salmonella populations in ground meat and poultry. Red meat trim and poultry were inoculated with a Salmonella cocktail to result in a contamination level of 7logCFU/g in ground products. A commercial preparation containing bacteriophages S16 and Felix-O1a (FO1a) was applied during tumbling at 107 and 108PFU/ml. Samples were held at 4°C for 6h and 18h (red meat) and 30min and 6h (poultry). Overall, bacteriophage application on trim reduced 1 and 0.8logCFU/g of Salmonella in ground beef and ground pork, respectively. For ground chicken and ground turkey, Salmonella was reduced by 1.1 and 0.9logCFU/g, respectively. This study shows that bacteriophage application during tumbling of red meat trim and poultry can provide additional Salmonella control in ground products.
Assuntos
Bacteriófagos , Manipulação de Alimentos/métodos , Microbiologia de Alimentos , Inocuidade dos Alimentos/métodos , Carne/microbiologia , Salmonella/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Animais , Bovinos , Contagem de Colônia Microbiana , Humanos , Produtos da Carne/microbiologia , PerusRESUMO
Tuberculosis itself is a major public health problem in Nepal. The emergence of HIV has caused sharp increase in TB incidence in the community. Surveillance of TB/HIV co-infection helps in developing effective TB/HIV control strategies. The objective of this study was to measure prevalence of TB among HIV/AIDS patients in the selected regions. Between December 2006 and May 2008, a cross-sectional study was conducted in three different settings namely Tribhuvan University Teaching hospital, Kathmandu; Regional Tuberculosis Centre, Pokhara and Shree Siddhanath Science Campus, Mahendranagar. After taking informed consent pre-structured questionnaire was administered. Sputum specimen was collected from HIV/AIDS patients to investigate tuberculosis by culture and microscopy. Data analysis was done using SPSS 11.5. Of the 394 HIV infected persons, 225 (57.1%) were male and 169 (42.9%) female. The overall prevalence of TB was found to be 8.1%. Clinical signs and symptoms were significantly lower in those patients undergoing ART (chi2 value ranging from 4.19 to 9.13). However, development of tuberculosis is independent of ART status (chi2 value 1.14) and CD4 level (chi2 value 3.25). TB case detection rate by cultural technique was found to be twice as superior as direct microscopy. It can be concluded that smear negative TB constitute the significant proportion of TB cases in HIV infected persons.
Assuntos
Coinfecção/microbiologia , Infecções por HIV/microbiologia , Tuberculose/virologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Coinfecção/epidemiologia , Coinfecção/virologia , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Nepal/epidemiologia , Vigilância em Saúde Pública , Tuberculose/epidemiologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Tuberculosis (TB) is a major public health problem in Nepal. HIV co-infection has further added a serious challenge to control TB. An early diagnosis and treatment of TB in HIV infected individuals can help reduce not only the morbidity and mortality associated in this high risk group but also to control the TB burden in Nepal. METHODS: Clinical and bacteriological examination for pulmonary TB was carried out in 184 HIV positive persons from the community in Pokhara. Questionnaire was used to screen for symptoms and collect participants' demographic information and potential risk factors for TB. RESULTS: Eighty (43.5%) sero-positive participants were young adult (21-30 years), followed by 71 (38.6%) middle aged (31-40 years) persons. Eleven participants were found to have Mycobacterium tuberculosis in their sputum, giving an overall prevalence of tuberculosis of 5.97%. All 11 cases were detected by Acid Fast Bacilli (AFB) culture, of which only three cases were detected by direct microscopy of AFB stained sputum smear. The majority of TB/HIV patients were asymptomatic with low AFB smear positivity. No significant association was found between TB and risk factors like ARV status, common clinical features of tuberculosis and smoking habit. However, significant association was found between the alcohol consumption and TB (X2=4.11, p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: High prevalence of tuberculosis (5.97%) was found among HIV infected persons. Alcohol consumption was associated with the development of tuberculosis. Majority of the studied subjects were asymptomatic for common signs and symptoms of TB. Weight loss was observed in 43% of the studied subjects followed by chest pain (39.2%), loss of appetite (34.8%), fever (34.8%) and night sweat (26.1%). Only 27% of the TB cases were found to be smear-positive.
Assuntos
Soropositividade para HIV/epidemiologia , Tuberculose Pulmonar/epidemiologia , Adulto , Comorbidade , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Soroprevalência de HIV , Humanos , Masculino , Nepal/epidemiologia , Prevalência , Escarro/microbiologia , Tuberculose Pulmonar/diagnóstico , Tuberculose Pulmonar/fisiopatologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
The physico-chemical properties of oil from Moringa oleifera seeds from India were determined in the present study. The petroleum ether extracted oil ranged from 27.83 - 45.07% on kernel basis and 15.1-28.4% on whole seed basis in 20 different clones. Leaves and pods showed a good source of vitamin C. Oleic acid (C18:1) has been found to be the major fatty acid being 78.91-85.52% as compared to olive oil, which is considered to be richest source of oleic acid. All the clones from India did not show any presence of behenic acid (C 22:0). The oil was also found to contain high levels of beta-sitosterol ranged from 42.29-47.94% stigmasterol from 13.66-16.61%, campesterol from 12.53-16.63%. The gamma- and delta-tocopherol were found to be in the range of 128.0-146.95, 51.88-63.5 and 55.23-63.84 mg/kg, respectively.
Assuntos
Ácidos Graxos/análise , Variação Genética , Moringa oleifera/química , Moringa oleifera/genética , Óleos de Plantas/química , Sementes/química , Ácido Ascórbico/análise , Colesterol/análogos & derivados , Colesterol/análise , Índia , Moringa oleifera/classificação , Ácido Oleico/análise , Azeite de Oliva , Fitosteróis/análise , Sitosteroides/análise , Estigmasterol/análise , Tocoferóis/análise , gama-Tocoferol/análiseRESUMO
Latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA) encoded by open reading frame 73 (ORF73) is the major latent protein expressed in all forms of KSHV-associated malignancies. LANA is a large (222-234 kDa) nuclear protein that interacts with various cellular as well as viral proteins. LANA has been classified as an oncogenic protein as it dysregulates various cellular pathways including tumor suppressor pathways associated with pRb and p53 and can transform primary rat embryo fibroblasts in cooperation with the cellular oncogene Hras. It associates with GSK-3beta, an important modulator of Wnt signaling pathway leading to the accumulation of cytoplasmic beta-catenin, which upregulates Tcf/Lef regulated genes after entering into the nucleus. LANA also blocks the expression of RTA, the reactivation transcriptional activator, which is critical for the latency to lytic switch, and thus helps in maintaining viral latency. LANA tethers the viral episomal DNA to the host chromosomes by directly binding to its cognate binding sequence within the TR region of the genome through its C terminus and to the nucleosomes through the N terminus of the molecule. Tethering to the host chromosomes helps in efficient partitioning of the viral episomes in the dividing cells. Disruptions of LANA expression led to reduction in the episomal copies of the viral DNA, supporting its role in persistence of the viral DNA. The functions known so far suggest that LANA is a key player in KSHV-mediated pathogenesis.
Assuntos
Antígenos Virais/química , Antígenos Virais/fisiologia , Herpesvirus Humano 8/patogenicidade , Proteínas Nucleares/química , Proteínas Nucleares/fisiologia , Animais , Ciclo Celular , Diferenciação Celular , Replicação do DNA , Quinase 3 da Glicogênio Sintase/fisiologia , Glicogênio Sintase Quinase 3 beta , Humanos , Plasmídeos , RNA Mensageiro/análise , Proteína do Retinoblastoma/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteína Supressora de Tumor p53/fisiologia , Latência Viral , Replicação Viral , beta Catenina/fisiologia , Fatores de Transcrição de p300-CBP/metabolismoRESUMO
AIMS: The aim of this study was to enrich and isolate bacteria from a tannery soil that were capable of utilizing tannic acid and gallic acid as sole source of carbon aerobically, and to characterize their diversity in order to identify efficient strains that can be used for tannin bioremediation. METHODS AND RESULTS: Bacterial strains were isolated after enrichment in minimal medium with tannic acid or gallic acid as sole carbon source. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) restricted fragment length polymorphism of 16S rDNA [amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis (ARDRA)] and BOX-PCR was used to characterize their diversity. Two strains showing relatively high efficiency in degrading tannic acid and gallic acid were identified on the basis of carbon source utilization pattern (BIOLOG) and 16S rDNA sequence. CONCLUSIONS: Bacterial strains capable of degrading tannic acid and gallic acid could be grouped into six and seven clusters on the basis of ARDRA and BOX-PCR, respectively. On the basis of 16S rDNA sequence, the most efficient isolate degrading tannic acid belonged to Pseudomonas citronellolis, whereas the most efficient gallic acid degrader showed maximum phylogenetic relatedness to P. plecoglossicida. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Aerobic tannic acid degraders such as the two strains isolated in this study can be used for tannin bioremediation, and in the study of genes involved in the production of tannase, an industrially important enzyme.
Assuntos
Pseudomonas/genética , Microbiologia do Solo , Curtume , Taninos/metabolismo , Benzoatos/metabolismo , Carbono/metabolismo , DNA Bacteriano/análise , DNA Ribossômico/análise , Ácido Gálico/metabolismo , Hidrocarbonetos Aromáticos/metabolismo , Filogenia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/métodos , Polimorfismo de Fragmento de Restrição , Pseudomonas/metabolismo , Poluentes do Solo/efeitos adversosRESUMO
AIMS: The aim of this study was to isolate and identify bacterial strains capable of using recalcitrant compounds of molasses spent wash as sole carbon source from the soils of abandoned sites of distillery effluent discharge and characterize their ability of reducing the chemical oxygen demand (COD) of the spent wash. METHODS AND RESULTS: The isolates were grouped into six haplotypes by amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis (ARDRA) and BOX-PCR. The phylogenetic position of the representatives of the six main haplotypes strains was determined by 16S rDNA sequencing. They showed maximum similarity to six genera viz. Pseudomonas, Enterobacter, Stenotrophomonas, Aeromonas, Acinetobacter and Klebsiella. The extent of COD (44%) reduced collectively by the six strains was equal to that reduced individually by Aeromonas, Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas and Enterobacter. With spent wash as sole carbon source, the COD reducing strains grew faster at 37 degrees C than 30 degrees C. CONCLUSIONS: Bacterial strains capable of degrading some of the recalcitrant compounds of anaerobically digested molasses spent wash can be isolated from the soils of abandoned sites of distillery effluent discharge. Biostimulation of these bacteria, which can degrade 44% of the carbon compounds of anaerobically digested molasses spent wash can be achieved by nitrogen fertilization and relatively higher temperature. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Supplementation of nitrogen source and controlling the temperature can be used in evolving strategies for in situ bioremediation of anaerobically digested spent wash from distilleries.
Assuntos
Bactérias/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Resíduos Industriais , Melaço/microbiologia , Eliminação de Resíduos Líquidos/métodos , Bactérias/classificação , Bactérias/genética , Fenômenos Fisiológicos Bacterianos , Biodegradação Ambiental , Carbono/fisiologia , DNA Bacteriano/genética , Microbiologia Industrial/métodos , Consumo de Oxigênio , Filogenia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/métodos , RNA Ribossômico 16S/genética , Microbiologia do SoloRESUMO
A study of the diversity of endophytic bacteria present in seeds of a deepwater rice variety revealed the presence of seven types of BOX-PCR fingerprints. In order to evaluate the plant growth promoting potential the presence of nitrogenase, indole acetic acid production and mineral phosphate solubilization were estimated in the representative BOX-PCR types. The seven representatives of BOX-PCR types produced indole acetic acid, reduced acetylene and showed specific immunological cross-reaction with anti-dinitrogenase reductase antibody. Only four types showed mineral phosphate solubilizing ability. Comparison of cellulase and pectinase activities showed differences among different BOX-PCR types. PCR fingerprinting data showed that one strain isolated from the surface sterilized seeds as well as the aerial parts of the seedlings of rice variety showed low cellulase and pectinase but relatively high ARA. On the basis of 16S rDNA nucleotide sequence and BIOLOG system of bacterial identification, this strain was identified as Pantoea agglomerans. For studying the endophytic colonization this strain was genetically tagged with the reporter gene, gusA. Histochemical analysis of the seedling grown in hydroponics showed that the tagged strain colonized the root surface, root hairs, root cap, points of lateral root emergence, root cortex and the stelar region. Treatment of the roots with 2,4-D produced short thickened lateral roots which showed better colonization by P. agglomerans.
Assuntos
Oryza/microbiologia , Oryza/fisiologia , Ácido 2,4-Diclorofenoxiacético/farmacologia , Agricultura/métodos , Celulase/metabolismo , DNA Ribossômico , Enterobacter/isolamento & purificação , Enterobacter/fisiologia , Fertilizantes , Herbicidas/farmacologia , Hidroponia , Ácidos Indolacéticos/metabolismo , Fixação de Nitrogênio , Nitrogenase/metabolismo , Oryza/efeitos dos fármacos , Pantoea/isolamento & purificação , Pantoea/fisiologia , Fosfatos/metabolismo , Raízes de Plantas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Raízes de Plantas/microbiologia , Poligalacturonase/metabolismo , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/métodos , Sementes/microbiologiaRESUMO
30 cases of open angle glaucoma with cataract who underwent phacoemulsification, PMMA phaco profile IOL implantation and trabeculectomy through same incision were critically evaluated. The mean controlled, preoperative intra ocular pressure was 20 mm of Hg (range 18 to 35 mm of Hg) by aplanation method. Mean post operative pressure after 12 months was 13 mm of Hg (range 11 to 22 mm of Hg) intra operative hyphaema, post operative uveitis were noted problems. Periodic, post operative optic disc and field evaluation remained static in 66% cases. Visual acuity of 6/12 or better was achieved in 60% cases. Failure to restore glaucoma control without medication was seen in 13.3% cases after 9-12 months. The combined phacotrabeculectomy is an effective single step technique of managing concurrent glaucoma with cataract.
RESUMO
PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy of multiple combined procedure (Pentagon approach) as single-step secondary repair in cases of extensive keratolenticular trauma in paediatric age group. METHODS: Retrospective evaluation of 18 patients of penetrating injuries with sclerokeratolenticular trauma, who underwent multiple procedure as single-step secondary repair by a single team of two surgeons during a 4 year period. Surgical procedure included reconstruction of anterior segment, synechiolysis, excision of membrane, lensectomy, open sky vitrectomy, PC IOL implantation over frill and penetrating keratoplasty. Meticulous antiamblyopia measures were applied in all cases. RESULTS: Extensive vasoproliferative membrane, complicated cataract and anterior vitreous condensation were significant intra-operative hurdles. Moderate uveitis, secondary glaucoma, persistent epithelial defects were problems noted. Eleven (61.22%) patients attained good visual outcome. Regrafting was required in remaining cases due to delayed graft failure. CONCLUSION: Despite being a highly complex technique, Pentagon approach provides effective management profile in terms of graft success and functional outcome, especially in keratolenticular trauma, in children.
Assuntos
Câmara Anterior/lesões , Extração de Catarata/métodos , Catarata/etiologia , Ferimentos Oculares Penetrantes/cirurgia , Ceratoplastia Penetrante/métodos , Vitrectomia/métodos , Ambliopia/etiologia , Ambliopia/prevenção & controle , Câmara Anterior/cirurgia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Ferimentos Oculares Penetrantes/complicações , Humanos , Implante de Lente Intraocular , Prognóstico , Estudos Retrospectivos , Acuidade VisualRESUMO
Sixty cases of traumatic cataract in 5 years due to occupational and environmental hazards were studied to highlight mode of trauma, structural damage; management profile and final visual outcome. Thirty six (60%) cases had mechanical trauma whereas 18 (30%) cases had injuries due to non metalic or organic substances. Industrial accidents were responsible in 25 (41.66%) cases. Forty four cases (73.3%) had associated anterior segment injuries. Reconstruction of anterior segment with Posterior Chamber Intraocular lens (PC IOL) implantation could be done in 42 (70%) cases as primary or secondary procedure. Adherent leucoma, iridal trauma, posterior capsular tear and dislocated lens were noted problems. Forty six (76.67%) cases had attained 6/12 or better corrected visual acuity. Defective visual gain was due to corneal opacities and post operative complications.
RESUMO
Chronic subdural haematoma (SDH) complicating chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), in an adult is extremely rare. There are only four such case reports available in the literature and all these patients had surgical evacuation of the haematoma. We report an elderly female with chronic ITP presenting with a chronic SDH which resolved spontaneously. This is possibly the first report of its kind in the world literature. The possible pathogenesis is discussed and pertinent literature reviewed.
Assuntos
Benzimidazóis/metabolismo , Carbamatos , Fungicidas Industriais/metabolismo , Mutagênicos/metabolismo , Papaver/metabolismo , Resíduos de Praguicidas/metabolismo , Plantas Medicinais , Absorção , Aerossóis , Papaver/efeitos dos fármacos , Papaver/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Folhas de Planta/metabolismo , Sementes/metabolismo , Poluentes do Solo/análise , Poluentes do Solo/metabolismoRESUMO
Sixty nine patients with various types of haematological malignancies were studied. Chronic myeloid leukaemia (n =32) was the commonest diagnosis. The patients were assessed on Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, PGI-N(2) Health Questionnaire and Presumptive Stressful Life Events Scale and those who had scores above the cut off points for Hamilton Rating Scale and/or PGI-N(2) Health Questionnaire were assessed on Present State Examination. The patients were followed up at 3 and 6 months interval. At 3 months 51 patients were re-assessed whilst at 6 months only 26 could be re-evaluated. There were no significant changes in scores of Hamilton Rating scale and PGI-N(2) Health Questionnaire at intake and subsequent follow-up assessments. No significant correlations between stressful life experience and severity of illness emerged. Twenty nine patients were interviewed on Present State Examination and of these 20 had diagnosable depressive neuroses- From consultation liaison psychiatric point of view, provision of psychiatric help to these patients is discussed.