[Drug resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis]. / Lekarstvennaia rezistentnost' mikobakterii tuberkuleza.

Drug resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis was followed up within a period of 1986 to 1989. There was a tendency to stabilization of resistance to streptomycin (42 per cent), tubazid (45.2 per cent) and ethionamide (up. to 1.4 per cent). Resistance to kanamycin slowly increased (by 3 to 6 per cent every year). Resistance to rifampicin markedly increased (almost 15 times). Resistance to ethambutol decreased (10 times). It was shown that the drug resistance could be lowered by using the drug combinations.

[Microflora of suppurative inflammatory foci in surgical patients and its sensitivity to antibiotics]. / Mikroflora gnoino-vospalitel'nykh ochagov khirurgicheskikh bol'nykh i chuvstvitel'nost' ee k antibiotikam.

Materials from 1134 patients with various surgical infections were tested. From the materials collected from purulent inflammatory foci 2137 cultures were isolated. Many of them belonged to Micrococcaceae (63.7 per cent). Cultures belonging to Enterobacteriaceae and Streptococcaceae were isolated from 50.9 and 25.2 per cent of the patients respectively. Isolates belonging to other families were less frequent: diphtheroids were isolated from 13.3 per cent of the patients and Pseudomonas spp. were isolated from 10.6 per cent of the patients. The majority of the isolates of diverse taxons were sensitive to gentamicin (73 to 98.4 per cent). As the second active antibiotic the following should be indicated: fusidin, active against staphylococci (S. epidermidis and S. aureus, 70.5 and 83.3 per cent respectively); ristomycin, active against micrococci and diphtheroids (75.3 and 79.1 per cent respectively); ampicillin, active against S. faecalis (61.3 per cent); polymyxin, active against the trib microbes Escherichia, Klebsiella and Pseudomonas (75.5, 64.3 and 71.4 per cent respectively). No second antibiotic active against a significant percentage of various species of Proteus, fecal alkali forming bacteria, and A. calcoaceticus was stated. Sporulating aerobes were sensitive to the majority of the antibiotics.

[Microflora of gastric juice and its sensitivity to antibiotics in post-gastrectomy gastritis]. / Mikroflora zheludochnogo soka i chuvstvite'lnos't ee k antibio- tikam pri postrezektsionnykh gastritakh.

Fifty four patients with postresection gastritis and 13 healthy adults were examined. 141 microbial cultures belonging to 33 species were isolated from the gastric juice of the patients. In the healthy persons 27 cultures belonging to 7 species were isolated from the gastric juice. In the gastric juice of the patients there predominated enteric bacteria and enterococci (64.8 +/- 6.5 and 57.4 +/- 6.7 per cent respectively). Among the enteric bacteria Escherichia coli and Proteus spp. were the most frequent. Contamination of the gastric juice by such microbes amounted to 10(5)-10(9) microbial bodies per 1 ml. The isolates were mainly sensitive to gentamicin (84.8 +/- 2.9 per cent).

[Effect of the ABO blood group phenotype on the Staphylococcus aureus bacterial carrier state]. / Vliianie fenotipa gruppy krovi ABO na bakterionositel'stvo Staphylococcus aureus.

326 employees of 4 medical institutions (1 regional hospital, 2 city hospitals and a maternity clinic) were examined for the presence of S. aureus carriership. Examinations were made every 3 months for 3 recent years. The results of these examinations were compared with the distribution of the blood groups in the AB0 system among the carriers. Constant and malignant carrier state was detected mainly in persons with blood group A.

[Ulcer microflora and its antibiotic sensitivity in gastric and duodenal peptic ulcer]. / Mikroflora iazv i chuvstvitel'nost' ee k antibiotikam pri iazvennoi bolezni zheludka i dvenadtsatiperstnoi kishki.

Ulcer microflora from 97 stomachs resected from 28 patients with gastric ulcers, 65 patients with duodenal ulcers and 4 patients with gastric and duodenal ulcers was studied. Various microorganisms were detected in 65.9 +/- 4.8 per cent of the patients with predominance of staphylococci and streptococci. At pH of the gastric juice about 4, the isolation amounted to 61.2 +/- 5.5 per cent, from 4.0 to 7.0-81.8 +/- 11.6 per cent and more than 7.0-100 +/- 4.1 per cent respectively. The levels of associations increased from 27.8 to 83.3 per cent. In patients with hypo- and achlorhydria the frequency of staphylococcus isolation from the ulcers was 2.6 times higher and that of yeast and Candida isolation was 3.7 times higher. Diphtheroids were isolated from the ulcers only of patients with normo- and hyperchlorhydria. The majority of the isolates were sensitive to gentamicin (76.7 +/- 4.6 per cent of the strains). Multiple resistance to 17-18 antibiotics was observed in enterococci.

[Microflora of the gallbladder in chronic calculous cholecystitis and its antibiotic sensitivity]. / Mikroflora zhelnykh puzyrei pri khronicheskom kal'kuleznom kholetsistite i chuvstvitel'nost' ee k antibiotikam.

The microflora of 100 gallbladders removed from patients operated for chronic calculous cholecystitis was studied. Eighty-two of them contained microorganisms: monocultures and associations in 42 and 40 gallbladders, respectively. The associations included 2 (22 per cent) or 3-6 microbial species (18 per cent). Gram-positive bacteria predominated in the microflora (72.9 per cent): staphylococci (30 per cent), bifid and lactic acid bacteria (26 per cent), and spore-forming aerobic bacteria (21 per cent). The number of gram-negative bacteria amounted to 27.1 per cent. Among them the number of E. coli amounted to 21 per cent. On the whole the isolates were sensitive to neomycin, monomycin, carbenicillin and tetracycline. 91.1 per cent of the strains were sensitive to 2-18 antibiotics.

[Serum immunoglobulin content in donors as related to the ABO blood group]. / Soderzhanie syvorotochnykh immunoglobulinov u donorov v zavisimosti ot gruppy krovi sistemy ABO.

The content of IgG and IgM has been studied in the sera of 120 donors making up 4 groups of 30 subjects each in accordance with the ABO blood grouping. As regards the amount of immunoglobulins of different classes in the serum of donors having blood of different groups, the donors with group O blood have shown the highest content of IgA and the lowest content of IgM, inthe donors with group A blood the highest content of IgA and the lowest content of IgM, in the donors with group A blood the highest content of IgG and the lowest content of IgA have been established, and the donors with group B blood have been found to have the maximum content of IgM and the low content of IgG. The donors with group AB blood have been found to occupy an intermediate position, being similar to the donors with group B blood in the content of IgG and IgA in their sera and to the donors with group A blood in the content of IgM.

[Bile microflora in noninfectious digestive organ diseases and sensitivity to antibiotics]. / Mikroflora zhelchi pri nekotorykh neinfektsionnykh zabolevaniiakh organov pishchevareniia i chuvstvitel'nost' ee k antibiotikam.

Bile microflora and its relation to pH of gastric juice was investigated in 225 patients. The isolation rate of microbes from bile of patients with gastritis, duodenitis and duodenal ulcer increased with an increase in the pH value of gastric juice from 1.9 to 6.9. At pH values over 7.0 the isolation rate of the microbes decreased. No such relation was observed in patients with pathological conditions of the hepatobiliary system and intestine. In patients with various diseases of the stomach, the isolation rate of Coli bacteria at pH 1.2-6.9 increased from 20 to 51.5 per cent and at higher pH values it decreased. At higher pH values of gastric juice the composition of microflora isolated from bile was more diverse. Thus, in patients with hypo- and achlorhydria there were isolated Proteus, P. aeruginosa, Candida and associations of various microbes. The isolates were characterized by a relatively low sensitivity to antibiotics.

[Pathogenetic characteristics of experimental traumatic osteomyelitis (immunological and bacteriological aspects)]. / Nekotorye osobennosti patogeneza éksperimental'nogo travmaticheskogo osteomielita (immunologicheskii i bakteriologicheskii aspekty).

The model of osteomyelitis was created in dogs by the method of Ilizarov, Stetsula and Kramer; as a result, a typical picture of the disease was obtained. The maximum survival time of the animals was 1 year. The inoculation of the infective agent into the osteotomy zone at an early period (1 hour after the operation) resulted in the complete suppression of the phagocytic activity of leukocytes and in the rapid rise of the lysozyme level. The staphylococcal strain causing the disease could be detected in the blood during 19 weeks, and in discharges from wounds and fistulas during 14 weeks of observation. The failure of the phagocytic activity of leukocytes at the initial stage resulted seemingly in the appearance and further development of the infectious process. The humoral nonspecific immunity factors under the study (complement and lysozyme) seemed to play no essential role at the initial stage. In the course of traumatic osteomyelitis at a later stage the specific factor, staphylococcal antitoxin, acquired the primary importance.

[Biological properties of clinical staphylococcal strains with a varying number of antibiotic resistance markers]. / Biologicheskie svoistva klinicheskikh shtammov stafilokokkov s razlichnym chislom markerov ustoichivosti k antibiotikam.

The study of a number of biological properties of 1881 clinical strains of Staphylococcus showed that in the group of the antibiotic resistant staphylococci there was a tendency for different manifestation of some biological properties depending on the number of the resistance determinants. The staphylococcal strains resistant to 5--7 antibiotics differed from those resistant to a less number of the drugs by greater manifestation of the pathogenicity properties: lecithinase, hyaluronidase and hemolytic activity.