Food plants in Brazil: origin, economic value of pollination and pollinator shortage risk.

Pollination is a key ecosystem service of critical importance for food production. However, globally, several regions are already experiencing pollinator shortage as pollinators are declining. Here, we investigate the origin, pollinator dependence and economic value of 199 food crops cultivated in Brazil to understand to which extent (1) Brazilian agriculture is vulnerable to pollinator shortage, and (2) Brazilian society has already achieved a comprehensive perspective about crop dependence. We used Brazil as a case study as it is a megadiverse tropical country and the 3rd largest world crop producer and exporter, with most of the crops depending on pollinators. Our findings revealed that over half (53.7%) of the food crops in Brazil are native, with the North region of Brazil housing the higher diversity of native crops, in contrast with the South and Southeast regions. Additionally, considering the reproductive systems, among native food crops, 65.6% exhibit self-incompatibility or dioecy (i.e., requiring obligatory cross-pollination), whereas 30.6% of exotic food crops display this trait. Overall, Brazilian municipalities produce more exotic crops than native ones, with almost 4/5 of the total agricultural area of the country dedicated to the cultivation of exotic crops, which are generally self-compatible commodities that rely low to modestly on pollinators. Regarding the biomes, we observe that this pattern is followed by most of them, but for the Caatinga dry forest, where native crops dependent on pollinators predominate. However, when soybean is removed from the analysis, the areas devoted to exotic crops always decreased, even being equal to native crops in the Atlantic forest. Our results also indicate that considering the pollinator shortage, some Brazilian biomes may be at risk of losing >20% of their yields, mainly in the Caatinga dry forest and the Atlantic forest. Therefore, in this paper, we are discussing that the expansion of monocultures in Brazil's agricultural lands may have several impacts on the provision of pollination services, food production and, then, on food security not only for the Brazilian population, as Brazil is the 3rd largest world agricultural producer and exporter.

Integrating public engagement to intensify pollination services through ecological restoration.

Globally, human activities impose threats to nature and the provision of ecosystem services, such as pollination. In this context, ecological restoration provides opportunities to create managed landscapes that maximize biodiversity conservation and sustainable agriculture, e.g., via provision of pollination services. Managing pollination services and restoration opportunities requires the engagement of distinct stakeholders embedded in diverse social institutions. Nevertheless, frameworks toward sustainable agriculture often overlook how stakeholders interact and access power in social arenas. We present a perspective integrating pollination services, ecological restoration, and public engagement for biodiversity conservation and agricultural production. We highlight the importance of a comprehensive assessment of pollination services, restoration opportunities identification, and a public engagement strategy anchored in institutional analysis of the social arenas involved in restoration efforts. Our perspective can therefore guide the implementation of practices from local to country scales to enhance biodiversity conservation and sustainable agriculture.

Areas Requiring Restoration Efforts are a Complementary Opportunity to Support the Demand for Pollination Services in Brazil.

Crop pollination is one of Nature's Contributions to People (NCP) that reconciles biodiversity conservation and agricultural production. NCP benefits vary across space, including among distinct political-administrative levels within nations. Moreover, initiatives to restore ecosystems may enhance NCP provision, such as crop pollination delivered by native pollinators. We mapped crop pollination demand (PD), diversity of pollinator-dependent crops, and vegetation deficit (VD) (vis-a-vis Brazilian legal requirements) across all 5570 municipalities in Brazil. Pollinator-dependent crops represented ∼55% of the annual monetary value of agricultural production and ∼15% of the annual crop production. Municipalities with greater crop PD (i.e., higher degree of pollinator dependence of crop production) also had greater VD, associated with large properties and monocultures. In contrast, municipalities with a greater diversity of pollinator-dependent crops and predominantly small properties presented a smaller VD. Our results support that ecological restoration prompted by legal requirements offers great potential to promote crop productivity in larger properties. Moreover, conservation of vegetation remnants could support food security in small properties. We provided the first steps to identify spatial patterns linking biodiversity conservation and pollination service. Using Brazilian legal requirements as an example, we show that land-use management policies may be successfully used to ensure agricultural sustainability and crop production.

Mutually beneficial pollinator diversity and crop yield outcomes in small and large farms.

Ecological intensification, or the improvement of crop yield through enhancement of biodiversity, may be a sustainable pathway toward greater food supplies. Such sustainable increases may be especially important for the 2 billion people reliant on small farms, many of which are undernourished, yet we know little about the efficacy of this approach. Using a coordinated protocol across regions and crops, we quantify to what degree enhancing pollinator density and richness can improve yields on 344 fields from 33 pollinator-dependent crop systems in small and large farms from Africa, Asia, and Latin America. For fields less than 2 hectares, we found that yield gaps could be closed by a median of 24% through higher flower-visitor density. For larger fields, such benefits only occurred at high flower-visitor richness. Worldwide, our study demonstrates that ecological intensification can create synchronous biodiversity and yield outcomes.

Wild pollinators enhance fruit set of crops regardless of honey bee abundance.

The diversity and abundance of wild insect pollinators have declined in many agricultural landscapes. Whether such declines reduce crop yields, or are mitigated by managed pollinators such as honey bees, is unclear. We found universally positive associations of fruit set with flower visitation by wild insects in 41 crop systems worldwide. In contrast, fruit set increased significantly with flower visitation by honey bees in only 14% of the systems surveyed. Overall, wild insects pollinated crops more effectively; an increase in wild insect visitation enhanced fruit set by twice as much as an equivalent increase in honey bee visitation. Visitation by wild insects and honey bees promoted fruit set independently, so pollination by managed honey bees supplemented, rather than substituted for, pollination by wild insects. Our results suggest that new practices for integrated management of both honey bees and diverse wild insect assemblages will enhance global crop yields.

Stability of pollination services decreases with isolation from natural areas despite honey bee visits.

Sustainable agricultural landscapes by definition provide high magnitude and stability of ecosystem services, biodiversity and crop productivity. However, few studies have considered landscape effects on the stability of ecosystem services. We tested whether isolation from florally diverse natural and semi-natural areas reduces the spatial and temporal stability of flower-visitor richness and pollination services in crop fields. We synthesised data from 29 studies with contrasting biomes, crop species and pollinator communities. Stability of flower-visitor richness, visitation rate (all insects except honey bees) and fruit set all decreased with distance from natural areas. At 1 km from adjacent natural areas, spatial stability decreased by 25, 16 and 9% for richness, visitation and fruit set, respectively, while temporal stability decreased by 39% for richness and 13% for visitation. Mean richness, visitation and fruit set also decreased with isolation, by 34, 27 and 16% at 1 km respectively. In contrast, honey bee visitation did not change with isolation and represented > 25% of crop visits in 21 studies. Therefore, wild pollinators are relevant for crop productivity and stability even when honey bees are abundant. Policies to preserve and restore natural areas in agricultural landscapes should enhance levels and reliability of pollination services.

[Trap-nests used by Centris (Heterocentris) terminata Smith (Hymenoptera: Apidae, Centridini) at secondary Atlantic Forest fragments, in Salvador, Bahia State]. / Ninhos de Centris (Heterocentris) terminata Smith (Hymenoptera: Apidae, Centridini) em fragmentos de Mata Atlântica secundária, Salvador, BA.

Ninety-five nests of Centris (Heterocentris) terminata Smith were collected in trap-nests, during November/2001 and January/2003, at two fragments (PZGV e CFO-UFBA) of secondary Atlantic Forest, in Salvador, Bahia State (13 degrees 01' W e 38 degrees 30' S). The highest nest frequencies occurred from December to February (summer), with no nests foundations from August to October (winter - early spring). Two-hundred eight adults emerged from 347 brood cells, being 164 males and 116 females (1: 0.42). During the study period sex ratio was male biased (chi2 = 9.342; gl = 10; P < 0.05). C. terminata nested in holes with diameters 6, 8, 10 mm, but 84,2% were constructed in 8 and 10 mm. nests had one to seven cells arranged in a linear series with the cells partitions built with a mixture of sand and resin or oil. Male is significantly smaller than female, which emerges from the first cells constructed. Immature mortality occurred in 14.1% of brood cells (n = 49), of which 13.0% were due fail in development and 1.2% due to parasitism of Coelioxys sp. (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) e Tetraonyx sp. (Coleoptera: Meloidae). In the study site, weather, mainly pluviosity, rather than natural enemies influenced seasonal population abundance. The long period of nesting activity, local abundance and usage of trap nests, suggest the potential of C. terminata for management aiming at pollination of native and cultivated plants.

Ninhos de Centris (Heterocentris) terminata Smith (Hymenoptera: Apidae, Centridini) em fragmentos de Mata Atlântica secundária, Salvador, BA / Trap-nests used by Centris (Heterocentris) terminata Smith (Hymenoptera: Apidae, Centridini) at secondary Atlantic Forest fragments, in Salvador, Bahia State

Foram analisados 95 ninhos de Centris (Heterocentris) terminata Smith, fundados em ninhos-armadilha, entre novembro de 2001 e janeiro de 2003, em dois fragmentos urbanos (CFO-UFBA e PZGV) de Mata Atlântica secundária, em Salvador, BA (13º01Æ W e 38º30Æ S). O maior número de nidificações ocorreu de dezembro a fevereiro (verão), não havendo ninhos fundados nos meses de agosto, setembro e outubro (inverno-primavera). Emergiram 280 adultos de C. terminata (n = 347 células), sendo 164 machos e 116 fêmeas, resultando em razão sexual de 1: 0,42. Durante esse período, a emergência de machos foi significativamente superior a de fêmeas (c2 = 9,342; gl =10; P < 0,05). Os ninhos foram fundados em ninhos-armadilha de madeira com 6, 8, 10 mm de diâmetro, sendo que 84,2 por cento deles foram construídos com 8 e 10 mm. Cada ninhos possui de uma a sete células, dispostas em série em série linear e partições construídas com uma mistura de areia e resina ou óleo. O macho é significativamente menor que a fêmea, sendo que esta última emerge a partir das primeiras células construídas. A mortalidade de imaturos foi baixa, ocorrendo em 14,1 por cento das células (n= 49), sendo 13,0 por cento por falhas no desenvolvimento e 1,2 por cento por parasitas Coelioxys sp. (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) e Tetraonyx sp. (Coleoptera: Meloidae). Na área estudada, fatores meteorológicos, especialmente a pluviosidade, mostraram-se mais determinantes da abundância temporal do que inimigos naturais. O longo período de atividade anual, abundância local e adequação aos ninhos-armadilha sugerem bom potencial de C. terminata para manejo visando a polinização de plantas nativas e cultivadas.

Ninety-five nests of Centris (Heterocentris) terminata Smith were collected in trap-nests, during November/2001 and January/2003, at two fragments (PZGV e CFO-UFBA) of secondary Atlantic Forest, in Salvador, Bahia State (13º01Æ W e 38º30Æ S). The highest nest frequencies occurred from December to February (summer), with no nests foundations from August to October (winter - early spring). Two-hundred eight adults emerged from 347 brood cells, being 164 males and 116 females (1: 0.42). During the study period sex ratio was male biased (c2 = 9.342; gl = 10; P < 0.05). C. terminata nested in holes with diameters 6, 8, 10 mm, but 84,2 percent were constructed in 8 and 10 mm. nests had one to seven cells arranged in a linear series with the cellÆs partitions built with a mixture of sand and resin or oil. Male is significantly smaller than female, which emerges from the first cells constructed. Immature mortality occurred in 14.1 percent of brood cells (n = 49), of which 13.0 percent were due fail in development and 1.2 percent due to parasitism of Coelioxys sp. (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) e Tetraonyx sp. (Coleoptera: Meloidae). In the study site, weather, mainly pluviosity, rather than natural enemies influenced seasonal population abundance. The long period of nesting activity, local abundance and usage of trap nests, suggest the potential of C. terminata for management aiming at pollination of native and cultivated plants.

[Foraging behavior of Xylocopa (Neoxylocopa) cearensis Ducke (Hymenoptera: Apidae, Xylocopini) in a population of Cuphea brachiata Koehne (Lythraceae)]. / Comportamento de forrageamento de Xylocopa (Neoxylocopa) cearensis Ducke (Hymenoptera: Apidae, Xylocopini) em uma população de Cuphea brachiata Koehne (Lythraceae).

An analysis of the foraging behavior of the bee Xylocopa (Neoxylocopa) cearensis Ducke among shrubs of Cuphea brachiata Koehne (Lythraceae), a key component in the Abaeté coastal sand dunes, Salvador, BA, Brazil, suggests that this bee is very important for the maintenance of the plant population, performing the pollination. This dispersal, however, is spatially restricted, so the populations in the area are likely to be highly structured genetically.

Utilization of floral resources by bees of the genus Frieseomelitta von Ihering (Hymenoptera: Apidae).

The present study intended to verify which factors (phylogenetic relationship or local ecological conditions) would determine how Frieseomelitta bees use floral resources. The data obtained in the literature on biocenotic studies of Apoidea visiting flowers in Brazil were analyzed, with identification and quantification of floral resources used by Frieseomelitta species in different areas. The phenogram of similarity on use of resources among Frieseomelitta species was compared to the phylogenetic hypothesis proposed for the group. Among the eight Frieseomelitta species registered in 19 studies, F. doederleini (Friese), F. francoi (Moure), F. languida Moure, F. varia (Lepeletier) e Frieseomelitta sp. nov., were collected using resources from 36 plant families. F. doederleini, F. languida e F. varia centralized their activity in Caesalpiniaceae, Malpighiaceae e Anacardiaceae. The similarities and disparities found among areas and Frieseomelitta species reflected the similarities and differences of the vegetation composition in each area. Frieseomelitta bees presented a forage pattern similar to that one presented by other highly social bees, visiting flowers of many plant species, but concentrating their activities in few plant species. Despite the low phylogenetic relationship between F. languida and F. doederleini, they showed a high similarity on the use of floral resource, while F. varia e F. languida, species with high phylogenetic relationship, showed low similarity in the use of resource. Although the data obtained are not conclusive, it indicates that phylogenetic restrictions do not influence the pattern of use of floral resource by Frieseomelitta bees.

Comportamento de forrageamento de Xylocopa (Neoxylocopa) cearensis Ducke (Hymenoptera: Apidae, Xylocopini) em uma população de Cuphea brachiata Koehne (Lythraceae) / Foraging behavior of Xylocopa (Neoxylocopa) cearensis Ducke (Hymenoptera: Apidae, Xylocopini) in a population of Cuphea brachiata Koehne (Lythraceae)

Uma análise do comportamento de forrageamento da abelha Xylocopa (Neoxylocopa) cearensis Ducke em indivíduos de Cuphea brachiata Koehne (Lythraceae), subarbusto chave para a comunidade das dunas do Abaeté, Salvador, BA, sugere que essa abelha é importante na manutenção dessa população vegetal, realizando a polinização. Tal dispersão, no entanto, é espacialmente restrita, de maneira que as populações de C. brachiata na área devem se apresentar altamente estruturadas geneticamente, devido principalmente à auto-incompatibilidade da espécie.

An analysis of the foraging behavior of the bee Xylocopa (Neoxylocopa) cearensis Ducke among shrubs of Cuphea brachiata Koehne (Lythraceae), a key component in the Abaeté coastal sand dunes, Salvador, BA, Brazil, suggests that this bee is very important for the maintenance of the plant population, performing the pollination. This dispersal, however, is spatially restricted, so the populations in the area are likely to be highly structured genetically.

Utilization of floral resources by bees of the Genus Frieseomelitta von Ihering (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

The present study intended to verify which factors (phylogenetic relationship or local ecological conditions) would determine how Frieseomelitta bees use floral resources. The data obtained in the literature on biocenotic studies of Apoidea visiting flowers in Brazil were analyzed, with identification and quantification of floral resources used by Frieseomelitta species in different areas. The phenogram of similarity on use of resources among Frieseomelitta species was compared to the phylogenetic hypothesis proposed for the group. Among the eight Frieseomelitta species registered in 19 studies, F. doederleini (Friese), F. francoi (Moure), F. languida Moure, F. varia (Lepeletier) e Frieseomelitta sp. nov., were collected using resources from 36 plant families. F. doederleini, F. languida e F. varia centralized their activity in Caesalpiniaceae, Malpighiaceae e Anacardiaceae. The similarities and disparities found among areas and Frieseomelitta species reflected the similarities and differences of the vegetation composition in each area. Frieseomelitta bees presented a forage pattern similar to that one presented by other highly social bees, visiting flowers of many plant species, but concentrating their activities in few plant species. Despite the low phylogenetic relationship between F. languida and F. doederleini, they showed a high similarity on the use of floral resource, while F. varia e F. languida, species with high phylogenetic relationship, showed low similarity in the use of resource. Although the data obtained are not conclusive, it indicates that phylogenetic restrictions do not influence the pattern of use of floral resource by Frieseomelitta bees.

No presente estudo procurou-se investigar fatores que influenciariam o modo de utilização de recursos florais por abelhas Frieseomelitta von Ihering. Os dados obtidos na literatura sobre estudos biocenóticos de Apoidea visitando flores no Brasil foram analisados, com identificação e quantificação dos recursos florais utilizados pelas espécies de Frieseomelitta, em diferentes áreas. O fenograma de similaridade no uso de recursos entre as espécies de Frieseomelitta foi comparado com a hipótese filogenética proposta para o grupo. Das oito espécies de Frieseomelitta registradas em 19 estudos, F. doederleini (Friese); F. francoi (Moure); F. languida Moure, F. varia (Lepeletier) e Frieseomelitta sp. nov.; foram amostradas em 36 famílias botânicas. As similaridades e as disparidades encontradas entre as áreas e entre as espécies de Frieseomelitta refletiram as semelhanças e diferenças da composição da vegetação de cada área. Abelhas Frieseomelitta apresentam padrão de forrageio semelhante ao observado para outros grupos de abelhas eussociais, visitando diversas espécies vegetais, mas concentrando a visita em poucas espécies. F. languida e F. doederleini, embora apresentem parentesco mais distante dentre as espécies do gênero, mostraram maior similaridade no uso dos recursos, enquanto que F. varia e F. languida, espécies mais aparentadas do gênero, não apresentaram similaridades no uso de recursos. Embora as informações disponíveis não sejam, ainda, conclusivas, mostram que as restrições filogenéticas não influenciam específicamente o padrão de utilização dos recursos florais pelas espécies de Frieseomelitta.

Structure of bee-flower system in the coastal sand dune of Abaeté, northeastern Brazil

As interacões entre abelhas e flores foram investigadas três vezes por mês, durante doze meses (entre janeiro a dezembro de 1996) em um ambiente de dunas litorâneas com vegetacão de restinga no Nordeste do Brasil. Foram amostrados 3983 indivíduos de abelhas pertencentes a 49 espécies, agrupadas em 13 categorias morfo-funcionais. Essas visitaram 66 espécies de plantas pertencentes a 39 famílias vegetais. Trezentos e dez (310) interacões entre abelhas e plantas, em nível de espécie foram observadas. O uso de recursos florais por abelhas não foi homogêneo, a maioria das espécies de plantas recebeu um baixo número de visitantes. Não foi notada nenhuma relacão especializada, em nível de espécie, entre plantas e abelhas no subconjunto de interacões analisadas. Em Abaeté, houve predominância de relacões de generalistas.

Distribuição de Ninhos de Abelhas Xylocopa (Hymenoptera: Apidae) em uma Area de Dunas Litorâneas / Distribution of Xylocopa (Hymenoptera: Apidae) Nests in a Sea Coastal Sand Dune

The spatial distribution, density and the types of the substrates used by Xylocopa (Megaxylocopa) frontalis Olivier, X. (Schoenherria) subcyanea Pérez and X. (Neoxylocopa) cearensis Ducke, in a sea coastal sand dune, in Bahia, Brazil, were determined. Both the substrate available and those effectively used by the bees for nesting have a clumped spatial distribution. The distribution of the nesting sites could be related to the clumped spatial distribution of the available substrates. The highest occurrence of nests was found of a living individual of Agaristha revoluta (Spr.) DC, which was the substrate predominantly available. The density of available substrates and the density of nesting sites were 12.4/ha and 4.4/ha, respectively.

A distribuição espacial, densidade, e tipos de substratos utilizados por Xylocopa (Megaxylocopa) frontalis Olivier, X. (Schoenherria) subcyanea Pérez e X. (Neoxylocopa) cearensis Ducke, foram determinados em uma área de dunas litorâneas, em Salvador, Bahia. Os substratos encontrados com ninhos e os disponíveis apresentaram distribuição agregada. A distribuição dos substratos com ninhos de Xylocopa está relacionada à distribuição agregada dos substratos disponíveis. As maiores freqüências de ninhos foram observadas em galhos secos e em madeira viva de Agaristha revoluta (Spr.) DC, que são os substratos disponíveis predominantes. A densidade de substratos disponíveis e de substratos com ninhos foram, respectivamente, 12,4/ha e 4,4/ha.

Biologia e Arquitetura de Ninhos de Centris (Hemisiella) tarsata Smith (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Centridini) / Biology and Architecture of Centris (Hemisiella) tarsata Smith (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Centridini) Nests

Centris (Hemisiella) tarsata Smith is an indigenous solitary bee multivoltine widespread on Neotropical region. The aim of this study was to analyse aspects of its biology and structure of nests were investigated using traps nests made by wood, which were randomly distributed in a coastal sand dune environment, in Bahia, Brazil ( 12° 56' S e 38° 21' W). Nests were found in trap nests of 0.8 and 1.0 cm in diameter, but the latter was mostly used by females (68.7 percent). The bees constructed their nests with sand mixed with a substance, probably wax or oil. Completed nests had six to eight cells separated by a space filled with those mixture. From the 16 nests obtained, 55 males and 49 females emerged (sex ratio = 1: 0.89). The innermost cells of the nests produced females and the outermost cells males. Females were significantly (t = 1.679; P < 0.05) larger (x = 4.52 ± 0.11 mm) than males ( x = 3.94 ± 0.13 mm), and no dimorphism in males was found. In general the structural aspects of the nests presented in this work agree with the data found to the same species from others ecosystems.

Centris (Hemisiella) tarsata Smith é uma espécie nativa de abelha solitária, multivoltina com ampla distribuição na região Neotropical. Visando ampliar o conhecimento sobre os hábitos de nidificação dessa espécie, aspectos da biologia e da arquitetura de seus ninhos foram investigados em um fragmento de dunas litorâneas, em Salvador, Bahia, (12° 56' S e 38° 21' W), utilizando-se ninhos-armadilha, confeccionados em madeira, distribuídos ao acaso. Nidificações ocorreram em ninhos-armadilha de 0,8 e 1,0 cm de diâmetro, sendo que este último foi o mais utilizado pelas abelhas (68,75 por cento). Cada ninho possuía de seis a oito células construídas com uma mistura de areia e uma substância aglutinante, provavelmente resina ou óleo. Foram obtidos 16 ninhos, dos quais emergiram 55 machos e 49 fêmeas (razão sexual = 1: 0,89). As fêmeas são produzidas nas primeiras células construídas e os machos nas últimas. O tamanho de machos ( x = 3,94 ± 0,13 mm) e fêmeas (x = 4,52 ± 0,11 mm) diferem significativamente (t = 1,679; P < 0,05), sendo os machos menores do que as fêmeas. De modo geral os aspectos estruturais dos ninhos investigados nesse trabalho assemelham-se àqueles obtidos em estudos realizados com essa espécie em outros ecossistemas.

Ocorrência de Epicharis bicolor Smith (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Centridini) nas Caatingas da Margem Esquerda do Médio Rio São Francisco, Bahia / Occurrence of Epicharis bicolor Smith (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Centridini) for the Caatinga Bioma from Left Bank of Medium San Francisco River, Bahia, Brazil

Two specimens of Epicharis bicolor Smith were colected when visiting flowers of Byrsonima correifolia Adr. Juss. (Malpighiaceae) on a Caatinga ecossystem in Ibiraba (10° 47' 37'' S, 42° 49' 25'' W), Bahia, North-Eastern Brazil.

Dois espécimes de Epicharis bicolor Smith foram capturados em flores de Byrsonima correifolia Adr. Juss. (Malpighiaceae) em uma área de caatinga, em Ibiraba (10° 47' 37'' S e 42° 49' 25'' W), Bahia, Brasil.

Diversidade e sazonalidade de abelhas solitárias (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) em dunas litorâneas no nordeste do Brasil / Solitary bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) in tropical sand dune: diversity and phyenology

The community structure of cavities-nesting solitary bees species was systematically investigated over two years, from May/97 to April/99, in a fragment of tropical sand dune, Salvador, Bahia (12°56'S; 38°21'W), Northeast of Brazil. Trap nests were placed randomly in the area, in blocks with 16 nests, with variable diameter at a height of 1.5 m. Traps were inspected each 15 days. Seven bee species established 62 nests. Two species were predominant in the area, Centris (Hemisiella) tarsata Smith (58% of the total of established nests) followed by Euplusia musitans Fabricius (31%). In general, bees' abundance showed seasonal fluctuations. The total frequencies of nesting varied between the two years of sampling. The two predominant species presented different seasonal patterns. There were always trap nests available in the field for the bees. Just 14% of the available nests were occupied.

A estrutura da comunidade das espécies de abelhas que nidificam em cavidades pré-existentes foi sistematicamente investigada por um período de dois anos (maio/97 a abril/99), em um fragmento de dunas litorâneas na Area de Proteção Ambiental das Lagoas e Dunas de Abaeté, Salvador, Bahia (12°56'S; 38°21'W). A técnica de amostragem utilizada foi a de ninhos-armadilha, distribuídos no campo ao acaso, em blocos com 16 ninhos, com diâmetros variáveis, à altura de 1,5 m do solo. Os ninhos eram inspecionados quinzenalmente. Foram fundados 62 ninhos pertencentes a sete espécies de abelhas. Duas espécies predominaram na área, Centris (Hemisiella) tarsata Smith (58% do total de ninhos fundados), seguida por Euplusia musitans Fabricius (315). Em geral, houve flutuação sazonal nas abundâncias de abelhas e variação nas freqüências totais de nidificação entre os dois anos de amostragem. As duas espécies predominantes apresentaram diferentes padrões sazonais. Houve sempre ninhos-armadilha disponíveis no campo para as abelhas, que usaram apenas 14% do total oferecido.