Street people in Brazil: a descriptive study of their sociodemographic profile and tuberculosis morbidity, 2014-2019. / População em situação de rua no Brasil: estudo descritivo sobre o perfil sociodemográfico e da morbidade por tuberculose, 2014-2019.

OBJECTIVE: To characterize the sociodemographic profile of street people (SP) registered on the Single Register for Social Programs (CadÚnico) as at 2019 and tuberculosis morbidity in this population notified on the Notifiable Health Conditions Information System (Sinan) from 2014 to 2018. METHODS: This was a descriptive study carried out with data from Sinan and CadÚnico. RESULTS: 127,536 people registered on CadÚnico and 14,059 with tuberculosis notified on Sinan were included in the study. Higher concentrations of SP were found in the states of the South and Southeast regions. In the two subpopulations analyzed, there was a predominance of male SP (CadÚnico = 86.8%; Sinan = 80.9%), people of Black race/skin color (CadÚnico = 67.5%; Sinan = 64.1%) and with incomplete high school education or less (CadÚnico = 81.9%; Sinan = 60.1%). The high treatment dropout proportion (39.0%) was reflected in the high percentage of reentry and relapse. CONCLUSION: Tuberculosis continues to be a serious Public Health problem that aggravates survival conditions on the streets of Brazil.

Homeless Population in Brazil: a descriptive study on the sociodemographic profile and morbidity from tuberculosis, 2014-2019 / Población sin hogar en Brasil: estudio descriptivo sobre el perfil sociodemográfico y la morbilidad por tuberculosis, 2014-2019 / População em situação de rua no Brasil: estudo descritivo sobre o perfil sociodemográfico e da morbidade por tuberculose, 2014-2019

Objective: To characterize the sociodemographic profile of the homeless population (PSR) registered in the Cadastro Único para Programas Sociais (CadÚnico) until 2019 and the tuberculosis morbidity in this population notified in the Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (Sinan) from 2014 to 2018. Methods: Descriptive study carried out with data from Sinan and CadÚnico. Results: 127,536 people registered in CadÚnico and 14,059 with tuberculosis notified in Sinan were included. Higher concentrations of PSR were observed in the South and Southeast states. In the two subpopulations analyzed, there was a predominance of male PSR (CadÚnico = 86.8%; Sinan = 80.9%), black race/skin color (CadÚnico = 67.5%; Sinan = 64.1%) and low education (CadÚnico = 81.9%; Sinan = 60.1%). The high dropout proportion (39%) of treatment was evidenced by the high percentage of reentry and relapse. Conclusion: Tuberculosis still remains a serious problem that aggravates the condition of survival on the streets of Brazil.

Objetivo: Caracterizar o perfil sociodemográfico da população em situação de rua (PSR) inscrita no Cadastro Único para Programas Sociais (CadÚnico) até 2019, e da morbidade por tuberculose nessa população notificada no Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (Sinan) no período 2014-2018. Métodos: Estudo descritivo, sobre dados do Sinan e do CadÚnico. Resultados: Foram incluídas 127.536 pessoas cadastradas no CadÚnico e 14.059 com tuberculose notificadas no Sinan. Foram observadas maiores concentrações da PSR nos estados das regiões Sul e Sudeste. Nas duas subpopulações analisadas, predominou uma PSR do sexo masculino (CadÚnico = 86,8%; Sinan = 80,9%), de raça/cor da pele negra (CadÚnico = 67,5%; Sinan = 64,1%) e escolaridade até o ensino médio incompleto (CadÚnico = 81,9%; Sinan = 60,1%). A alta proporção de abandono (39%) do tratamento refletiu-se nos elevados percentuais de reingresso e recidiva. Conclusão: A tuberculose permanece como grave problema de Saúde Pública, que agrava a condição de sobrevivência nas ruas do Brasil.

População em situação de rua no Brasil: estudo descritivo sobre o perfil sociodemográfico e da morbidade por tuberculose, 2014-2019 / Población sin hogar en Brasil: estudio descriptivo sobre el perfil sociodemográfico y la morbilidad por tuberculosis, 2014-2019 / Street people in Brazil: a descriptive study of their sociodemographic profile and tuberculosis morbidity, 2014-2019

Objetivo: Caracterizar o perfil sociodemográfico da população em situação de rua (PSR) inscrita no Cadastro Único para Programas Sociais (CadÚnico) até 2019, e da morbidade por tuberculose nessa população notificada no Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (Sinan) no período 2014-2018. Métodos: Estudo descritivo sobre dados do Sinan e do CadÚnico. Resultados: Foram incluídas 127.536 pessoas cadastradas no CadÚnico e 14.059 com tuberculose notificadas no Sinan. Foram observadas maiores concentrações da PSR nos estados das regiões Sul e Sudeste. Nas duas subpopulações analisadas, predominou uma PSR do sexo masculino (CadÚnico = 86,8%; Sinan = 80,9%), de raça/cor da pele negra (CadÚnico = 67,5%; Sinan = 64,1%) e escolaridade até o ensino médio incompleto (CadÚnico = 81,9%; Sinan = 60,1%). A alta proporção de abandono (39,0%) do tratamento refletiu-se nos elevados percentuais de reingresso e recidiva. Conclusão: A tuberculose permanece como grave problema de Saúde Pública, que agrava a condição de sobrevivência nas ruas do Brasil.

Objetivo: Caracterizar el perfil sociodemográfico de la población sin hogar (PSR) inscrita en el Registro Único para Programas Sociaes (CadÚnico) hasta 2019 y la morbilidad tuberculosa en esta población notificada en el Sistema de Información de Agravamientos de Notificación (Sinan) de 2014 a 2018. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo realizado con datos del Sinan y CadÚnico. Resultados: Se incluyeron 127.536 personas registradas en el CadÚnico y 14.059 con tuberculosis notificada en el Sinan. Se observaron concentraciones más altas de PSR en los estados del Sur y Sudeste. En las dos subpoblaciones analizadas, hubo predominio de PSR masculina (CadÚnico = 86,8%; Sinan = 80,9%), raza/color negra (CadÚnico = 67,5%; Sinan = 64,1%) y baja escolaridad, hasta la secundaria incompleta (CadÚnico = 81,9%; Sinan = 60,1%). Se evidenció una alta proporción de abandono (39,0%) del tratamiento por el alto porcentaje de reingreso y recaída. Conclusión: La tuberculosis sigue siendo un problema grave de Salud Pública, que agrava la condición de supervivencia en las calles de Brasil.

Objective: To characterize the sociodemographic profile of street people (SP) registered on the Single Register for Social Programs (CadÚnico) as at 2019 and tuberculosis morbidity in this population notified on the Notifiable Health Conditions Information System (Sinan) from 2014 to 2018. Methods: This was a descriptive study carried out with data from Sinan and CadÚnico. Results: 127,536 people registered on CadÚnico and 14,059 with tuberculosis notified on Sinan were included in the study. Higher concentrations of SP were found in the states of the South and Southeast regions. In the two subpopulations analyzed, there was a predominance of male SP (CadÚnico = 86.8%; Sinan = 80.9%), people of Black race/skin color (CadÚnico = 67.5%; Sinan = 64.1%) and with incomplete high school education or less (CadÚnico = 81.9%; Sinan = 60.1%). The high treatment dropout proportion (39.0%) was reflected in the high percentage of reentry and relapse. Conclusion: Tuberculosis continues to be a serious Public Health problem that aggravates survival conditions on the streets of Brazil.

Central Giant Cell Granuloma Treated with Intralesional Corticosteroid Injections and Bisphosphonates: A Long-Term Follow-Up Case Study.

Central giant cell granuloma (CGCG) is a benign intraosseous lesion of the head and neck with potential for aggressive and locally destructive behaviour. Lesions of the maxilla tend to expand more than those of the mandible due to the thinner cortices and spongy tissue of this location. Surgical removal is the most common treatment; however, it may be disfiguring in aggressive cases, especially for lesions located in the maxilla. Alternative treatments, such as intralesional corticosteroid injections, have been performed with satisfactory results. We report a case of a 12-year-old female patient with a CGCG of the left maxilla that was treated with 40 doses of intralesional triamcinolone acetonide infiltrations combined with alendronate sodium and calcium carbonate. Clinical and imaging follow-up over 12 years demonstrates improvement in the patient's condition.

Effects of cognitive training based on metamemory and mental images / Efeitos do treino cognitivo baseado em metamemória e imagens mentais

There is scant research evidence regarding training effects among elderly with limited educational experience. Research indicating an association between metamemory and memory performance is based on samples of older adults with at least 12 years of education. Objectives: To test the efficacy of a cognitive training program based on the creation of mental images and changes in specific aspects of metamemory in individuals with 3 to 15 years of education (M=8.38, SD=4.24). Methods: 37 older adults participated in five training sessions (Training Group (TG)) and 32 control subjects completed only pre and post test assessments (Control Group (CG)) including the Mini Mental Status Examination (MMSE), the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), the Brief Cognitive Screening Battery (BCSB)(naming and memorization of 10 pictures, animal category verbal fluency test, the Clock Drawing Test (CDT)), the Story subtest from the Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test (RBMT), the Memory Complaint Questionnaire (MAC-Q), and the Picture and Story domains from the Memory Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (MSEQ). Results: The TG showed significant improvement between pre and post tests on the delayed recall of the 10 pictures and in self-efficacy for the memorization of stories. These same changes were not found in the CG. Conclusions: Five-session cognitive training may lead to significant improvements in episodic memory and memory self-efficacy, an aspect of metamemory, in individuals with an average of 8 years of education.

Existem na literatura poucas evidências sobre os efeitos do treino cognitivo entre idosos com baixa escolaridade. Pesquisas que evidenciam a associação entre metamemória e o desempenho em tarefas de memória baseiam-se em amostras com idosos com 12 anos de escolaridade ou mais Objetivos: Testar a eficácia de um programa de treino cognitivo baseado na criação de imagens mentais e na alteração de aspectos da metamemória entre indivíduos entre 3 e 15 anos de escolaridade (M=8.38, SD=4.24). Métodos: 37 adultos maduros e idosos participaram de cinco sessões de treino (Grupo Treino (GT)) e 32 somente completaram as avaliações pré e pós-intervenção (Grupo Controle (GC)), com o Mini Exame do Estado Mental (MEEM), a Escala de Depressão Geriátrica (EDG), a Bateria Breve de Rastreio Cognitivo (BBRC) (nomeação e memorização de 10 figuras, fluência verbal animais, Teste do Desenho do Relógio), o subteste Estória do Teste Comportamental de Memória de Rivermead (RBMT), o Questionário de Queixas de Memória (MAC-Q), os domínios Figura e História do Questionário de Auto-Eficácia para Memória (MSEQ). Resultados: O GT apresentou ganho significativo entre o pré e o pós-teste no resgate tardio das 10 figuras e na auto-eficácia para a memorização de histórias. Estas alterações não foram encontradas no GC. Conclusões: O treino cognitivo de cinco sessões pode gerar melhora significativa em memória episódica e em auto-eficácia, um aspecto da metamemória, em indivíduos com 8 anos de escolaridade em média.

Effects of cognitive training based on metamemory and mental images.

There is scant research evidence regarding training effects among elderly with limited educational experience. Research indicating an association between metamemory and memory performance is based on samples of older adults with at least 12 years of education. OBJECTIVES: To test the efficacy of a cognitive training program based on the creation of mental images and changes in specific aspects of metamemory in individuals with 3 to 15 years of education (M=8.38, SD=4.24). METHODS: 37 older adults participated in five training sessions (Training Group (TG)) and 32 control subjects completed only pre and post test assessments (Control Group (CG)) including the Mini Mental Status Examination (MMSE), the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), the Brief Cognitive Screening Battery (BCSB)(naming and memorization of 10 pictures, animal category verbal fluency test, the Clock Drawing Test (CDT)), the Story subtest from the Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test (RBMT), the Memory Complaint Questionnaire (MAC-Q), and the Picture and Story domains from the Memory Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (MSEQ). RESULTS: The TG showed significant improvement between pre and post tests on the delayed recall of the 10 pictures and in self-efficacy for the memorization of stories. These same changes were not found in the CG. CONCLUSIONS: Five-session cognitive training may lead to significant improvements in episodic memory and memory self-efficacy, an aspect of metamemory, in individuals with an average of 8 years of education.

Existem na literatura poucas evidências sobre os efeitos do treino cognitivo entre idosos com baixa escolaridade. Pesquisas que evidenciam a associação entre metamemória e o desempenho em tarefas de memória baseiam-se em amostras com idosos com 12 anos de escolaridade ou mais. OBJETIVOS: Testar a eficácia de um programa de treino cognitivo baseado na criação de imagens mentais e na alteração de aspectos da metamemória entre indivíduos entre 3 e 15 anos de escolaridade (M=8.38, SD=4.24). MÉTODOS: 37 adultos maduros e idosos participaram de cinco sessões de treino (Grupo Treino (GT)) e 32 somente completaram as avaliações pré e pós-intervenção (Grupo Controle (GC)), com o Mini Exame do Estado Mental (MEEM), a Escala de Depressão Geriátrica (EDG), a Bateria Breve de Rastreio Cognitivo (BBRC) (nomeação e memorização de 10 figuras, fluência verbal animais, Teste do Desenho do Relógio), o subteste Estória do Teste Comportamental de Memória de Rivermead (RBMT), o Questionário de Queixas de Memória (MAC-Q), os domínios Figura e História do Questionário de Auto-Eficácia para Memória (MSEQ). RESULTADOS: O GT apresentou ganho significativo entre o pré e o pós-teste no resgate tardio das 10 figuras e na auto-eficácia para a memorização de histórias. Estas alterações não foram encontradas no GC. CONCLUSÕES: O treino cognitivo de cinco sessões pode gerar melhora significativa em memória episódica e em auto-eficácia, um aspecto da metamemória, em indivíduos com 8 anos de escolaridade em média.

Genetic and morphometric differences between yellowtail snapper (Ocyurus chrysurus, Lutjanidae) populations of the tropical West Atlantic

Populations of Ocyurus chrysurus were compared genetically and morphometrically along the West Atlantic coast to test the null hypothesis of population homogeneity in the area. Brazilian populations were found to be differentiated in shape (canonical variates analysis; F[48,515] = 10.84, p < 0.0001). Analyses of mitochondrial DNA sequences (663 bp of the control region) did not show any differences between Brazilian populations but could detect differences between Brazilian and Caribbean (Belize) populations. The samples from Pernambuco differed significantly from the other Brazilian populations in allozyme frequencies (11 loci; F ST = 0.167; p < 0.05), but this may have resulted from the small number of samples analysed for that population. Sequence variation of Belize samples departed from neutral expectations (Fu's FS = -8.88; p < 0.001). A mismatch distribution analysis points to an ancient population expansion in that area. We conclude that the genetic data do not allow the rejection of the null hypothesis of panmixia for Brazilian yellowtail snapper populations which should be treated as a single genetic stock, with a latitudinal gradient on their morphology which probably results from phenotypic plasticity. On the other hand, there is a severe restriction to gene flow between O. chrysurus populations from the Caribbean and from the southwestern Atlantic.

Genetic variation and population structure of two species of neo-tropical mud-mussels (Mytella spp).

Mytella guyanensis Lamarck (1819) and Mytella charruana d'Orbigny (1846) are widespread euryhaline bivalves that have become commercially important in Brazil. Despite their importance, however, no genetic information that would be useful to orient governmental policies is available for these species. We analyzed, through allozyme electrophoresis, populations of M. guyanensis and M. charruana along 3,500 km of Brazilian coast. Pairwise comparisons among gene frequencies in M. guyanensis resulted in high levels of pairwise gene identity (I = 0.976 to 0.998). Conversely, significant levels of population structure were found in both M. guyanensis (FST = 0.089) and M. charruana (FST = 0.102). Heterozygosity levels for both species were high (H(e) = 0.090 to 0.134 in M. guyanensis and H(e) = 0.191 to 0.228 in M. charruana). The larger population size of M. charruana could explain, at least partially, the higher levels of genetic variability for this species. These levels of genetic variability yield an effective population size estimate of about 300,000 for M. guyanensis, and 540,000 for M. charruana, based on neutralist expectations. Remarkably, these numbers are much smaller than the estimated actual population sizes. This distortion might be explained by unstable population sizes and it suggests that long-term genetic variability studies are crucial to prevent artifactual viability analysis data for these commercially exploited species.