RESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Over the last decade, the demand for linking records about people across databases has increased in various domains. Privacy challenges associated with linking sensitive information led to the development of privacy-preserving record linkage techniques. The multiple dynamic match-key encoding approach recently proposed by Randall et al. (IJPDS, 2019) is such a technique aimed at providing enough privacy for linkage applications while obtaining high linkage quality. However, the use of this encoding in large databases can reveal frequency information that can allow the re-identification of encoded values. OBJECTIVES: We propose a frequency-based attack to evaluate the privacy guarantees of multiple dynamic match-key encoding. We then present two recommendations that can be used in this match-key encoding approach to prevent such a privacy attack. METHODS: The proposed attack analyses the frequency distributions of individual match-keys in order to identify the attributes used for each match-key, where we assume the adversary has access to a plain-text database with similar characteristics as the encoded database. We employ a set of statistical correlation tests to compare the frequency distributions of match-key values between the encoded and plain-text databases. Once the attribute combinations used for match-keys are discovered, we then re-identify encoded sensitive values by utilising a frequency alignment method. Next, we propose two recommendations; one to alter the original frequency distributions and another to make the frequency distributions uniform. Both will help to prevent frequency-based attacks. RESULTS: We evaluate our privacy attack using two large real-world databases. The results show that in certain situations the attack can successfully re-identify a set of sensitive values encoded using the multiple dynamic match-key encoding approach. On the databases used in our experiments, the attack can re-identify plain-text values with a precision and recall of both up to 98%. Furthermore, we show that our proposed recommendations are able to make this attack harder to perform with only a small reduction in linkage quality. CONCLUSIONS: Our proposed privacy attack demonstrates the weaknesses of multiple match-key encoding that should be taken into consideration when linking databases that contain sensitive personal information. Our proposed recommendations ensure that the multiple dynamic match-key encoding approach can be used securely while retaining high linkage quality.